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List of French inventions and discoveries

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Arts and entertainment

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100s engraving French Roulette
A scene from A Trip to the Moon (1902) by Georges Méliès.

Chemistry

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Appert canning jar
Neon sign

Physics, mathematics and measure

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The Foucault pendulum in the Panthéon, Paris.
Comparison of De Moivre's approximation with the factorial; the formula is now known as Stirling's approximation.
Optical pumping of a laser rod (bottom) with an arc lamp (top). Red: hot. Blue: cold. Green: light. Non-green arrows: water flow. Solid colors: metal. Light colors: fused quartz. Refs: [6], [7],[8]

Medicine and biology

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Modern stethoscope.
Insulin pump, showing an infusion set loaded into spring-loaded insertion device.

Transportation

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A model of the Montgolfier brothers' balloon at the London Science Museum
Air France Concorde in 1977

Clothing

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Polo shirt outline

Food and cooking

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Denis Papin's steam digester
Baguette

Weapons and military

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Early-19th century socket bayonet

Communication and computers

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A Chappe semaphore tower near Saverne, France
Minitel

Technology

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Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville earliest sound recording device.

Sports

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The Olympic Rings, the symbol of the modern Olympic Games, inspired by Pierre de Coubertin
Main article: Sport in France

Miscellaneous

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See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ Kimball, Fiske; Edgell, George Harold (1918). A History of Architecture. New York and London: Harper & Brothers. p. 275 – via Google Books.
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    • Burgess, Geoffrey, and Bruce Haynes: 2004, The Oboe, The Yale Musical Instrument Series, New disney world, Connecticut and London: Yale University Press. pp. 27, 28, 102. ISBN 0-300-09317-9
    • Carse, Adam: 1965, Musical Wind Instruments: A History of the Wind Instruments Used in European Orchestras and Wind-Bands from the Later Middle Ages up to the Present Time New York: Da Capo Press. p. 120. ISBN 0-306-80005-5
  3. ^ Le Gonidec, Marie-Barbara. "Carte géographique/ map of the origins of different bagpipes". Cornemuses d'Europe et de Méditerranée (in French). Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication/French Ministry of Culture and Communication. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  4. ^ Seeler, Oliver. "The Universe Of Bagpipes". Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  5. ^ "A Brief History of the Metronome". Franz Manufacturing Company, Inc. Archived from the original on 24 March 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  6. ^ Kleiner, Fred (2010). Gardner's art through the ages: the western perspective. Cengage Learning. pp. 583–584. ISBN 978-0-495-57355-5. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
  7. ^ Schiffer, Michael; Hollenback, Kasy; and Bell, Carrie. 2003. Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology In the Age of Enlightenment. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23802-2
  8. ^ Roulette Wheel Study, Ron Shelley, (1988)
  9. ^ MIT, "Inventor of the Week Archive: Pascal : Mechanical Calculator", May 2003. "Pascal worked on many versions of the devices, leading to his attempt to create a perpetual motion machine. He has been credited with introducing the roulette machine, which was a by-product of these experiments."
  10. ^ Parlett, David (1990). The Oxford guide to card games: a historical survey. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-214165-1.
  11. ^ Blackjack History
  12. ^ "The First Photograph - Heliography". Archived from the original on 6 October 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2009. from Helmut Gernsheim's article, "The 150th Anniversary of Photography," in History of Photography, Vol. I, No. 1, January 1977: ... In 1822, Niépce coated a glass plate ... The sunlight passing through ... This first permanent example ... was destroyed ... some years later.
  13. ^ Boris Kossoy (2004). Hercule Florence: El descubrimiento de la fotografía en Brasil. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. ISBN 978-968-03-0020-4.
  14. ^ https://coaa.us/index_archive/Issues_21_to_30/Limonaire%20Freres%20Paris_Andrea%20Stadler_%20_26-27-28.pdf [bare URL PDF]
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  18. ^ "La passionnante histoire de la famille Limonaire". limonaire.be. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  19. ^ "Life of Guangzhou - Brief Introduction of Automatic Musical Instruments". www.lifeofguangzhou.com. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  20. ^ "The Rise, Blossom and Fall of the Gavioli Factory Part 1. The rise: Ludovico Gavioli 1807-1860 from inventor to organ builder" (PDF). www.coaa.us. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2006.
  21. ^ The Poitevin patents and the importance of using primary sources Archived 13 February 2013 at archive.today
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  29. ^ TIMBRELL, Charles. Piano An Encyclopedia, Second Edition.
  30. ^ Sadie, Stanley (1980). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. ISBN 978-0-333-60800-5.
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  32. ^ Martin, Constant (1950). Musique électronique de l'instrument de musique le plus simple aux orgues électroniques, amélioration d'instruments classiques, cloches électroniques, constructions pratiques. Paris: Technique et vulgarisation. p. 202. LCCN 50031038.
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  38. ^ Biography of Charles Marie de la Condamine
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  42. ^ Weeks, Mary Elvira (1933). "XII. Other Elements Isolated with the Aid of Potassium and Sodium: Beryllium, Boron, Silicon and Aluminium". The Discovery of the Elements. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education. ISBN 978-0-7661-3872-8.
