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Roman Empire
- 174: Part of the region is conquered by the Roman Empire.
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- 180: The Roman Empire abandons the region.
- 500s: A variety of Germanic and Slavic tribes cross the region during the Migration Period before Slavs establish themselves in the region.
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Avar Khaganate
- 568: The Avars occupy the region.
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Samo's Empire
- 623: Most of the region is conquered by Samo, a Frankish merchant who unified several Slavic and is elected as king of Samo's Empire. His realm includes parts of present-day Slovakia, Austria and Slovenia.
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Avar Khaganate
- 658: After the death of Samo, the region is recaptured by the Avars.
- 700s: In south Moravia a Moravian Principality comes into being.
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Frankish Empire
- 804: The Avar Khaganate is destroyed by the Frankish Empire.
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Great Moravia
- 833: Mojmír I becomes ruler of Great Moravia, a vassal from but outside the Frankish Empire that includes present-day Bohemia and Slovakia.
- 843: After the partition of the Frankish Empire, Great Moravia becomes a vassal of East Francia.
- 870: Bořivoj I from the Přemyslid dynasty becomes the first duke of the Duchy of Bohemia inside Great Moravia. Great Moravia is ruled by Svatopluk I.
- 892: The Hungarian troops attack Great Moravia in alliance with the East Francian king Arnulf of Carinthia.
- 894: In alliance with Svatopluk of Moravia, the Hungarians attack the East Francian province of Pannonia.
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| Duchy of Bohemia
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Principality of Hungary
- 907: Mojmir II is defeated and Moravia is conquered by Hungary.
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- 921: Václav I becomes duke of Bohemia.
- 935: Václav is murdered by his brother, Boleslav I, who becomes duke.
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Duchy of the Polans
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- 1003: Duke Boleslav III is overthrown by duke Vladivoj. Boleslav is restored as duke by duke Bolesław of the Polans, but the same year Bolesław overthrows Boleslav III and becomes by conquest duke of Bohemia.
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- 1004: Heinrich II defeats Bolesław and makes Jaromír of the Přemyslid dynasty duke of Bohemia, ending the personal union of Poland with Bohemia. Bolesław keeps Moravia and Slovakia and loses Lusatia and Meissen, which is confirmed at the Peace of Poznán in 1005.
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- 1189-1192: Konrád II becomes duke of Bohemia. Bohemia takes part in a crusade that fails to re-conquer Jerusalem, but in which the Kingdom of Cyprus is established.
- 1192: Otakar becomes duke of Bohemia.
- 1193: Otakar is overthrown for joining a conspiracy of German princes to bring down the Hohenstaufen dynasty and replaced by Jindřich Břetislav.
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Margraviate of Moravia
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- 1197: Vladislav Jindřich, brother of Otakar, becomes duke. Otakar forces his brother to abandon Bohemia to him and to content himself with Moravia.
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| Kingdom of Bohemia
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Kingdom of Bohemia and Margraviate of Moravia
- 1283: Vacláv II becomes also margrave of Moravia.
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- 1300: King Vacláv II becomes also king of Poland.
- 1305: Vacláv II is succeeded in both countries by his son Vacláv III.
- 1306: After the death of king Vacláv III his heritage is divided and the personal union with Poland ends. Rudolf III, co-duke of Austria becomes also king of Bohemia and margrave of Moravia.
- 1307: After the death of Rudolf, Heinrich of Carinthia and Carniola becomes as Jindřich Korutanský ruler of Bohemia and Moravia.
- 1310: Johann, son of king Heinrich VII of the Germans and count of Luxembourg, becomes king of Bohemia and margrave of Moravia, bring the House of Luxembourg to the throne.
- 1313: Johann becomes also count of Luxembourg.
- 1335: The duchies of Silesia become subject to king Johann of Bohemia and his successors.
- 1346: Johann is succeeded by Karel
- 1347: Karel is confirmed king Karel IV of the Germans, emperor since 1355
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Lands of the Bohemian Crown
- 1348: Karel IV integrates his possessions into the Lands of the Bohemian Crown.
- 1349: Karel IV appoints his brother Johann Heinrich in appanage as margrave of Moravia.
- 1353: Karel IV entrusts Luxembourg to his half-brother Wenzel.
- 1378: After the death of Karel IV, his son Wenzel IV becomes king of Bohemia and of the Germans. He resigns as elector of Brandenburg.
- 1383: Wenzel IV of Bohemia becomes also duke of Luxembourg.
- 1388: Margrave Jobst of Moravia becomes margrave of Brandenburg and duke of Luxembourg.
- 1415: The protestant reformer Jan Hus is executed.
- 1419: The German King Sigismund, also king of Hungary and Croatia, becomes king of Bohemia. The Bohemian Hussites begin a rebellion against both catholicism and the Holy Roman Empire.
- 1434: The Hussite rebellion ends with a compromise.
- 1437/1438: Sigismund is succeeded in Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia by his son-in-law Albrecht IV from the house of Habsburg, duke of Austria, who becomes king of the Germans.
- 1443: Bohemia takes part in a crusade to defend the Byzantine Empire against the Ottoman Empire, defeated by the Ottomans at Varna.
- 1440: The succession of Albrecht's son is not recognized by the Bohemian nobility for the most of the time until 1453.
- 1453: Albrechts son duke Ladislav becomes also king of Bohemia.
