User:Marsupium/sandbox

Egyptian Arabic

TODO

• Egyptian Arabic: add notation in Arabic script across the article
• Publication plan
  • Arabic verbs: add Wiktionary links, {{transliteration}} and something like {{lang-ar}}, maybe look further through Talk:Arabic verbs
  • cf. de:Ägyptisch-Arabisch etc., maybe try out changes there first
• use the featured Levantine Arabic as a probably good example
• transcription
  • wikt:Wiktionary:About Arabic/Egyptian: ى should probably not be transliterated as a long vowel???
  • use ALA-LC (cf. "Sticking to one romanization scheme, apparently ALA-LC"[1]) here with ع as the glyph ⟨ʿ⟩.
  • link to the variety romanizations from Romanization of Arabic
• verb morphology: use other example, not "اتكلّم" that has a non-regular verbal noun
• Hinds/Badawi's transcription of جافّ "dry" as "gaaff" (alternative to "gaff")[2] (same as Gadalla, p. 171) seems to contradict phonotactics? or rather not because (here) it's an orthographic rather than phonological transcription (for this I think Watson offers an exception rule?); write a short note on morphological/orthographical versus phonological representation of long vowels in the transcriptions
•  Done (diff) Egyptian Arabic: "Egyptians generally call their vernacular" -> speakers of Egyptian Arabic
• find a better source than the master's thesis for Franco
• update the review of El Dik & Iskander 2021 at https://lib.reviews/yalla!-lets-learn-egyptian-colloquial-arabic-verbs with more weird (classification) stuff the book does:
  • does the table imply to list all possibilities? that would even be misleading
  • the choice of form "XI" is a bad one
  • اِتْفَعّ, يِتْفَعّ is misclassified as V3a (p. XII), this is rather VIIt3a, this can be seen in the alternative VIIn3a, even of the given example and the existence of other forms for V3a
  • unsystematic approach with this assignment IX 3(?)
• clean c:Category:Egyptian Arabic of Classical Arabic stuff
• make literature links blue especially for older stuff using full work available at URL (P953); collect stuff in Zotero
• see also wikt:User:Marsupium/Notes
• consider Classical participle vocalizations as a case of "intra-word code-switching" (term met in Habash et al. 2022 (ref probably not working (=SIGMORPHON 2022))

Bibliography

• somehow solve the " {{cite book}}: Empty citation (help): |journal= ignored (help)" issues
• work on User:Marsupium/Bibliography of Egyptian Arabic (while considering guidelines on Wikipedia:WikiProject Bibliographies) and publish to Bibliography of Egyptian Arabic

Wikidata (Lexicographical data)

• improve d:Wikidata:Lexicographical data/Documentation/Languages/arz
• maybe create entity schemas, maybe part-of-speech specific

Lemma inclusion

• nominals: one only if all inflection is possible by concatenation from few stems, maximum is like from "أحمر/حمر/حمراء", cf. authorsconferencexxxxx 2024, Lemma-Paradigms-Index-v1.1.csv

Lemmata

https://camel-guidelines.readthedocs.io/en/latest/morphology/ follows David Graff, Mohamed Maamouri, Basma Bouziri, Sondos Krouna, Seth Kulick, and Tim Buckwalter. 2009. Standard Arabic Morphological Analyzer (SAMA) Version 3.1. Linguistic Data Consortium LDC2009E73. is used

Parts-of-speech

• query the actually used ones
• confer with Hinds/Badawi, Woidich, those used by CAMeL Lab, other resources
• collect trials for how to decide, for this also see Gadalla
• assemble a subset of parts-of-speech to be used
• Tricky: What to do with lexemes belonging to more then one part-of-speech? Take in consideration d:Wikidata:Lexicographical data/Documentation#Lexeme inclusion criteria.
• for decision on POS see also https://camel-guidelines.readthedocs.io/en/latest/morphology/#31-core-pos

Orthography

• create more items for special spellings, possibly subclassing them from pronunciation respelling (Q7249970)
• ي/ى
• respelled consonants
• etc.

Problem: intersecting variants, might be similar to the problem laid out at d:Wikidata:Lexicographical data/Documentation/Languages/vi-x-Q875344, see mainly phab:T236593

Pronunciation/Transcription

• Should ALA-LC romanization (P8991) be used?
• IPA transcription (P898): phonemic or phonetic?

