[go: nahoru, domu]
Jump to content

Municipal wireless network

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Computer network types
by scale
LinkNYC was announced by New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio in 2014 and will eventually replace the city's network of payphones.

A municipal wireless network is a citywide wireless network. This usually works by providing municipal broadband via Wi-Fi to large parts or all of a municipal area by deploying a wireless mesh network. The typical deployment design uses hundreds of wireless access points deployed outdoors, often on poles. The operator of the network acts as a wireless internet service provider.

Overview

[edit]
A municipal Wi-Fi antenna in Minneapolis, Minnesota
Wireless security cameras on a lamp post deployed by New York City Police Department. They are connected to the municipal NYC Wireless Network (NYCWiN).

Municipal wireless networks go far beyond the existing piggybacking opportunities available near public libraries and some coffee shops. The basic premise of carpeting an area with wireless service in urban centers is that it is more economical to the community to provide the service as a utility rather than to have individual households and businesses pay private firms for such a service. Such networks are capable of enhancing city management and public safety, especially when used directly by city employees in the field. They can also be a social service to those who cannot afford private high-speed services. When the network service is free and a small number of clients consume a majority of the available capacity, operating and regulating the network might prove difficult.[1]

In 2003, Verge Wireless formed an agreement with Tropos Networks to build a municipal wireless networks in the downtown area of Baton Rouge, Louisiana.[2] Carlo MacDonald, the founder of Verge Wireless, suggested that it could provide cities a way to improve economic development and developers to build mobile applications that can make use of faster bandwidth. Verge Wireless built networks for Baton Rouge, New Orleans,[3] and other areas. Some applications include wireless security cameras, police mug shot software, and location-based advertising.

In 2007, some companies with existing cell sites offered high-speed wireless services where the laptop owner purchased a PC card or adapter based on EV-DO cellular data receivers or WiMAX rather than 802.11b/g. A few high-end laptops at that time featured built-in support for these newer protocols. WiMAX is designed to implement a metropolitan area network (MAN) while 802.11 is designed to implement a wireless local area network (LAN).[citation needed] However, the use of cellular networks is expensive for the consumers, as they are often on limited data plans.[4]

In the 2010s larger cities embraced the smart city concept to tackle problems such as traffic congestion, crime, encouraging economic growth, responding to the effects of climate change and improving the delivery of city services. However, by 2018 it has become clear that the private sector could not be relied upon to build up city-wide wireless networks to meet the smart city objectives of municipal governments and public utility providers.[4]

Finance

[edit]

The construction of municipal wireless networks is a significant part of their lifetime costs. Usually, a private firm works with local government to construct a network and operate it. Financing is usually shared by both the private firm and the municipal government. Once operational, the service may be free to users via public finance or advertising, or may be a paid service. Among deployed networks, usage as measured by number of distinct users has been shown to be moderate to light. Private firms serving multiple cities sometimes maintain an account for each user, and allow the user a limited amount of mobile service in the cities covered. As of 2007 some Muni WiFi deployments are delayed as the private and public partners negotiate the business model and financing.[citation needed]

Corporate city-wide wireless networks

[edit]

Google WiFi is entirely funded by Google. Despite a failed attempt to provide citywide WiFi through a partnership with internet service provider Earthlink in 2007,[5] the company claims that they are working to provide a wireless network for the city of San Francisco, California, although there is no specified completion date.[6] Some other projects that are still in the planning stages have pared back their planned coverage from 100% of a municipal area to only densely commercially zoned areas. One of the most ambitious planned projects is to provide wireless service throughout Silicon Valley, but the winner of the bid seems ready to request that the 40 cities involved help cover more of the cost, which has raised concerns that the project will ultimately be too slow to market to be a success. Advances in technology in 2005–2007 may allow wireless community network projects to offer a viable alternative. Such projects have an advantage in that, as they do not have to negotiate with government entities, they have no contractual obligations for coverage. A promising example is Meraki's demonstration in San Francisco, which already claims 20,000 distinct users as of October 2007.[citation needed]

In 2009, Microsoft and Yahoo also provided free wireless to select regions in the United States. Yahoo's free WiFi was made available for one year to the Times Square area in New York City beginning November 10, 2009.[7][8] Microsoft made free WiFi available to select airports and hotels across the United States, in exchange for one search on the Bing search engine by the user.[9]

The City of Adelaide in South Australia in collaboration with the South Australian Government operate a meshed network "Adelaide Free WIFI. For the past five years the network attracts some 8,000 daily users as the networks popularity continues to grow despite the proliferation of 4G technology.

