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- This outline of the history of Turkey is limited to the European part of Turkey, but including the successor states of the (Roman) Roman Empire, the Sultanate of Rum and the Ottoman Empire.
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| Byzantium
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- Part of the Thracian coasts are dominated by Greek polis.
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| Persian Empire
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Lacedaemon
- 478 BC: Byzantium is conquered by Sparta.
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Byzantium
- 476 BC: Byzantium overthrows Sparta and becomes an ally of Athens.
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Odrysian Kingdom
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- 334 BC: Macedonia leaves Byzantium independent.
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Kingdom of Macedonia
- 334 BC: Eastern Thrace and Western Thrace are conquered by king Alexandros, a.k.a. Alexander the Great, of Macedonia.
- 323/301 BC: After Alexandros's death, Anatolia was subsequently divided into a number of small Hellenistic kingdoms.
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| Kingdom of Thrace
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- After 280 BC: Celtic tribes invade Thrace.
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Odrysian Kingdom
- 212 BC: King Pleuratus of Odrysa defeats the Celts.
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Roman Republic
- 146 BC: Thrace is conquered by Rome. The Roman Republic develops into a Latin / Greek empire, which in the easter part can be considered as the continuation of the Hellenic states.
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- 70s BC: Byzantium is annexed by the Roman Republic.
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| Roman Empire
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- 395: After the death of Theodosius I of the Theodosian dynasty, the Roman Empire is partitioned in the (Eastern) Roman Empire, also rendered as Byzantine Empire[1], a Greek dominated empire, and the (Western) Roman Empire. The region becomes the centre of the Eastern part of the Empire. His son Arcadius becomes emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, succeeded in 408 by his son Theodosius II. The Eastern Roman Empire includes present-day Turkey (most), Greece, Cyprus, Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro (partially), Serbia (partially), Bulgaria, Romania (Dobruja), as well as Israel, Lebanon and parts of Libya, Egypt, Jordan and Syria.
- 457: The Theodosian dynasty is replaced by the Leonid dynasty of emperor Leo, the first emperor to legislate also in Greek.
- 476: The Western Roman Empire is defeated and dissolved. The Eastern Roman Empire evolves into a Greek-dominated empire.
- 488: Sicily is conquered by the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths.
- 500s: The Roman Empire conquers the southern fringe of Crimea, populated by Greeks, Crimean Goths and others.
- 510: The Romans conquer part of the Ostrogothic Kingdom.
- 518: Iustinus becomes the first emperor of the Justinian dynasty.
- 527: After his death he is succeeded by Iustinianus. He attempts to restore the western territories of the Empire, reconquering Italy, North Africa and parts of Spain as well as present-day 527|Kosovo. He is also responsible for the corpus juris civilis.
- 532: A major revolt takes place in Constantinople, in which Hypatius is declared emperor. Iustianus surpresses the revolt and Hypatius is executed. The same year the Iberian War between the Roman Empire and the Sassanian Persian Empire ends with the Eternal Peace in which Persia retains Iberia and the Roman Empire retains Lazica.
- 533: Romans, under Belisarius, retake North Africa and Malta from the Vandals, the Vandal kingdom ends. Around that time, part of Southern Italy is conquered.
- 534: Sardinia and the Balearic Islands are conquered by the Roman Empire.
- 535: During the Gothic War between the Ostrogoths of king Athalaric and his successors and the Roman Empire of emperor Iustinianus, part of the Ostrogothic Empire, including Sicily, Southern Italy and present-day Croatia, is occupied by the Romans.
- 536: Corsica is conquered by the Roman Empire. Lazica becomes a full Roman protectorate.
- 540: The Roman Empire conquers Taranto.
- 541: Shah Khosrow I of Sassanide Persia invades Lazica to take over control from the Romans.
- 550: The Ostrogoths recapture Sicily.
- 552: The Ostrogothic Kingdom of king Teia is defeated by the Roman Empire. It leads to the conquest of parts of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Slovenia. The empire conquers the southern Mediterranean coast and establishes the province of Spania. Sicily is returned to the Romans. The war cripples the Roman economy and leaves Italy unable to cope against the oncoming Lombards.
- 553: The Ostrogoths in Italy are defeated by the Roman Empire. Inside its Exarchate of Ravenna it establishes the Duchy of Rome
- 562: The Treaty of Dara between the Roman Empire and the Sassanian Empire ends the 20-year-long war over Lazica. The Sassanides withdraw.
- 568: The Longobards, a Germanic tribe, conquer large parts of the Exarchate of Ravenna and establish the Kingdom of the Lombards. Parts of Italy, Rome included, remain under Roman rule.
- 582: Emperor Mauricius starts a campaign to defend the Balkan against the Avars.
- 587: Epirus is conquered by the Avars and their Slavic allies.
- 602: Emperor Mauricius is deposed by a conspiracy of the Balkan army led by Flavius Phocas. Phocas is acclaimed emperor.