- 1458: After the death of Ladislav Bohemia is separated from Austria. Jiří z Poděbrad, leader of the Hussites, becomes king of Bohemia.
- 1468: The Hungarian king Hunyadi Mátyás invades Bohemia and Moravia. He is elected anti-king and claims Bohemia and Moravia.
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Kingdom of Hungary
- 1469: Moravia is conquered by Hungary under Hunyadi Mátyás.
- 1478: In the Treaty of Brno, Moravia and Silesie goes to Hunyadi Mátyás. Both Vladislav II and Hunyadi Mátyás are permitted to use the title King of Bohemia.
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- 1490: Vladislav II becomes after the death of Hunyadi Mátyás becomes also king of Hungary and margrave of Moravia. A war with the Austrian archduke and Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian who claims the Hungarian throne, commences.
- 1491: In the Peace of Pressburg Vladislav renounces Lower Austria, conquered by Hunyadi Mátyás in Austria, and is recognized as king of Hungary.
- 1516: Vladislav II is succeeded by his son Ludvík I.
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Habsburg Monarchy
- 1526: Archduke Ferdinand of Austria of the House of Habsburg, brother in law of Vladislav II, becomes after the death of king Ludvík I also king of Bohemia and margrave of Moravia, Hungary and Croatia. Ferdinand creates central institutions. The joint territories ruled by him are together also rendered as Habsburg Monarchy.
- 1608: With the Treaty of Lieben Rudolf II concedes Moravia to his brother Matthias.
- 1612: Matthias also succeeds Rudolf. When the newly elected Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II, tries to impose religious uniformity on his domains, forcing Roman Catholicism on its people, the northern Protestant states, band together to form the Protestant Union. The war starts in Bohemia with a revolt. The Thirty Years' War in Central Europe arises, between the Habsburgians and its ally Spain, and the protestant states in Germany.
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Lands of the Bohemian Crown
- 1619: Elector Friedrich V of the Palatinate is elected king of Bohemia as Fridrich I in opposition to Ferdinand II.
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| Habsburg Monarchy
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Empire of Austria
- 1804: Archduke Franz II becomes emperor of Austria, being at the same time emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (until 1806). Bohemia and Moravia are integrated by Franz II into the Empire of Austria as constituent states.
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| Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy
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Republic of German-Austria
- 1918: Austria-Hungary and the other Central Powers lose World War I. Austria-Hungary collapses. The new republic of German-Austria claims and partially controls parts of Bohemia and Moravia.
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Czechoslovak Republic
- 1918: Austria-Hungary and the other Central Powers lose World War I. Austria-Hungary collapses. Czechoslovakia becomes independent, including the former Hungarian regions of Slovakia and Carpatho-Ukraine. Czechoslovakia introduces universal suffrage in elections for a provisional parliament.
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- 1919: After an attempt to join West Ukraine and a short independence as Hutsul Republic, Carpato-Ruthenia as well as the German speaking parts of Bohemia and Moravia become part of Czechoslovakia. Communist Hungary invades Czechoslovakia and establishes the Slovak Soviet Republic as a unrecognized puppet state. Poland and Czechoslovakia dispute Cieszyn Silesia. This dispute leads to a division of the region. Hungary reaches an armistice with Czechoslovakia and retreats, the Slovak Soviet Republic is reincorporated into Czechoslovakia the same year.The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye between France, the United Kingdom and Italy and other allied powers with Germany-Austria ends the war with the formal dissolution of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire.
- 1920: Czechoslovakia gets a bicameral parliament with a chamber of representatives and senate elected in free multi-party elections on a universal suffrage. Czechoslovakia is a founding member of the League of Nations.
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| German Empire
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Czecho-Slovak Republic.
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| German Empire
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Czechoslovak Republic
- 1945: Nazi Germany is defeated. The Czech resistance tries to liberate Prague from the Germans. After a cease-fire the Soviet army enters the city. Czechoslovakia is restored as the Czechoslovak Republic without former Carpatho-Ukraine, but including Slovakia. A provisional government is formed l and a provisional parliament is indirectly elected. Czechoslovakia is a founding member of the United Nations.
- 1948: After a coup d'état becomes a communist dictatorship and all democratic forces are eliminated from power. Czechoslovakia gets a unicameral parliament elected in a one-list. Parliament elects the president.
- 1949: Czechoslovakia is a founding member of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon).
- 1955: Czechoslovakia is a founding member of the Warsaw Pact.
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Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
- 1960: Czechoslovakia is renamed.
- 1968: In reaction to reforms culminating in the Prague Spring, The Soviet Union and other member states of the Warsaw Pact invade Czechoslovakia and overthrow the government.
- 1969: Czechoslovakia becomes a federal republic and gets a bicameral federal parliament. Inside Czechoslovakia the Czech Socialist Republic is established.
- 1989: The bloodless Velvet Revolution leads to the collapse of the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and the restoration of democracy.
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Czech and Slovak Federal Republic
- 1990: Both Czechoslovakia and the Czech Socialist Republic are renamed, the last as the Czech republic. The Federal Assembly consisting out of the Chamber of the People and the Chamber of the Nations, is elected in free multi-party elections. The same goes for the Czech parliament. A new constitution establishes a popularly elected president and a government responsible to the bicameral federal parliament elected in free multi-party elections.
- 1991: Czechoslovakia joins the Council of Europe. The Warsaw Pact and the Comecon are disbanded.
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| Czech Republic
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