Etymologies

• Look into etymologies from/cognates with Classical Arabic. Can derived from lexeme (P5191) be used? Maybe a specific mode of derivation (P5886) value should be used? Would inheritance (Q56611986) be okay? See also d:User:Rua/Wikidata for Wiktionarians#Etymology. See also the failed d:Wikidata:Property proposal/cognate from 2020.
• create items for affixes, of course roots, maybe other morphemes? As a starter wikt:Category:Egyptian Arabic suffixes and wikt:Category:Arabic suffixes might be useful
• use Prokosch 1983 (Turkish), Behnstedt 1981 (Coptic), Hinds & Badawi 1986, more cited at Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. XIII-XIV

Roots

• collect rooting issues from Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. XII
• Continue collection of roots from Hinds/Badawi (also useful for the dictionary project). How many are there?
• see how it is done by CAMeL Lab
• lexeme inclusion for roots: >1 lexeme foot different etymologies like H/B?

Patterns

•  Done create Wikidata items
  •  Done pattern/وزن/foobar
• check out pattern system of CAMeL Lab (ALMOR-style database??), data at https://github.com/CAMeL-Lab/camel_morph#data, see also Morphotactic Modeling in an Open-source Multi-dialectal Arabic Morphological Analyzer and Generator (Q127017601), p. 96, fig. 2

Styles

• which items to use as values for language style (P6191)? map Badawi terms (xxxxx, xxxxx, …)?

Grammatical features etc.

• Which grammatical features to use? I came across some to me surprising examples on the existing lexemes.
• Is there a reason not to use grammatical gender (P5185) in lexeme statements? (See this removal, also it is not on (Classical) Arabic d:L:L2233.)

References

• How best to reference root/word entries in root-sorted dictionaries like Hinds/Badawi? Is there some Chicago Manual recommendation or so? Ask somewhere and document!

Distribution

Excerpt Behnstedt & Woidich 2018

Behnstedt, Peter; Woidich, Manfred (2018). The Formation of the Egyptian Arabic Dialect Area. pp. 64–95. doi:10.1093/OSO/9780198701378.003.0003. ISBN 978-0-19-870137-8. Wikidata Q113840243. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)

sedentary and bedouin dialects, those "in Sinai and on the Mediterranean coast west of Alexandria up to the Libyan border" (p. 64)

"standard dialect of Cairo" (p. 64)

"There are ʻsedentaryʼ dialects with different amounts of Maghrebi admixture according to the area: in the western Delta, the northern oases, and Upper Egypt south of Asyut." (p. 64); eastern Delta closer to Sinai and Palestine (cf. de Jong 2000, p. 622); central and southern Egypt related to Hijazi Arabic (cf. Reichmuth 1983, p. 28ff.); further south to Sudanese Arabic (cf. de Jong 2002, p. 358) < -> Arabic dialect continuum!? >

"transitional are between eastern and western Arabic" (p. 64)

"immigration of different Arab tribes" (p. 64), but no "pidginization or creolization" (p. 64)

Arab settlement after conquest in 7th century (p. 65)

claim: dialects of Delta and Nile Valley until El Minya are "earliest linguistic stratum" (p. 65)

Yemeni and Northern Arab tribes in Egypt (p. 65)

"By the end of the tenth century" the Yemenis had left (tough maybe not all) in 10th century to Ifriqiya (p. 68f.): "presence of Yemenis is attested for the duration of three centuries" (p. 69)

3.1.2 Dialect (p. 69)

phonological communalities between Egyptian and Yemeni dialects (p. 69–71); "both dialect areas are very conservative", so no "evidence for an early Egypt-Yemen connection" here (p. 71)

short demonstratives are common among the two (p. 71)

lexically not much is common, two agricultural terms are given (p. 72)

"Certainly, modern EA shares more items with Levantine Arabic than with any other Arabic dialect region, but many of these go back to much later contacts in Mameluke and Ottoman times (Lentin 1995: 134)." (p. 72)

Dialect literature

(for the section "Publications" in Egyptian Arabic)

The dialogs in the following novels are partly in Egyptian Arabic, partly in Standard Arabic: Mahmud Tahir Haqqi's Adhra' Dinshuway (Arabic: عذراء دنشواي; 1906), Yaqub Sarruf's Fatat Misr (Arabic: فتاة مصر, romanized: Fatāt Miṣr; first published in Al-Muqtataf 1905–1906), and Mohammed Hussein Heikal's Zaynab (1914).