- 610: Flavius Phocas is deposed by a conspiracy that brings Flavius Heraclius to the throne, creating the Heraclian dynasty.
- 624: The Visigothic Kingdom conquers the renmants of Spania.
- 628: Emperor Irakleios brings the Roman-Sassanid War to a successful conclusion. He replaces Latin with Greek as the language of administration.
- 646: The Arabs defeat a Roman army in Armenia.
- 650: Cyprus is lost to the Umayyad Caliphate.
- 662: Taranto is conquered by the Duchy of Benevento.
- 663: The Roman Empire recaptures Taranto.
- 678: At the four-year during Siege of Constantinople emperor Konstantinos IV defeats Arab Islamic intruders led by caliph Yazīd ibn Mu‘āwiya of the Ummayad Caliphate.
- 681: Asparuh of the Bulgars defeats the Romans. The Roman Empire has to accept a Bulgarian state within its territory. Asparuh becomes the first khan of Bulgaria. Philippopolis remains Roman.
- 688: Cyprus becomes a condominium between the Roman Empire and the Umayyad Caliphate (since 750 the Abbasid Caliphate).
- 695: Emperor Ioustinianos II is deposed in a revolt lead by Leontios. The period of Twenty Years' Anarchy starts.
- 708: The Bulgarians defeat at Anchialus the Romans.
- 716: A peace treaty ends the war and establishes the borders between both countries.
- 717: After a rebellion, emperor Leon III of the Isaurian dynasty comes to power.
- 718: The second Arab attack on Constantinople is stopped by the combined Roman-Bulgarian forces.
- 725: Corsica and Sardinia are conquered by the Lombards.
- 726: Venice secedes from the Roman Empire.
- 741: Artabasdos claims the throne and a civil war with emperor Konstantinos V starts.
- 743: Konstantinos V defeats Artabasos.
- 751: Lombardy conquers the Exarchate of Ravenna, but the Kingdom of the Franks defends the Duchy of Rome against the Lombards. With the collapse of Roman rule, Venice becomes de facto independent.
- 754: With the Donation of Pepin the Franks enable the establishment of the Papal States separated from the Roman Empire.
- 756: Between 756 and 775, Konstantinos V leads nine campaigns against Bulgaria to establish a border on the Danube.
- 768: Serbia secedes from the Roman Empire.
- 786: Abkhazia secedes de jure from the Roman Empire and aligns itself with Khazaria.
- 792: In a following war, Khan Kardam of Bulgaria defeats emperor Konstantinos VI.
- 802: Empress-regnant Eirini Sarantapichaina is overthrown in a palace coup. Nikephoros I becomes emperor, founding the Nikephorian dynasty.
- 807: The Bulgarian khan Krum forces the surrender of the Romans in Serdica (present-day Sofia).
- 811: After huge advances of emperor Nikephoros, he is defeated at Pliska by joint forces of Bulgaria and the Magyars and dies.
- 813: The new emperor Mikhaēl Rhangabe is Battle of Versinikiadefeated at Versinikia]].
- 815: Khan Omurtag and emperor Leon V end the war with a peace treaty.
- 820: Leon V is murderded in a conspiracy led by the new emperor Michael II of the Amorian dynasty. Crete is conquered by the Arab Caliphate
- 823: Emperor Michael II ends a rebellion of Tomas the Slave, that engulfed most of the Roman Empire.
- 826: The Aghlabid rulers of North Africa invade Sicily and the Arab conquest of Sicily starts.
- 831: Sicily secedes as a client state of the Fatimid Caliphate from the Roman Empire.
- 836: Under Khan Malamir Bulgaria conquers Philippopolis.
- 856: The Romans conquer part of the Bulgarian coast and Philippopolis.
- 860: The Rus' Khaganate attacks Constantinople, but withdraws.
- 867: Basíleios a peasant from Macedonia, murders emperor Michael III and becomes emperor, establishing the Macedonian dynasty.
- 870: Malta is conquered by the Arab Aghlabids.
- 870s: Cyprus is recaptured by the Roman Empire.
- 879: Croatia retains its sovereignty from both Frankish and Roman rule and becomes de jure independent.
- 880: Taranto is annexed to the Roman Empire and becomes part of the province of the Catepanate of Italy.
- 880s: Roman rule is restored in Epirus. The Roman/Abbasid condominium over Cyprus is restored.
- 894: The war between the Roman Empire and Bulgaria, that started in 894, leads to Bulgarian territorial gains in Thrace.
- 902: The Balearic Islands are conquered by the Emirate of Córdoba.
- 907: Kievan Rus' attacks Constantinople. The attack ends with a treaty that regulates the status of the colony of Varangian merchants in the city.
- 913: King Simeon of Bulgaria and Konstantinos VII commence a war.