Criticism and externalities

[edit]
A volunteer installing a "supernode" of guifi.net. In July 2018 guifi.net had over 35,000 active nodes and about 63,000 km of wireless links.[10]

Municipal wireless networks face opposition from telecommunications providers, particularly in the United States, South Africa, India and the European Union. In the 2000s telecommunications providers argued that it is neither economical nor legal for municipal governments to own or operate such businesses. The dominant type of wireless networks are the private wireless local area networks (WLANs), for which individuals or businesses pay a subscription to a local carrier.[11] In 2006 the US Federal Trade Commission expressed concerns about such private-public partnerships as trending towards a franchise monopoly.[12] Within the United States, providing a municipal wireless network was not recognized as a priority. Some have argued that the benefits of public approach may exceed the costs, similar to cable television.[citation needed]

In the early 2010s concerns were articulated that a considerable percentage of the world population did not have access to affordable Internet access. Despite the growing digitalization of business and government services, 37 percent of the European and 22 percent of the north American population did not have affordable access to the Internet in 2009.[13] Because local governments and municipalities in rural economiess either could not fund wireless networks or did not consider it a priority, numerous communities across the world have built and funded autonomous community wireless networks (CWNs), taking advantage of the free 2.4 GHz spectrum and open source software.[11]

The former New York state politician and lobbyist Thomas M. Reynolds argues that unintended externalities are possible as a result of local governments providing Internet service to their constituents. A private service provider could choose to offer limited or no service to a region if that region's largest city opted to provide free Internet service, thus eliminating the potential customer base. The private sector receives no money from taxpayers, so there isn't competition. The lack of competition prevents other municipalities in that region from benefiting from the services of the private provider.[14] The smaller public municipalities would at the same time not benefit from the free service provided by the larger city because it is designed to be subsidized by taxpayers and not concerned about the maximization of profits. The broadband provided by the government isn't largely supported to create an income on top of the private sector not being competed with enough to make a profit. Thus, making both municipal wireless networks anticompetitive.[14]

Cities with municipal wireless service

[edit]

In many cases several points or areas are covered, without blanket area coverage.

Africa

[edit]

East Asia

[edit]

China

[edit]

Free public WiFi in tourist areas of big cities, railway stations, airports, and governmental facilities in Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, Harbin, Shenyang, Shenzhen, Kunming, Hangzhou, Suzhou, Wuxi, Nanjing, Xi'an, Chengdu, Chongqing, Fuzhou, Ningbo, Foshan, Dalian, Changchun, Qingdao, Yantai, Dongguan, Macau, Huangshan, Hefei, Guiyang, and Guangzhou

Nearly all cities have free WiFi coverage, hosted either by their local service carrier, or city government, all railway stations in China have free WiFi, along with all Airports.

Taiwan

[edit]

South Asia

[edit]

India

[edit]

Nepal

[edit]

Pakistan

[edit]

https://propakistani.pk/2014/09/22/telenor-launches-wifi-hotspots-in-karachi/ https://wifispc.com/pakistan

Southeast Asia

[edit]

Cambodia

[edit]

Indonesia

[edit]
  • Malang - Indoken Wireless offers roaming connectivity, T-Fi Beta offers connectivity on public transportation, free access at resource centers.[17]

Malaysia

[edit]

Philippines

[edit]
  • Balanga, Bataan - free in downtown and several tourist attractions[27]
  • Bogo, Cebu - free WiFi service in most government facilities provided by the city government and ICT Office.[28]
  • Calbayog, Samar - downtown area

Singapore

[edit]

Thailand

[edit]

Vietnam

[edit]

Europe

[edit]

Austria

[edit]

Belgium

[edit]
  • Brussels - UrbiZone covers some institutions for higher education, administration buildings, and public hospitals.[33]

Bulgaria

[edit]
  • Plovdiv - free throughout the city center and some of the city's outskirts.[34]

Croatia

[edit]

Estonia

[edit]

Finland

[edit]

France

[edit]
  • Paris - free in many parks and in municipal libraries, museums, and public places. Some suburbs do as well.[38]

Germany

[edit]
Wi-Fi sign in downtown Munich
  • Munich - several areas downtown
  • Stuttgart - service along the main shopping street Königstraße and a few other locations.[39]
  • Karlsruhe - most of the city center and several areas in the outer skirts.[40]

Greece

[edit]
  • Heraklion - free, city-operated network, covers major city squares and roads.[41]
  • Lagkadas - free, city-operated, covers most of the city and is expanding to cover towns in Lagkadas municipality.[42]

Ireland

[edit]

Italy

[edit]
Wi-Fi sign in Milan
  • Bologna - free service in and around the historical city center.[45]
  • Comiso - free service in and around the historical city center.[46]
  • Milan - free service in and around the historical city center[47] and the Milano Malpensa airport.[citation needed]
  • Ravenna - throughout the historic center of Ravenna there is a free wi-fi service called "Ravenna WiFi."[48]
  • Rome - The WiFimetropolitano project consists in the installation in squares, libraries and meeting places in the metropolitan area, of WiFi devices for free Internet access.[49]
  • Venice, free to residents and city users.[50]
  • Trento, free service in and around the historical city centre.[51]

Lithuania

[edit]

Luxembourg

[edit]
  • Luxembourg — paid & free service in downtown, Central Station Hotcity and European district.[52]

Moldova

[edit]
  • Chişinău - two metropolitan Wi-Fi networks exist: StarNet and Orange. StarNet's paid and free coverage area includes the city's central streets and residential districts as well as parks.[53] Orange paid coverage area includes the city's mass transit areas and bus stops.[54]