Early stage plays written in Egyptian Arabic were translated from or influenced by European playwrights. Muhammad 'Uthman Jalal translated plays by Molière, Racine and Goldoni to Egyptian Arabic and adapted them as well as ten fables by Jean de La Fontaine. Yaqub Sanu translated to and wrote plays on himself in Egyptian Arabic. Many plays were written in Standard Arabic, but performed in colloquial Arabic. Tawfiq al-Hakim took this a step further and provided for his Standard Arabic plays versions in colloquial Arabic for the performances. Mahmud Taymur has published some of his plays in two versions, one in Standard, one in colloquial Arabic, among them: Kidb fi Kidb (Arabic: كذب في كذب, lit. 'All lies', 1951 or ca. 1952) and Al-Muzayyifun (Arabic: المزيفون, romanized: Al-Muzayyifūn, lit. 'The Forgers', ca. 1953). TODO: xxxxxx add the others!!!

The writers of stage plays in Egyptian Arabic after the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 include No'man Ashour, Alfred Farag, Saad Eddin Wahba, Rashad Roushdy, and Yusuf Idris. Thereafter the use of colloquial Egyptian Arabic in theater is stable and common. Later writers of plays in colloquial Egyptian include Ali Salem, and Naguib Surur.

Novels in Egyptian Arabic after the 1940s and before the 1990s are rare. There are by Mustafa Musharrafah Qantarah Alladhi Kafar (Arabic: قنطرة الذي كفر, romanized: Qanṭarah Alladhī Kafar, lit. 'Qantara Who Disbelieved', Cairo, 1965) and Uthman Sabri's (Arabic: عثمان صبري, romanized: ʻUthmān Ṣabrī; 1896–1986) Journey on the Nile (Egyptian Arabic: رحلة في النيل, romanized: Riḥlah fī il-Nīl, 1965) (and his Bet Sirri (بيت سري, Bēt Sirri, 'A Brothel', 1981) that apparently uses a mix of Standard Arabic and Egyptian Arabic).

Prose published in Egyptian Arabic since the 1990s include the following novels: Yusuf al-Qa'id's Laban il-Asfur (لبن العصفور, Laban il-ʿAṣfūr, 'The Milk of the Bird'; 1994), Baha' Awwad's (Arabic: بهاء عواد, romanized: Bahāʾ ʿAwwād) Shams il-Asil (شمس الاصيل, Shams il-ʿAṣīl, 'Late Afternoon Sun'; 1998), Safa Abdel Al Moneim's Min Halawit il-Ruh (من حلاوة الروح, Min Ḥalāwit il-Rōḥ, 'Zest for Life', 1998), Samih Faraj's (Arabic: سامح فرج, romanized: Sāmiḥ Faraj) Banhuf Ishtirasa (بانهوف اشتراسا, Bānhūf Ishtirāsā, 'Bahnhof Strasse', 1999); autobiographies include the one by Ahmed Fouad Negm, by Mohammed Naser Ali Ula Awwil (اولى أول, Ūlá Awwil, 'First Class Primary School'), and Fathia al-Assal's Hudn il-Umr (حضن العمر, Ḥuḍn il-ʿUmr, 'The Embrace of a Lifetime').

The epistolary novel Jawabat Haraji il-Gutt (Sa'idi Arabic: جوابات حراجى القط, romanized: Jawābāt Ḥarājī il-Guṭṭ, lit. 'Letters of Haraji the Cat', 2001) by Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi is exceptional in its use of Saʽidi Arabic.

21th-century journals publishing in Egyptian Arabic include Bārti (from at least 2002), the weekly magazine Idhak lil-Dunya (اضحك للدنيا, Iḍḥak lil-Dunyā, 'Smile for the World', from 2005), and the monthly magazine Ihna  (احنا, Iḥna, 'We', from 2005).