- 917: King Simeon of Bulgaria defeats at Achelous the Romans. His imperial title is recognized.
- 927: The Roman-Bulgarian war ends with a Bulgarian victory. Simeon's successor Petar is recognized as emperor and Serbia is annexed to Bulgaria.
- 941: The Rus' attack by Igor, son of Rurik, on the Bosporus and Roman Bithynia is defeated.
- 959: A Hungarian army attacks the Roman Empire and plunders its territories until Constantinople, but is defeated by the Byzantine army.
- 960: Most of Serbia, including present-day Montenegro, is annexed to the Roman Empire.
- 961: Emir Abd al-Aziz ibn Shu'ayb is defeated and Crete is conquered by the Roman Empire, that establishes the province of Crete
- 965: Cyprus is conquered by the Roman Empire.
- 969: Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas is assassinated. Ioannes Tzimiskes, his nephew and one of the consiprators, becomes emperor.
- 970: A revolt of Bardas Phokas fails. An Hungarian army supports Svyatoslav of Rus' in his attack of the Roman Empire. The Byzantines defeat Sviatoslav's army. This defeat leads to the end of the Hungarian invasions of Europe.
- 971: After a succesful invasion of Thrace and Bulgaria, grand prince Sviyatoslav is defeated by the Roman emperor Iōánnēs Tzimiskēs. After the capture of the Bulgarian tsar Boris II, he claims the annexation of Bulgaria. The conquest of Bulgaria commences.
- 976: After the death of Ioannes Tzimiskes , Basileios II (his co-emperor) takes sole power.
- 976–979: A rebellion of Bardas Skleros is defeated by Bardas Phokass.
- 981: Basileios II begins the final conquest of Bulgaria.
- 988: To surpress an uprising, emperor Basileios II is supported by the Rus' grand prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich. Volodiměrъ accepts to make Rus' a Christian nation.
- 989: A rebellion by Bardas Phokas fails with his death.
- 1000: Duklja secedes.
- 1018: After a bitter 50-years struggle the Roman conquest of Bulgaria is completed by emperor Basileios II. Byzantium establishes control over Bulgaria and much of the Balkan Peninsula, including Duklja and present-day Serbia, Kosovo, Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Hungary expands into Transylvania and Banat and the Pechenegs settle in Moldavia and Wallachia.
- 1022: A war between the Roman Empire and Georgia ends with the defeat of king Giorgi of Georgia. Parts of the country are ceded to the Romans.
- 1040: Stefan Vojislav becomes prince of Duklja and makes it independent.
- 1041: An uprising by Petar Delyan, who claims to be emperor of Bulgaria and controlled parts of present-day Greece, Serbia and Macedonia, is surpressed.
- 1042: The Norman leader Guillaume d'Hauteville conquers parts of the Roman Catepanate of Italy and becomes count of Apulia. The Roman Empire intervenes in a civil war against king Bagrat' IV.
- 1043: Roman rule over Duklja is restored.
- 1045: Armenia is annexed to the Roman Empire.
- 1050: Duklja becomes a Roman vassal state.
- 1054: Christianity gets divided into the Catholic Church, seated in Rome, and the Eastern Orthodox Church, seated in Constantinople.
- 1057: General Isaakios Komnenos defeats at Petroe the troops of emperor Michael VI Bringas and becomes emperor himself.
- 1059: Konstantinos X Doukas comes to power
- 1063: Duke Robert Guiscard of Apulia and Calabria defeats the Romans in Southern Italy.
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Seljuk Empire
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Sultanate of Rum
- 1077: Kutalmışoglu Suleiman is recognized as the sultan of Rum, a Seljuk state, is established in Anatolia.
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- 1092: Under sultan Qilij Arslān Rum succeeds the Seljuk Persian Empire in Anatolia.
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- 1101: France, the Holy Roman Empire, the Roman Empire, the Papal States take part in a crusade, which is defeated by Rum.
- 1116: The Roman army defeats the Sultanate of Rum at Philomelion.
- 1147-1149: France, the Holy Roman Empire, the Roman Empire, the Papal States, England and Sicily take part in a crusade against the Arabs and the Seljuks that fails to restore the County of Edessa.
- 1147-1149: The empire takes part in the Second Crusade that fails to restore the County of Edessa.
- 1166: The Roman Empire defeats the Hungarians in Bosnia and appoints in 1180 Kulin as ban of Bosnia.
- 1183: Bosnia is lost to Hungary.
- 1185: After a revolt against the Roman rulers, Ivan Asen I becomes emperor of Bulgaria. The liberation war lasts until 1204. Emperor Andrónikos Aʹ Komninós is overthrown and Isaakios II Angelos of the Angelos dynasty becomes emperor. Crusaders secede Cephalonia and Zakynthos from the Roman Empire.
- 1190: Arbanon becomes an autonomous principality of the Roman Empire.