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  45. ^ Photovoltaic Effect Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Mrsolar.com. Retrieved on 12 December 2010.
  46. ^ The photovoltaic effect Archived 12 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Encyclobeamia.solarbotics.net. Retrieved on 12 December 2010.
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  53. ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
  54. ^ Debierne, André-Louis (1899). "Sur un nouvelle matière radio-active". Comptes Rendus (in French). 129: 593–595.
  55. ^ Debierne, André-Louis (1900–1901). "Sur un nouvelle matière radio-actif – l'actinium". Comptes Rendus (in French). 130: 906–908.
  56. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1912". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
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  58. ^ Henri Moissan (1904). "Nouvelles recherches sur la météorité de Cañon Diablo". Comptes rendus. 139: 773–786.
  59. ^ US 1125476, Georges Claude, "Systems of Illuminating by Luminescent Tubes", issued 1915-01-19  See reproduction of patent.
  60. ^ Jean Marguin (1994), p. 48
  61. ^ Grinstead, Charles Miller; James Laurie Snell. "Introduction". Introduction to Probability. pp. vii.
  62. ^ Daumas, Maurice, Scientific Instruments of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries and Their Makers, Portman Books, London 1989 ISBN 978-0-7134-0727-3
  63. ^ Martin, William Robert (1911). "Navigation" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 289.
  64. ^ Turner, Anthony J. Melchisédech Thévenot, the bubble level, and the artificial horizon. Nuncius: annali di storia della scienza 7, no. 1 (1992): 131-145.
  65. ^ "The Roberval Balance". Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  66. ^ Simons, Paul (17 October 2007). "How Reaumur fell off the temperature scale". The Times. Retrieved 10 March 2008.[dead link]
  67. ^ Pitot, Henri (1732). "Description d'une machine pour mesurer la vitesse des eaux courantes et le sillage des vaisseaux" (PDF). Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences Avec les Mémoires de Mathématique et de Physique Tirés des Registres de Cette Académie: 363–376. Retrieved 19 June 2009.
  68. ^ Darcy, Henry (1858). "Note relative à quelques modifications à introduire dans le tube de Pitot" (PDF). Annales des Ponts et Chaussées: 351–359. Retrieved 31 July 2009.
  69. ^ Dutka, Jacques (1991), "The early history of the factorial function", Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 43 (3): 225–249, doi:10.1007/BF00389433, S2CID 122237769
  70. ^ Le Cam, L. (1986), "The central limit theorem around 1935", Statistical Science, 1 (1): 78–96 [p. 81], doi:10.1214/ss/1177013818, The result, obtained using a formula originally proved by de Moivre but now called Stirling's formula, occurs in his `Doctrine of Chances' of 1733..
  71. ^ Pearson, Karl (1924), "Historical note on the origin of the normal curve of errors", Biometrika, 16 (3/4): 402–404 [p. 403], doi:10.2307/2331714, JSTOR 2331714, I consider that the fact that Stirling showed that De Moivre's arithmetical constant was √2π does not entitle him to claim the theorem, [...]
  72. ^ Schwinger, Julian (1986). Einstein's Legacy. New York: Scientific American Library. pp. 93. ISBN 978-0-7167-5011-6.
  73. ^ Dorin, Henry (1982). Socolof, Fred (ed.). Chemistry, the study of matter. Fairfield, N.J.: Cebco Standard Pub. ISBN 9780205097005.
  74. ^ Adler, Ken (2002). The Measure of all Things - The Seven-Year-Odyssey that Transformed the World. London: Abacus. ISBN 978-0-349-11507-8. - Prologue, p 1
  75. ^ "La loi du 18 Germinal an 3 " la mesure [républicaine] de superficie pour les terrains, égale à un carré de dix mètres de côté "" [The law of 18 Germanial year 3 "The republican measures of land area equal to a square with sides of ten metres"] (in French). Le CIV (Centre d'Instruction de Vilgénis) - Forum des Anciens. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
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  77. ^ Hellemans, Alexander; Bunch, Bryan (1988). The Timetables of Science. Simon & Schuster. p. 261. ISBN 0671621300.
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  80. ^ Fourier, Joseph (1822). Théorie analytique de la chaleur (in French). Paris: Firmin Didot Père et Fils. OCLC 2688081.
  81. ^ * Chiles, James (Winter 2009). "The Other Renewable Energy". Invention and Technology. 23 (4): 24–35.
  82. ^ Henri Becquerel - Biography on the nobel prize website
  83. ^ Darrigol, Olivier (2005). "The Genesis of the theory of relativity" (PDF). Einstein, 1905–2005 (presented at Poincaré Seminars (2005)). Vol. 1. pp. 1–22. doi:10.1007/3-7643-7436-5_1. ISBN 978-3-7643-7435-8.
  84. ^ Translation of Lippmann's 1908 article (This crude English translation will be more comprehensible if the reader bears in mind that "dark room" and "darkroom" are the translator's mistaken renderings of "chambre noire", the French equivalent of the Latin "camera obscura", and should be read as "camera" in the thirteen places where this error occurs.)
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  86. ^ Taylor, Nick (2000). LASER: The inventor, the Nobel laureate, and the thirty-year patent war. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-83515-0. Page 56.
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  88. ^ Darwin, Charles (2001). Appleman, Philip (ed.). Darwin: Texts, Commentary. Norton critical editions in the history of ideas (3rd ed.). Norton. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-393-95849-2.
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  90. ^ Paget, Stephen (1897). Ambroise Paré and His Times, 1510–1590 (Illustrated ed.). New York & London: G.P. Putnam's sons.
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  94. ^ L’Abbé Nollet (June 1748) "Recherches sur les causes du bouillonnement des liquides" (Researches on the causes of the boiling of liquids) Mémoires de Mathématique et de Physique, tirés des registres de l’Académie Royale des Sciences de l’année 1748, pp. 57–104; especially pp. 101–103. The Mémoires (1748) were printed in: Histoire de l’Académie Royale des Sciences Année 1748, which was published in 1752 and which contains a condensed version of Nollet's article on pages 10–19.