Netherlands

[edit]
  • Almere - free municipal Wi-Fi covering Downtown Almere [55]
  • Hilversum - free municipal Wi-Fi covering Downtown Hilversum [56] and the shopping area around de Gijsbrecht van Amstelstraat in the southern part of town
  • Leiden - free, community project covering city and region by Wireless Leiden[57]

Norway

[edit]

Poland

[edit]
  • Rzeszów - free, city-operated in participating public schools.[59]
  • Wrocław - free service by Miejski Internet, in few places.[60]

Romania

[edit]
  • Brașov, Romania - free WiFi over the entire city deployed into existing 5G network by worldwifizone.com of Ireland, over 40,000 daily users at peak.
  • Roman, Romania - free, deployed by Minisoft Romania as part of MetroWireless free internet access project,[61] paid by advertisements, covers much of the city,[62] expanding to nearby villages
  • Vatra Dornei, Romania, 85% of city covered with free WiFi deployed by worldwifizone.com using free guest user and Facebook connect.

Russia

[edit]

Serbia

[edit]

Slovenia

[edit]

Spain

[edit]
  • Moralzarzal, Spain - free for inscribed citizens, limited time for visitors.[67]
  • Madrid, Spain - free and open Wi-Fi on the municipal bus system, EMT.[68]

Sweden

[edit]
  • Helsingborg, Sweden - unrestricted, free and city-operated in 220 locations around the town. SSID: Helsingborg[69] Helpdesk: #freewifihbg on most social platforms.
  • Lidköping, Sweden - unrestricted, free and commercially operated. Available in town square. SSID: Lidkoping[70]
  • Örebro, Sweden - free, around Järntorget.
  • Malmö, Sweden - free, operated by Pjodd.se, sharing around 65 access points around central town.

Switzerland

[edit]

Ukraine

[edit]

United Kingdom

[edit]

North America

[edit]

Canada

[edit]

United States

[edit]

In addition, a few U.S. states, such as Illinois, Iowa, and Massachusetts, offer free Wi-Fi service at welcome centers and roadside rest areas located along major Interstate highways.

Mexico

[edit]
  • Guadalajara, Jalisco - Free, 150 parks and municipal areas. 1 hour continuous connect and 2 hour connection time allowed per day. In operation since 2011. Installation and operation is municipal government funded. A few of the areas are provided with free electrical outlets to charge / use your device.[135]
  • Mérida, Yucatán - Free. Most major city parks and other areas. Provided by Axtel and Telmex. Usually also provide standing tables with power outlets. The parks are identified by "parque en linea" (online park) signs and branding of the utility providing the connectivity. The SSID is usually "park en linea".

Oceania

[edit]
  • Margaret River, Western Australia, This free public WIFI is provided by Margaret River Rotary Club and covers the main street all the way up to Reuther Park at the corner of Bussell Hwy & Wallcliffe Rd, Margaret River WA 6285.
  • Melbourne, Australia - VICFREE WiFi is available outdoors in the Melbourne CBD it includes:

Bourke St Mall Queen Victoria Market Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre Melbourne Museum on platforms at CBD train stations It's also available in central Ballarat and central Bendigo.

  • NOTE Telstra also have Telstra air fon hotspots available to Telstra and fon customers Australia wide
  • Adelaide, Australia - AdelaideFree WiFi is a contiguous network available throughout the CBD, provided by Internode
  • Auckland, New Zealand - Citywide network based in all popular areas across Auckland including CBD and Waterfront [14] from Tomizone.
  • Perth, Australia - paid, RoamAD-based metro wide coverage in the CBD by metromesh
  • Hawke's Bay, New Zealand, prepaid access and free 1 hr daily, available at many locations region wide by NOW
  • Wellington, New Zealand - Free Wifi at the Waterfront, CBD & Airport
  • Brisbane, Australia - in public areas and the CBD
  • Nelson, New Zealand - Public areas within CBD

South America

[edit]

Planned

[edit]

Africa

[edit]
  • Stellenbosch, South Africa Free service. Town centre online since February 25, 2012. Coverage to be increased to whole town.[142]
  • Northpine, South Africa Paid. WISP and media delivery services as well as video surveillance focused on the suburb. Community social portal for information sharing, collaboration and local business partnerships. Proof of concept to be expanded to neighbouring areas.
  • Harare, Zimbabwe Available around the city on various hotspots. Provided by ZOL. 1 hour time limit, paid after.