- 1191: Cyprus is conquered by Richard I of England. He sells it to the Knights Templar.
- 1202-1204: Venice, the Holy Roman Empire, France and others start the Fourth Crusade.
- 1204: Emperor Alexios V Doukas is defeated by the crusaders. After the sack of Constantinople during the crusade, the participants decide with the Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae to divide the Roman Empire in the Byzantine states of the Empire of the Romans (Nicaea), Trebizond with Theodoro and Epirus. The crusader states of Romania or Latin Empire, Achaea, Athens, Bodonitsa, Candia, Negroponte, Philippopolis, Rhodes, Salona and Thessalonica are separated from the empire, as is Archipelago. The crusader states are populated by Greeks, but dominated by Western European crusaders.
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| Empire of Romania
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Empire of the Romans
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Empire of Trebizond
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- 1214: The Treaty of Nymphaeum establishes peace between the Empire of the Romans and the Empire of Romania.
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- 1214: The Treaty of Nymphaeum establishes peace between the Empire of the Romans and the Empire of Romania.
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- 1224: The Empire of Romania loses most of its territories in Asia to the Empire of the Romans.
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- 1224: The Empire of Romania loses most of its territories in Asia to the Empire of the Romans. Lesbos is conquered by the Empire of the Romans.
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Great Mongol State
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| Roman Empire
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Subleme Ottoman Empire
- 1299: The son of Ertugrul Gazi Osman Gazi becomes sultan of what is rendered as the Ottoman Empire.
- 1299/1498: The Ottoman Empire conquers the states in Anatolia and largs parts of Arabia (1299/1453s).
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- 1340: Epirus is conquered.
- 1341: An invasion by the Bulgarian tsar Ivan Aleksandŭr of Thracia is stopped by the Ottoman allies of the Roman Empire.
- 1341-1347: After the death of Andronikos III a civil war commences over the guardianship of his nine-year-old son Ioannes V Palaiologos
- 1342: During the civil war, the Zealots take over the city of Thessalonica.
- 1344: Philippopolis is surrendered to Bulgaria.
- 1346: The Genoese company Maona di Chio e di Focea acquieres Chios.
- 1348: Parts of Northern Greece are occupied by Serbia.
- 1349: Morea becomes an appanage of the Roman Empire.
- 1350: The Zealots of Thessalonica are defeated.
- 1354: Ioannes V Palaiologos deposes Ioannes VI Kantakouzēnos and becomes emperor (again).
- 1356: Roman rule in Northern Greece is restored.
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- 1366: Savoy stages a campaign against Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire. King Lajos of Hungary supports the Roman Empire and defeats the Ottoman Empire at Nicapoli.
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- 1413: Varna is captured by the Roman Empire.
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- 1435: Stjepan Vukčić of Saint Sava becomes a vassal of the Ottoman Empire.
- 1438: Berat secedes from the Ottoman Empire.
- 1439-1441: The Ottoman Empire invades and defeats Serbia. Part of Serbia is controlled by the Ottomans.
- 1442: The Hungarian military leader Hunyadi János defeats at Szeben the Ottoman forces and Wallachia again accepts the suzerainty of Hungary.
- 1443: An alliance led by king Władysław III of Poland, Hungary and Croatia starts a crusade against the Ottomans in Bulgaria. The crusade is defeated. Kastrioti secedes.
- 1444: The Ottomans are victorious at Varna over the allied armies and Władysław III dies.
- 1448: A combined Hungarian and Wallachian army is defeated in Kosovo by the Ottomans.
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- 1453: Emperor Kōnstantinos XI Palaiologos refuses to surrender and is killed during the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, led by sultan Mehmed II. The Roman Empire is annexed to the Ottoman Empire.
- 1454: The Treaty of Constantinople between the Ottoman Empire and Venice ends the Venetian aspirations to eliminate the Ottoman Empire or to conquer Constantinople in exchange for freedom to trade in the Eastern Mediterranean.
- 1455: The Ottomans conquer present-day Kosovo.
- 1456: Hungary defeats at Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade) sultan Meḥmed II. Hunyadi János dies at this battle.
- 1458: The Ottoman Empire conquers Athens.
- 1459: The Ottoman Empire conquers Serbia.
- 1460: The Ottoman Empire conquers Morea (1460).
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- 1461: The Ottoman Empire conquers Trebizond
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- 1462: The Ottoman Empire commences a war against Venice, the League of Lezhë and Zeta. Lesbos is annexed to the Ottoman Empire.
- 1463: The Ottoman Empire conquers Bosnia.
- 1465: The Ottoman Empire conquers Theodoro.
- 1469: Saint Sava becomes a vassal.
- 1470: Negroponte is annexed to the Ottoman Empire.
- 1475: Samos is annexed to the Ottoman Empire. The Khanate of Crimea is conquered and made a vassal state. Theodoro as well as Genoase Gazaria are annexed to the Ottoman Empire.