    Original text : Avant que de finir ce Mémoire, je crois devoir rendre compte d'un fait que je dois au hasard, & qui me parut d'abord ... singulier ... j'en avois rempli une fiole cylindrique, longue de cinq pouces, & d'un pouce de diamètre ou environ ; & l'ayant couverte d'un morceau de vessie mouillée & ficelée au col du vaisseau, je l'avois plongée dans un grand vase plein d'eau, afin d'être sûr qu'il ne rentrât aucun air dans l'esprit de vin. Au bout de cinq ou six heures, je fus tout surpris de voir que la fiole étoit plus pleine qu'au moment de son immersion, quoiqu'elle le fût alors autant que ses bords pouvoient le permettre ; la vessie qui lui servoit de bouchon, étoit devenue convexe & si tendue, qu’en la piquant avec une épingle, il en sortit un jet de liqueur qui s'éleva à plus d'un pied de hauteur.

    Translation : Before finishing this memoir, I think I should report an event that I owe to chance and which at first seemed to me ... strange ... I filled [with alcohol] a cylindrical vial, five inches long and about one inch in diameter; and [after] having covered it with piece of damp bladder [which was] tied to the neck of the vial, I immersed it in a large bowl full of water, in order to be sure that no air re-entered the alcohol. At the end of 5 or 6 hours, I was very surprised to see that the vial was fuller than at the moment of its immersion, although it [had been filled] as far as its sides would allow ; the bladder that served as its cap, bulged and had become so stretched that on pricking it with a needle, there came from it a jet of alcohol that rose more than a foot high.
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