South Asia

[edit]
  • Delhi, India - Delhi Government constituted a Task Force (March 2015) to provide Free Wi-Fi connectivity in Delhi. The new Task Force is a part of Delhi Dialogue Commission (DDC), an advisory body of the Aam Aadmi Party government,[143] Aam Aadmi Party government decide to consult with various stakeholders to implement its pre-poll promise of providing Free Wi-Fi connectivity across the city,[144] Delhi Dialogue Commission (DDC) chaired by Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal asks people for suggestions for Free WiFi plan (March 2015)[145]
  • Dhaka, Bangladesh Free WiFi is now available in Dhaka Airport Road, Dhanmondi Lake Park, Selected BRTC Buses, Kamlapur Railway Station, Airport Railstation and Dhanmondi Residential Area. The Free WiFi Networks are provided by telecom operators, notably Robi and Aamra. The service is to be rolled out in full Northern Dhaka within December 2018 [146]
  • Mumbai, India[147]
  • NOIDA, India
  • Karachi, Pakistan[148]

Southeast Asia

[edit]

West Asia

[edit]

Europe

[edit]

North America

[edit]
United States
[edit]

Oceania

[edit]

South America

[edit]

Canceled or closed

[edit]

See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Municipal wireless networks.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Jerry Ellig (November 2006). "A Dynamic Perspective on Government Broadband Initiatives" (PDF). Reason Magazine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-04-27.
  2. ^ "verge wireless to deploy Portland, Michigan wi-fi network with tropos gear". 10 September 2003.
  3. ^ "Verge Wireless Selects Tropos Networks Gear to Unwire Los Angeles' Pershing Square". Los Angeles. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
  4. ^ a b Serdar Celebi (1994). Recent Trends in Computational Science and Engineering. BoD - Books on Demand. p. 98. ISBN 9781789231922.
  5. ^ Topolsky, J. (August 6, 2007). "San Francisco pulls the plug on Google / Earthlink's citywide WiFi... for now". Engadget. Archived from the original on 2021-06-14. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
  6. ^ "Google Wifi: Are there plans to bring Google WiFi to any other cities?". Archived from the original on 2012-02-08. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
  7. ^ Newman, Jared (November 10, 2009). "Free Wi-Fi Wars: Google vs. Microsoft vs. Yahoo". PCWorld. Archived from the original on May 17, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  8. ^ Yahoo Joins The Free-WiFi Marketing Bandwagon Archived 2010-11-14 at the Wayback Machine November 9, 2009
  9. ^ Sullivan, Laurie (9 November 2009). "Microsoft Bing Gives WiFi Users Free Search". Archived from the original on 10 April 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
  10. ^ "What is guifi.net?". Archived from the original on 2021-12-17. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
  11. ^ a b Abdelnasser Abdelaal, ed. (2013). Social and Economic Effects of Community Wireless Networks and Infrastructures. IGI Global. p. 3. ISBN 9781466629981.
  12. ^ "Should Municipalities Provide Wireless Internet Service? FTC Staff Report Provides Guidance to Promote Competition". US Federal Trade Commission. 10 October 2006. Archived from the original on 3 November 2007. Retrieved 20 October 2007.
  13. ^ Abdelnasser Abdelaal, ed. (2013). Social and Economic Effects of Community Wireless Networks and Infrastructures. IGI Global. p. 2. ISBN 9781466629981.
  14. ^ a b Thomas M. Reynolds (26 April 2016). "The Failures Of Government-Owned Internet". Forbes. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  15. ^ a b "Index of /". connected-egypt.org. Archived from the original on 2009-07-05. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
  16. ^ "Index of /". tshwifi.com. Archived from the original on 2020-11-28. Retrieved 2020-12-18.
  17. ^ a b "Public Wi-Fi Services". Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 2008-02-10.
  18. ^ "ITaiwan Wi-Fi". Archived from the original on 2018-08-03. Retrieved 2018-08-03.
  19. ^ "Wifly". Taiwan. Archived from the original on 2008-05-16.
  20. ^ "Bangalore, first Indian city to get free Wi-Fi hotspots - The Times of India". The Times Of India. Archived from the original on 2013-03-19. Retrieved 2013-03-19.
  21. ^ *"Free Wi-Fi service starts in Khan Market - Business Today". Business Today. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-18.
  22. ^ *"Free WiFi service starts in Delhi's Connaught Place - IBN Live". IBN Live. Archived from the original on 2014-11-17.
  23. ^ *"Free Wi-Fi Service Finally Launched at New Delhi Railway Station - NDTV". NDTV. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-18.
  24. ^ "About Us". wicam.com.kh. Archived from the original on 2015-07-12. Retrieved 2015-07-10.
  25. ^ "Wireless@KL". Archived from the original on 2009-03-15. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
  26. ^ DK Ryni Qareena (21 October 2017). "City WiFi benefits locals and tourists". New Sabah Times. Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
  27. ^ "Home". cityofbalanga. Archived from the original on 2023-01-17. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  28. ^ "Facebook-City Government of Bogo". Facebook. Archived from the original on 2016-01-13. Retrieved 2015-11-19.
  29. ^ "Wireless@SG for Consumers". Archived from the original on 2020-02-24. Retrieved 2020-02-24.