- 1479: An Hungarian army defeats at Breadfield an Army. As a condition to end the war between Venice and the Ottomans, Venice cedes in the Treaty of Constantinople the city of Scutari to the Ottomans. The Ottoman Empire conquers Epirus, Celaphonia and Albania.
- 1483: The Ottoman Empire conquers Saint Sava, including parts of , including part of Dalmatia.
- 1490s: The Ottoman Empire conquers Cilicia.
- 14981498: The Ottoman Empire conquers Zeta.
- 1499: Venice and the Ottoman Empire commence a war for control of the lands that were contested between the two parties in the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea and the Adriatic Sea.
- 1500: The Ottoman navy defeats at Lepanto the Venetian navy. The same year Celaphonia falls to Venice.
- 1501: The Ottomans conquer Durazzo from Venice and conquer Western Armenia.
- 1503: Venice is defeated. It loses strongholds in Morea, buth Cephalonia and Ithaca fall to Venice
- 1516/17: The Ottoman Empire conquers North-Africa, inclusive of Egypt.
- 1520: Sultan Süleyman conquers Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade).
- 1521: Rhodes loses Ikaria to the Ottoman Empire.
- 1522: After a siege Rhodes falls to the Ottoman Empire.
- 1526: The Austrian Habsburgs and the Ottomans are often in war to get control in Central Europe. It commences with the battle of Mohács, won by the Ottomans, ending the independence of Hungary. The Serbian Empire secedes from the Ottoman Empire as an unrecognized state and is reincorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1527.
- 1529: Sultan Süleyman is defeated by the Austrian archduke Ferdinand at the siege of Vienna.
- 1533: The Treaty of Constantinople ends hostilities between the Ottoman Empire and Austria, confirming Ottoman rule over most of Hungary.
- 1538: The Ottoman Empire conquers large parts of Hungary.
- 1557: Kabardia is separated from the Ottoman Empire and becomes a protectorate of Moscow.
- 16th/18th century: The Northern Caucasus is long time disputed between Russia, Persia and the Ottoman Empire. The region is populated by various peoples.
- 1565: The Sovereign Military Order of Malta defeats at Malta a siege by the Ottoman navy.
- 1566: The Ottoman Empire defeats at Szigetvár the Habsburg Empire. The Ottoman Empire conquers Chios and the archipelago and appoints Giuseppe Nasi as duke of the Archipelago.
- 1571: The Ottoman Empire conquers Cyprus.
- 1578: With the campaign of grand-vizier Lala Mustafa Pasha the Ottomans get control over Kartli. King Simon of Kartli is released by Persia to fight the Ottomans and reinstated as king of Kartli. He leads a guerilla war against the Ottomans and recovers most of Kartli by 1579.
- 1579: The Archipelago is annexed to the Ottoman Empire.
- 1588: Simon of Georgia is forced to pay tribute to the Ottomans, but resists at several times the Ottoman overlordship.
- 1590: The Treaty of Ferhat Paşa ends the war between the Ottoman Empire and Persia, giving the Ottomans control over the Caucasus region.
- 1593: The Long Turkish War between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans over [[user:electionworld/sandbox/Romania#Wallachia|Wallachia, Transylvania and Moldavia commences.
- 1593: Croatia and its allies defeat at Sisak the Ottoman Empire and ends the Croatian-Ottoman War.
- 1594: An uprising In the Banat is defeated by the Ottoman Empire.
- 1595: Polish troops intervene in Moldavia and put Ieremia Movilă on the throne. They defeat at Cecora an Ottoman-Crimean army. The Ottomans recognize Ieremia Movilă, making Moldavia a condominium.
- 1597: A Serb uprising in Herzegovina and Montenegro is suppressed.
- 1599: Simon is defeated by an Ottoman army at Nakhiduri and taken captive. He is jailed in Constantinople.
- 1606: The Austrian-Ottoman war ends with the Peace of Zsitvatorok.
- 1617: In the Peace of Busza Poland-Lithuania agrees with the Ottoman Empire to cede the Khotyn to the Ottomans and to stop its interference in Moldavia.
- 1620–1621: A conflict between Poland-Lithuania and the Ottoman Empire commences. After the indecisive battle of Khotyn, the Treaty of Khotyn results in no border change but Poland-Lithuania agrees (again) to stop its interference in Moldavia.
- 1648: The Ottoman Empire invades Candia (Crete) to conquer it from Venice.
- 1664: The Ottomans are stopped in a second attempt to conquer central Europe. The Peace of Vasvár makes an end to the war.
- 1669: After the Siege of Candia, Candia is fully annexed to the Ottoman Empire as a province.
- 1672: When khan Selim Geray of Crimea is defeated, the war in Ukraine develops into a war between Poland-Lithuania and the Ottoman Empire. The Treaty of Buczacz brings Podolia under Ottoman control.