  30. ^ a b c d "Đà Nẵng phủ sóng Wifi toàn thành phố". vneconomy.vn. Archived from the original on 2013-06-07. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
  31. ^ "OeBB Blog: gratis WLAN am Westbahnhof". Archived from the original on 2015-11-22. Retrieved 2015-11-21.
  32. ^ "Flughafen Wien - Passagiere". viennaairport.com. Archived from the original on 2010-05-24. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
  33. ^ "Urbizone". urbizone.be. Archived from the original on 2013-10-08. Retrieved 2014-02-23.
  34. ^ "coverage". net365.mobi. Archived from the original on 2014-09-10. Retrieved 2014-09-05.
  35. ^ "Udruga SMBWireless - Više od veze!". smbwireless.hr. Archived from the original on 2014-01-11. Retrieved 2014-01-27.
  36. ^ Farivar, Cyrus (2011). The Internet of Elsewhere: the Emergent Effects of a Wired World. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. pp. 109–149. ISBN 9780813549620. OCLC 643762511. Covers the history of the Internet and public WiFi access in Estonia
  37. ^ "Free WiFi in Helsinki". visithelsinki.fi. Archived from the original on 2014-12-09. Retrieved 2014-12-08.
  38. ^ "Mairie de Paris : site officiel de la ville de Paris – Paris.fr". paris.fr. Archived from the original on 2010-07-22. Retrieved 2010-07-18.
  39. ^ "Free WiFi in central Stuttgart". stuttgart.de. Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2016-03-09.
  40. ^ "KA-WLAN > Info". www.ka-wlan.de. Archived from the original on 2021-01-08. Retrieved 2021-01-05.
  41. ^ "Ασύρματο Δίκτυο Δήμου Ηρακλείου - Η κινητή σύνδεσή σας στο Διαδίκτυο - Ασύρματο Δίκτυο - e-heraklion - Δήμος Ηρακλείου". heraklion.gr. Archived from the original on 2013-10-22.
  42. ^ "Lagkadas WiFi". Archived from the original on 2011-03-09.
  43. ^ "Dublin Free WiFi". Dublincity.ie. Archived from the original on 14 November 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  44. ^ "Dublin City WiFi map". Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  45. ^ "Iperbole wireless". Iperbole.bologna.it. Archived from the original on 2012-08-14. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
  46. ^ "Wi-FreeCom wi-fi". wi-freecom.it. Archived from the original on 2014-03-03. Retrieved 2014-05-13.
  47. ^ "OpenWifiMilano". openwifimilano.it. Archived from the original on 2014-07-03. Retrieved 2013-07-28.
  48. ^ "Ravenna WiFi". www.comune.ra.it/. Archived from the original on 2023-01-17. Retrieved 2021-02-19.
  49. ^ "WiFimetropolitano". www.cittametropolitanaroma.it/. Archived from the original on 2022-02-22. Retrieved 2022-02-22.
  50. ^ "Cittadinanza Digitale". Cittadinanzadigitale.it. Archived from the original on 2012-06-15. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
  51. ^ "Rete wifi pubblica e gratuita". comune.tn.it. Archived from the original on 2014-12-05. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
  52. ^ "Hotcity". Archived from the original on 2009-01-29. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
  53. ^ "wifi_starnet". starnet.md. Archived from the original on 2013-05-31. Retrieved 2013-07-09.
  54. ^ "Orange Moldova". Archived from the original on 2013-07-09. Retrieved 2013-07-09.
  55. ^ "Services Almere Centrum". Archived from the original on 2018-10-14. Retrieved 2018-10-13.
  56. ^ "Vanaf woensdag gratis wifi centrum Hilversum - Gooisch Nieuws". 9 September 2016. Archived from the original on 14 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  57. ^ "Proef met gratis Wi-Fi in centrum Leiden". Archived from the original on 2018-10-14. Retrieved 2018-10-13.
  58. ^ "Trådløse Trondheim". Tradlosetrondheim.no. Archived from the original on 2012-06-25. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
  59. ^ "/ Main page". resman.pl. Archived from the original on 2010-12-11. Retrieved 2010-12-02.
  60. ^ "Miejski Internet". Archived from the original on 2010-11-24. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
  61. ^ "MetroWireless Romania, Free Metropolitan Networks". metrowireless.ro. Archived from the original on 2010-01-24. Retrieved 2010-01-07.
  62. ^ "Wireless coverage in Roman, Romania". [permanent dead link]
  63. ^ "WBA Awards 2015". Wireless Broadband Alliance. Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
  64. ^ "WiFi". Maxima Telecom. Archived from the original on 2016-12-05. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
  65. ^ "Golden WiFi". goldenwifi.ru. Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2007-10-21.
  66. ^ "WiFreeLjubljana". Archived from the original on 2017-01-05. Retrieved 2017-12-20.
  67. ^ "Red WiFi municipal". Moralzarzaldigital.es. Archived from the original on 2007-05-25. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
  68. ^ "EMT WiFi municipal". emtmadrid.es. 2 July 2012. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-01-27.
  69. ^ "Surfzoner". helsingborg.se. Archived from the original on 2014-08-02. Retrieved 2014-04-15.
  70. ^ Sveriges Radio (8 July 2014). "Lidköping först ut med fritt nätverk". sverigesradio.se. Archived from the original on 2014-08-08. Retrieved 2014-07-30.
  71. ^ "Accueil · Thèmes · Environnement urbain et espaces verts · Accès Wi-Fi". ville-geneve.ch. Archived from the original on 2022-08-19. Retrieved 2022-08-19.
  72. ^ "Aberdeen City Free Wi-Fi". Archived from the original on 2018-09-16. Retrieved 2018-09-16.
  73. ^ "Cityspace to extend Bristol's wireless network". 24dash.com. Archived from the original on 2008-02-03.
  74. ^ "Free public wifi at Dundee waterfront to be available by end of July". 18 May 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-09-16. Retrieved 2018-09-16.