- 1673: After an Ottoman campaign to help the Ukrainian Cossacks, the Polish leader John Sobieski defeats at Khotyn the Ottomans
- 1676: The Ottoman Empire commences a war against Russia in Ukraine.
- 17th century: Circassia comes under Ottoman suzerainity.
- 1676: The Battle of Żurawno ends indecisive and Poland-Lithuania and the Ottoman Empire agree on the Treaty of Żurawno, in which Poland-Lithuania regains part of the lost territories. The treaty is not ratified by the Polish Sejm.
- 1681: The Treaty of Bakhchisarai ends the war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire and establishes a truce whereby the Dnieper River separates the Ottoman Empire from Russian territories.
- 1683: The Ottoman Empire attacks the Habsburg Empire and almost captures Vienna. In reaction a alliance of the Holy Roman Empire, led by the Habsburgs, Poland-Lithuania, Hungary, Croatia, Spain, Venice and others is formed to fight in the Great Turkish War the Ottoman Empire and its vassal states. Austria and their main ally Poland-Lithuania under the command of king Jan III Sobieski defeat the Ottoman Empire at the second siege of Vienna.
- 1686: Russia joins the war against the Ottoman Empire.
- 1696: Montenegro secedes.
- 1699: The Treaty of Karlowitz ends the war between the alliance consisting of the Hambsburg Empire, Venice and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth on one side and Ottoman Empire on the other side. The Ottomans cede most of Hungary, Transylvania and Slavonia to the Habsburg Empire while Podolia returns to Poland-Lithuania. Most of Dalmatia passes to Venice, along with Morea (the Peloponnese peninsula) and Candia.
- 1700: The Treaty of Constantinople confirms the peace with the Ottoman Empire, that cedes Azov to Russia.
- 1710-1711: After the flee of the Swedish king Karl XIto the Ottoman Empire, it refuses to evict the king. A war commences by Russia and Moldavia against the Ottoman Empire. Russia loses the war and in the Treaty of the Pruth Azov is returned to the Ottomans.
- 1716: The Ottoman Empire declares war on Austria. Austria conquers and establishes the Banat of Temeswar.
- 1718: In an Ottoman-Venetian war Venice is defeated. Venicee loses Morea to the Ottomans. Thanks to Habsburg support the losses are limited in the Treaty of Passarowitz that ends the war.
- 1718: The Habsburg-Ottoman war ends with the Treaty of Passarowitz. The Ottomans lose the Banat and Smyrna. The Habsburgs creates the Kingdom of Serbia as a crownland.
- 1723: Part of Guria is incorporated into the Ottoman Empire.
- 1724: Russia and the Ottoman Empire sign the Treaty of Constantinople, partitioning Persia between themselves.
- 1727: Kartli is incorporated into the Ottoman Empire.
- 1735: Russia commences a war with the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate after Crimean attacks on the Cossack Hetmanate. Kartli is incorporated into Persian Empire.
- 1737: Habsburg joins Russia in the war with the Ottoman Empire.
- 1739: Russia defeats at Stavuchany the Ottomans. At the same time the Ottomans defeat the Habsburgs and in the Treaty of Belgrade the Kingdom of Serbia is abolished and returned to the Ottoman Empire. The Treaty of Niš (1739) ends the war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.
- 1757: King Solomon of Imereti defeats at Khresili an Ottoman army.
- 1768: Russia and the Ottoman Empire commence a war over the Northern Caucausus, but is also fought in other border areas.
- 1770: Kartli-Kakheti defeats at Aspindza an Ottoman army.
- 1774: The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca ends the war after a decisive Russian victory. The Ottomans cede areas to Russia at both the Ukrainian and Caucasian fronts. In addition, the Crimean Khanate is granted independence, in reality becoming a Russian satellite state.
- 1787: The Ottoman Empire commences a war with Russia to reconquer the lost areas.
- 1788: After the Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia, the Habsburg Empire commences a war against the Ottomans. It supports a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire, which leads to the occupation of a small part of Serbia by the Habsburg Monarchy.
- 1791: With the Treaty of Sistova the last war between Austria and the Ottoman Empire ends in favour of Austria. Austria returns it part of Serbia to the Ottoman Empire.
- {{anchor}1792}}1792: With the Treaty of Sistova the last war between Austria and the Ottoman Empire ends in favour of Austria. Austria returns it part of Serbia to the Ottoman Empire. The Russian-Ottoman war ends after a Russian victory with the Treaty of Jassy, in which the Ottomans cede another area (Yedisan) to Russia.
- 1798: France invades Ottoman Egypt. Despite the British navy defeating the French navy, France conquers large parts of Egypt.
- 1799: The French army in the Middle East is stopped in Palestine.
- 1801: The French army in Egypt is decisively defeated by a British army.