  75. ^ "Free wifi for Edinburgh's city centre". BBC News. 17 May 2016. Archived from the original on 29 October 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  76. ^ "High-Fi for Fort William – Free WiFi is rolled out across 14 Highland towns". Archived from the original on 2018-09-30. Retrieved 2018-09-30.
  77. ^ "Free Wifi access starts in Glasgow". BBC News. 10 July 2014. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  78. ^ "Free WiFi in the Highlands". Archived from the original on 2018-09-30. Retrieved 2018-09-30.
  79. ^ "Council unveils plan for free Wi-Fi in Sheffield city centre". Archived from the original on 2018-01-15. Retrieved 2018-01-14.
  80. ^ "WestNet Wireless - Calgary Wi-Fi Coverage". Westnet.ca. Archived from the original on 2012-03-06. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
  81. ^ "Fred-e Zone". Archived from the original on 2005-11-22. Retrieved 2007-11-19.
  82. ^ "Archived copy". www.mnemonics.ca. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  83. ^ "London Area Wireless Network (LAWN)". londonlawn.ca. Archived from the original on 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
  84. ^ "Mississauga.ca - Services Online - Wireless Mississauga: Free WiFi Zone". mississauga.ca. Archived from the original on 2008-12-18. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
  85. ^ "Île Sans Fil". ilesansfil.org. Archived from the original on 2008-11-12. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
  86. ^ a b c d [1] Archived March 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  87. ^ "ZAP Québec". zapquebec.org. Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2011-07-27.
  88. ^ "ZAP Montérégie". zapmonteregie.org. Archived from the original on 2014-01-11. Retrieved 2014-01-22.
  89. ^ "Bienvenue chez ZAP". Zapsherbrooke.org. Archived from the original on 2012-07-29. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
  90. ^ "Rhyzome Networks". Rhyzome.ca. Archived from the original on 2013-08-06. Retrieved 2013-08-29.
  91. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-08-13. Retrieved 2015-09-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  92. ^ "Albany FreeNet". Web.albanyfreenet.net. Archived from the original on 2012-03-03. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
  93. ^ "State". govtech.com. Archived from the original on 2013-02-24. Retrieved 2013-01-14.
  94. ^ [2] Archived February 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  95. ^ "Town of Bethany Beach, DE - Official Website". Townofbethanybeach.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-15. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
  96. ^ "City of Binghamton Downtown WiFi". Archived from the original on 2009-04-19.
  97. ^ a b c "In the Slow Lane: Why the U.S. Has Fallen Behind in Internet Speed and Affordability", New York Times, October 30, 2014, archived from the original on June 30, 2017, retrieved March 2, 2017
  98. ^ "Wi-Fi Hotspots Around Burlington". burlingtontelecom.net. Archived from the original on 2015-08-10.
  99. ^ "Cedar Rapids seeks to partner with private sector to build a city Wi-Fi system". The Gazette. Archived from the original on 2017-01-13. Retrieved 2016-02-15.
  100. ^ Taplin, Jonathan (24 July 2017). "Chattanooga has its own broadband, why doesn't every city?". Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
  101. ^ "Chicago WiFi". Archived from the original on 2018-04-25. Retrieved 2018-04-25.
  102. ^ "One of the most successful beach tourist free wireless networks implemented and maintained". Archived from the original on 2008-05-14.
  103. ^ "Welcome ccwifinews.com - BlueHost.com". ccwifinews.com. Archived from the original on 2007-11-21. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
  104. ^ "City of Decatur : Decatur WiFi". decaturga.com. Archived from the original on 2018-04-16. Retrieved 2018-04-12.
  105. ^ [3] Archived 2011-02-02 at the Wayback Machine 2009
  106. ^ "ackrion Superior Municipal Outdoor Wireless Wi-Fi Solutions". ackrion. Archived from the original on 2014-12-18.
  107. ^ "Downtown Englewood, NJ". downtownenglewood.com. Archived from the original on 2016-01-13. Retrieved 2015-07-20.
  108. ^ Pomares, Alberto (23 September 2011). "Fenton parks and downtown now have free wireless Internet access". Tri County Times. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
  109. ^ [4] Archived 2014-04-10 at the Wayback Machine 2014
  110. ^ "Houston WeCAN (Wireless Empowered Community Access Network)". Archived from the original on 2010-03-25. Retrieved 2011-02-18.
  111. ^ Dwight Silverman (August 18, 2008). "Updated: It lives! City of Houston turns on free downtown Wi-Fi". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2009-07-20. Retrieved 2011-02-18.
  112. ^ Nina Wu (October 4, 2007). "Free Wi-Fi boots up in Chinatown". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Archived from the original on 2007-12-11. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
  113. ^ "ImOn launches free Wi-Fi in Hiawatha parks | The Gazette". The Gazette. Archived from the original on 2015-12-17. Retrieved 2016-02-15.
  114. ^ "Kenosha WiFi". Facebook. 2012-07-27. Archived from the original on 2016-01-13. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
  115. ^ "Fiber backbone brings broadband to Western Mass.", Boston Globe, June 12, 2015, archived from the original on March 8, 2016, retrieved June 21, 2017