- 1804: An uprising in the Ottoman Sanjak of Smederevo develops into a war of independence for Serbia. The rebels establish the revolutionary state of Serbia.
- 1806: After the Russian defeat at Austerlitz, sultan Selim III overthrows the pro-Russian hospodars of Wallachia and Moldovia. A war between the Ottoman Empire and Russia commences.
- 1812: After a Russian victory, the Ottoman Empire cedes in the Treaty of Bucharest part of Georgia and of Moldavia (Bessarabia) to Russia.
- 1813: The Serbian uprising against the Ottomans is crushed and the region is reconquered by the Ottoman Empire.
- 1815–1817: Another Serbian uprising against the Ottomans takes place.
- 1817: Serbia becomes an autonomous principality under suzerainity of the Ottoman Empire.
- 1821: The Greek War of Independence starts.
- 1826: Russia and the Ottoman Empire agree in the Akkerman Convention to the Ottoman retreat from Moldavia and Wallachia and to grant autonomy to Serbia.
- 1827: The United Kingdom, France and Russia intervene in Greece.
- 1828: After the Ottoman Empire revokes the Akkerman Convention and closes the Dardanelles to Russian ships, a war between the Ottomans and Russia commences. Greece secedes de facto from the Ottoman Empire. Naxos and Euboea become part of liberated Greece.
- 1829: The London Protocol formulates the boundaries of independent Greece with the Ottoman Empire. Russia defeats the Ottoman Empire and in the Treaty of Adrianople the Ottoman Empire cedes areas at the Black Sea coast to Russia and recognizes Russia's possession of Imereti, Mingrelia and Guria.
- 1830: The second London Protocol confirms sovereignty of Greece.
- 1832: An uprising in Bosnia against Ottoman rule is defeated.
- 1832: Algeria is ceded to France.
- 1833–1839: In a reaction to a new centralizing policy of the Ottoman administration, various revolts take place. The revolts lead the Ottoman government to postpone the application of reforms in Albania
- 1835: Samos becomes semi-independent.
- 1843–1844: An uprising takes place in Northern Albania. This revolt is crushed by the Ottoman forces.
- 1847: A revolt takes place in Southern Albania against the Ottomans. After initial victories, the revolt is defeated.
- 1848: After a defeated revolution, Russia, the Ottoman Empire and Austria occupy Wallachia.
- 1852-1862: An uprising, led by Luka Vukalović commences in Herzegovina, who surrenders in 1862.
- 1853: France and the United Kingdom commence the Crimean War with Russia over Crimea. The Ottoman Empire and Sardinia join France and the United Kingdom.
- 1854: A revolt in Epirus is suppressed in a few months.
- 1855: Sevastopol is conquered by French and British forces.
- 1856: The war is lost by Russia, which is confirmed with the Treaty of Paris. The participation in the occupation of Wallachia ends.
- 1858: A revolt of Bosnian Serbs is suppressed.
- 1859: Moldavia and Wallachia secede de jure.
- 1861: In reaction to the Montenegran support of a uprising in Herzegovina, the Ottoman empire commences a war against Montenegro.
- 1862: In the Convention of Scutari Montenegro acknowledges Ottoman suzerainty.
- 1875: An uprising in Bulgaria fails.
- 1875-1877: An uprising in Herzegovina, spreads over Bosnia and results in a victory of the rebels. It sparks uprisings in Serbia and Montenegro.
- 1876: An uprising in Herzegovina brings Montenegro to commence a war against the Ottoman Empire. It is followed by a second uprising. This uprising is defeated by the Ottoman forces. At the same time Serbia proclaims independence and commences a war with the Ottoman Empire.
- 1877: The Ottoman Empire introduces a bicameral parliament, a Chamber of Deputies elected on a limited male suffrage and a Senate with appointed members. In reaction to the Ottoman reprisals after an uprising in Bulgaria, Russia starts a war against the Ottoman Empire. New elections for the parliament are held.
- 1878: The newly elected parliament is prorogued by the sultan. Another revolt in Epirus, is although Greek officials individually supported it, not supported by Greece and suppressed by the Ottoman Empire. In the Cyprus Convention the Ottoman Empire cedes Cyprus to the United Kingdom in return for military support against Russia. Following the Russo-Turkish War, the Treaties of San Stefano and Berlin recognize the formal independence of enlarged Serbia , Montenegro and Romania and the autonomy of Bulgaria. The Ottoman city of Batumi (Guria) falls to Russia. The Ottoman Empire loses territory to Serbia and Montenegro. Crete becomes autonomous and gets a parliament and a governor.
- 1879: Eastern Rumelia gets a governor-general appointed by the Ottoman Empire and a parliament with directly elected, appointed and permanent members.
- 1881: The Ottoman Empire loses Tunisia to France
- 1882: The Ottoman Empire loses Egypt to the United Kingdom (de jure in 1914).
- 1885: The Ottoman autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia is continued as Eastern Rumelia de facto united with Bulgaria.