  116. ^ "Lexington announces free downtown, East End wi-fi". Ace Weekly. 26 October 2010. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  117. ^ "City of Longmont, Colorado : NextLight Broadband". Archived from the original on 2015-11-27. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
  118. ^ "WiFi @ Marion Square now has wifi". Web.dailyrepublicannews.com. Archived from the original on 2015-01-30. Retrieved 2014-11-21.
  119. ^ "Wireless Minneapolis Build Out Schedule & Coverage Map". USI Wireless. Archived from the original on 2012-08-07. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
  120. ^ "Wireless Minneapolis". Archived from the original on 2007-10-15. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
  121. ^ "Pacifica Net". pacificanet.com. Archived from the original on 2008-04-22. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
  122. ^ "Peachtree City, GA - Official Website". Peachtree-city.org. 2012-05-08. Archived from the original on 2018-12-14. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
  123. ^ "Ponca City, OK - Wi-Fi (Free Wireless Internet)". Poncacityok.gov. Archived from the original on 2012-08-18. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
  124. ^ "Powell, OH Wifi". Archived from the original on 2009-04-30.
  125. ^ Susan P. Crawford (August 13, 2014), "How Maine Saved the Internet", Bloomberg View, Bloomberg, archived from the original on August 16, 2014, retrieved August 15, 2014
  126. ^ "San Jose launches new free downtown outdoor wireless". Mercury News. March 15, 2013. Archived from the original on May 13, 2013. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
  127. ^ "San Jose Teams Up with East Side Schools to Close 'Digital Divide'". San Jose Inside. 2020-05-20. Archived from the original on 2021-11-08. Retrieved 2021-11-08.
  128. ^ "Santa Clara launches free outdoor Wi-Fi on backs of smart meters". March 23, 2013. Archived from the original on April 30, 2013. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
  129. ^ "Santa Monica City Net Case Study". March 5, 2014. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved August 10, 2014.
  130. ^ "Village of Skokie, Skokie Link WiFi, Skokie, IL". Skokie.org. Archived from the original on 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
  131. ^ "South Bend To Get Free Wireless Internet Downtown". WFYI Public Media. Associated Press. 2015-09-22. Archived from the original on 2023-01-17. Retrieved 2016-05-02.
  132. ^ "South Bend to offer free Wi-Fi downtown". South Bend Tribune. Archived from the original on 2019-04-14. Retrieved 2016-05-02.
  133. ^ "Wilkes-Barre's Wi-Fi connects city to future". Timesleader.com. Archived from the original on 2014-12-10. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
  134. ^ "City of Winston-Salem - Discover Winston-Salem". cityofws.org. Archived from the original on 2008-02-08. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
  135. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2013-05-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  136. ^ Felipe Zmoginski, do Plantão INFO. "INFO Online - Aparecida estréia rede Wi-Fi gratuita - (08/05/2007)". Info.abril.com.br. Archived from the original on 2012-02-13. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
  137. ^ [5] [permanent dead link] November 11, 2007 - free, need some subscribe at logon on Wi-Fi network. AP in some public places and builds
  138. ^ "Argentina. La Plata ofrece WiFi gratuito y apunta a convertirse en una Ciudad Digital | Moebius Digital | Diseño web | Web Hosting | Argentina". Moebius Digital. 2009-05-07. Archived from the original on 2012-02-23. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
  139. ^ ""BA WiFi" official site, with map and list (Spanish)". Buenosaires.gob.ar. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  140. ^ "General Lavalle tiene wifi gratis para toda la población - Radio Provincia". Radioprovincia.gba.gov.ar. Archived from the original on 2016-01-31.
  141. ^ "Diseño Web - Creadores Web". Archived from the original on 2019-07-13. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
  142. ^ "Free Wi-Fi for Stellenbosch". MyBroadband. February 21, 2012. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
  143. ^ "Aam Aadmi Party government sets up WiFi task force in Delhi - DNA India". DNA India. Archived from the original on 2015-03-20. Retrieved 2015-03-17.
  144. ^ "Free Wi-Fi in Delhi : AAP to consult with stakeholders - Times of India". Times of India. Archived from the original on 2015-03-18. Retrieved 2015-03-17.
  145. ^ "Delhi's AAP govt asks people for suggestions for the free WiFi plan - Firstpost". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 2015-03-19. Retrieved 2015-03-18.
  146. ^ "Dhaka airport road to get digitalised | Dhaka Tribune". 17 February 2017. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  147. ^ "BMC plans WiFi cover for Mumbai - The Times of India". The Times Of India. Archived from the original on 2016-01-13. Retrieved 2013-07-20.
  148. ^ "Amidst Metro bus fanfare, Sharjeel Memon promises free WiFi for Karachi". Pakistan Herald.
  149. ^ "Makati eyes becoming PH's first 'Wi-Fi city' - Yahoo! News Philippines". Ph.news.yahoo.com. 2012-07-12. Archived from the original on 2012-07-16. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