- 1893: Tensions arise between Slavic and Greek inhabitants of Ottoman Macedonia and between the Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece.
- 1897: Uprisings appear with Greek support. The uprisings are suppressed.
- 1898: The Ottoman Empire loses Crete.
- 1903: In Ottoman Macedonia and Eastern Rumelia the Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising of ethnic Macedonians breaks out. Kruševo secedes unrecognized from the Ottoman Empire. The same month Kruševo is reincorporated into the Ottoman Empire.
- 1904: The death of a Greek officer leads to a guerilla warfare in the region.
- 1906: The Ottoman Empire loses Asir.
- 1908: Bulgaria with Eastern Rumelia becomes fully independent. In the Young Turk Revolution Young Turks force sultan Abdul Hamid II to restore parliament and constitution in the Ottoman Empire. The revolution leads to an end of the guerilla warfare in Macedonia. The bicameral parliament with a chamber elected in multi-party elections on a limited male suffrage and a senate with appointed members is reinstated.
- 1909: An Ottoman countercoup fails in the Ottoman Empire.
- 1910: A revolt in Albania is suppressed.
- 1911: Another failed revolt takes place by the Northern Albanian Malësian tribes. Italy commences a war with the Ottoman Empire over Libya. Italy conquers the Dodecanese Islands.
- 1912: Ottoman-Albanian parliamentarians revolt against Ottoman Empire rule in Albania. A coup d'état brings Ahmed Muhtar Paşa to power. The war with Italy ends with the Treaty of Lausanne in which the Ottoman Empire cedes Libya to Italy. The Albanian revolt ends after the Ottoman government agreed to fulfill the rebels' demands. The Ottoman Empire begins after an ultimatium by the Balkan League of Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia, the First Balkan War to the League. The Ottoman Empire loses Icaria.
- 1913: The Balkan League defeats the Ottoman forces. As a result of the war the Ottoman Empire loses most of its European part. A coup d'état brings İsmail Enver Paşa to power, introducing a military dictatorship and a de facto one-party state. In the Treaty of London this territory is ceded to the Balkan League, with the exception of Albania that becomes independent. The division of the territories ceded to the Balkan League is not addressed in the Treaty. As a result of Bulgarian dissatisfaction with the de facto military division of Macedonia, the Second Balkan War breaks out between Bulgaria and Serbia, supported by Greece, Montenegro, Romania and the Ottoman Empire. The war ends with the Treaty of Bucharest. According to this treaty Western Thrace becomes part of Bulgaria and Macedonia is divided between Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria. With the Treaty of Constantinople Bulgaria acknowledges Ottoman control on Eastern Thrace. With the Treaty of Constantinople Bulgaria acknowledges Ottoman control on Eastern Thrace. With the Treaty of Athens the Ottoman Empire acknowledges the union of Crete with Greece.
- 1914: After Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, the Ottoman Empire joins Austria-Hungary and Germany in their war with France, the United Kingdom, Russia and others.
- 1915-1923: After a revolt in the Ottoman-Armenian city of Van a systematic extermination of 1.5 million Ottoman Armenians starts.
- 1917: The Ottoman Empire loses Hejaz.
- 1918: After the loss in World War I, the Ottoman Empire is occupied. The Ottoman Empire loses Yemen. When Russia pulls out of the war with the Ottoman Empire, the Treaty of Batum is a peace settlement of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia with the Ottoman Empire, which is rather positive for the Ottomans. The Ottomans annex Batumi. The same year the Ottoman Empire and the other Central Powers are defeated and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire begins.
- 1919: Following the defeat and the occupation of the Ottoman Empire, Mustafa Kemal leads the Turkish War of Independence against France, Armenia, Greece, the United Kingdom and Italy. Armenia annexes the South Western Caucasus.
- 1920: The sultan disbands parliament. Mustafa Kemal becomes dictator of Turkey. The Ottoman invasion of Armenia leads to the annexation of the Kars region of South Western Caucasus. The League of Nations establishes a protectorate over Batumi. The Treaty of Sèvres between the France, the United Kingdom and Italy and other allied powers with the Ottoman Empire ends the war. The Ottoman Empire is partitioned and it loses huge parts of the country to its (partially new) neighbours in the Middle East. The Treaty of Alexandropol ends the Turkish–Armenian War between Turkish nationalists and Armenia. The Ottoman Empire loses Iraq (1920 as a British protectorate).
- 1921: The Treaty of Kars leads to a final divison of Armenia between Soviet Armenia and Turkey. Greece and the Ottoman Empire are in war over Anatolia. The Ottomans conquer Batumi, but return it to Georgia the same year.
- 1922: Sultan Mehmed VI is removed with the abolishment of the office of sultan. Greece loses the war. With the Treaty of Lausanne lands initially ceded to Greece are returned and a population exchange is agreed.
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