  150. ^ Bar Ben Ari. "Tel Aviv to initiate free municipal WiFi pilot". Haaretz.com. Archived from the original on 2010-04-26. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
  151. ^ "Free public Wi-Fi scheme for town". BBC News. November 17, 2009.
  152. ^ "FoxesTalk Reference - Leicester Mercury Reported" Leicester Mercury, June 24, 2011.
  153. ^ Neate, Rupert (2012-06-01). "London tube stations to get Wi-Fi". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 2015-07-19. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  154. ^ "China's ZTE To Build Massive Wi-Fi Network For Mexico City: The Wi-Fi network will connect schools and government offices as well as some 4,000 security cameras". April 3, 2007.
  155. ^ "Mexico City explores wireless Internet: Planning hot spots throughout city for 8.7, million residents". NBC News. April 3, 2007. Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved November 17, 2019.
  156. ^ "Autoridad Nacional para la Innovación Gubernamental". innovacion.gob.pa. Archived from the original on 2009-08-06. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
  157. ^ Smith, Brad (2007-06-22). "Sacramento Goes Wireless". Wireless Week. Archived from the original on 2012-02-25. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
  158. ^ "Joint Venture: Silicon Valley Network Announces Test Cities for Wireless Silicon Valley Initiative". February 14, 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-10-22.
  159. ^ Epstein, Reid J. (February 3, 2006). "Waukesha could be next city to go Wi-Fi". Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. Archived from the original on 2006-02-07.
  160. ^ "Queensland to give train commuters wireless internet access". Archived from the original on 2009-04-18.
  161. ^ "Free wireless internet for Civic, Canberra". The Sydney Morning Herald. 13 March 2014. Archived from the original on 15 March 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  162. ^ "Victoria's first free public Wi-Fi zones launched at Queen Victoria Market and central Ballarat, Bendigo". The Age. 29 October 2014. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  163. ^ TOM COWIE (13 March 2014). "Ballarat to get free public wi-fi by the end of the year". The Courier. Archived from the original on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  164. ^ Fairfax Regional Media (13 March 2014). "Free WI-FI for Bendigo". Bendigo Advertiser. Archived from the original on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  165. ^ "Região/Jacareí". Archived from the original on 2008-04-10. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
  166. ^ [6] Archived September 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  167. ^ "Telebrasil - Haddad quer licitação de WiFi este ano, e vai trocar regularização de antenas de celular por oferta de pontos grátis". www.telebrasil.org.br. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  168. ^ Reily Gregson (30 November 1999). "Verge Wireless to deploy Baton Rouge Wi-Fi network with Tropos gear". RCR Wireless News. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
  169. ^ "City Initiative: Charleston, South Carolina | MuniWireless: WiFi, LTE, 4G". MuniWireless. 2008-01-03. Archived from the original on 2023-01-17. Retrieved 2012-08-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  170. ^ Kyle Stock. "City to exit wireless project | The Post and Courier | Charleston SC, News, Sports, Entertainment". The Post and Courier. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
  171. ^ [7] Archived 2009-05-29 at the Wayback Machine RTÉ reports cancelled Wi-Fi
  172. ^ "Draadloos Groningen BV". draadloosgroningen.nl.
  173. ^ Draadloos Groningen [@DraadloosGron] (17 November 2010). "Het project Draadloos Groningen zal in zijn huidige opzet worden stopgezet. Zie web site (http://bit.ly/4F0AqY) voor meer informatie" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  174. ^ Trevey, Mick (2007-08-09). "Citywide Wi-Fi Might Not Happen". Local & Regional News. Journal Broadcast Group. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-08-18.
  175. ^ "EarthLink To Shut Down New Orleans' Municipal Wi-Fi - Mobility - Muni Wireless". Informationweek. 2008-04-25. Archived from the original on 2011-02-02. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
  176. ^ a b "NSW govt dumps plans for free city WiFi". The Age. 2 May 2008. Archived from the original on 16 September 2009. Retrieved 18 April 2009.
  177. ^ Rogoway, Mike (January 19, 2010). "Portland set to dismantle, donate abandoned Wi-Fi antennas". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on 22 January 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
  178. ^ "Blanket Wi-Fi plans unplugged in Waterloo Region and Guelph, but growing in Stratford". Local. Waterloo Region Record. 2011-07-21. Archived from the original on 2016-01-13. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
  179. ^ "Riverside, California - City of Arts & Innovation - Innovation and Technology". riversideca.gov. Archived from the original on 2015-06-09. Retrieved 2015-06-11.
  180. ^ Ben Charny. "San Francisco formally ends citywide Wi-Fi effort". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on 2007-11-24. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
  181. ^ "City of Tempe, AZ : WiFi Terms of Service". tempe.gov. Archived from the original on 2007-11-16. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
[edit]


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Municipal_wireless_network&oldid=1247080825"