Literature:

• Borg, Gert (1 January 2007). How to Be Kool in Arabic Writing: Linguistic Observations from the Side Line. Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics. Vol. 49. pp. 525–542. doi:10.1163/EJ.9789004160156.I-762.144. ISBN 978-90-04-16015-6. Wikidata Q114863266. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
• Davies, Humphrey (2005). "Dialect Literature". Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. 1: 597–604. Wikidata Q114570074.
• Diem, Werner (1974). Hochsprache und Dialekt im Arabischen: Untersuchungen zur heutigen arabischen Zweisprachigkeit. Abhandlungen fuer die Kunde des Morgenlandes (in German). Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-01834-0. OCLC 185628300. OL 5150940M. Wikidata Q114757930.
• Woidich, Manfred (2010). "Von der wörtlichen Rede zur Sachprosa: Zur Entwicklung der Ägyptisch-Arabischen Dialektliteratur" (PDF). Dialektliteratur heute – regional und international. Forschungskolloquium am Interdisziplinären Zentrum für Dialektforschung an der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 19.11.2009–20.11.2009 (in German). Wikidata Q113680977.
• Zack, Elisabeth (2001). "The Use of Colloquial Arabic in Prose Literature: Laban ilʿaṣfūr by Yūsuf al-Qaʿīd". Quaderni di Studi Arabi. 19: 193–219. ISSN 1121-2306. JSTOR 25802939. Wikidata Q114586222.

a query with some works: https://w.wiki/5qxj

Yusuf Idris works with dialogs in Egyptian Arabic: Arkhaṣ Layāli (1954), …

Excerpt Woidich 2006

Woidich 2006, pp. 1–6, Einleitung

"Das Kairenische, das oft schlechthin mit „Ägyptisch-Arabisch“ gleichgesetzt wird […] Position einer Standardsprache" (p. 1)

"Ausstrahlung, die dieses Land in der arabischen Welt besitzt." (p. 1)

movies and TV, dominating cinema and soaps in the Arab World and export of workers and academics in all Arab countries (p. 1)

Cairene variety takes part in the development of an "inter Arabic", recently concurrency of Gulf Arabic and Beirut Arabic (p. 1)

since long development to a written language (p. 2)

no standardization of orthography, grammar and lexicon (p. 2)

end of 19th century until mid 20th century boom of writing in dialect, another increase in the last 50 years (p. 2)

advertisement, comic strips and journals (Bārti and Iḥna); not only traditional genres like satirical magazines, poetry, caricatures, dialogs in novels, fictive memoirs and theater plays; also texts in prosa like novellas, novels and real memoirs (p. 2)

writers of theater plays: Saad al-Din Wahbah (Q12215902) (Saad Eddin Wahba), Rashad Roushdy, Noaman Ashour, …; Yusuf al-Qa'id novel "لبن العصفور" (Laban il-ʕAṣfūr); memoirs of Ahmad Fuad Nigm and Fathiyya al-Assal (p. 2)

references here: Diem 1974, Rosenbaum 2004 (=Egyptian Arabic as a Written Language), Davies 2005

orthography not fixed, between conservative close to Standard Arabic and closer to phonological situation in Egyptian Arabic, no one is consequent (p. 2)

Excerpt Woidich 2010

Woidich 2010

Yaqub Sanu, "der sich selbst als den »ägyptischen Molière« verstand" (p. 70)

Sanu's satire magazine Abu Naddara (here citing Gendzier 1966, p. 59) (p. 71)

Abdullah an-Nadeem' magazine Al Ustadh (الأستاذ) (p. 71) (Booth 1992, p. 424: "colloquial dialogues")

Himarat Munyati (حمارة منيتي, Ḥimārat Munyatī, '(female) donkey of my desire') Himarat Munyati (Q108614624) by Muhammad Tawfiq: Booth 1992, p. 425: "chose to publish colloquial poems in almost every issue"

Bayram al-Tunisi

The writers of stage plays in Egyptian Arabic after the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 include Noaman Ashour, Alfred Farag, Saad Eddin Wahba, Rashad Roushdy, and Yusuf Idris. Thereafter the use of colloquial Egyptian Arabic in theater is stable and common. (p. 74)

A recent novel in Egyptian Arabic is Yusuf al-Qa'id's Laban el-Asfur (Egyptian Arabic: لبن العصفور, romanized: Laban el-ʿAṣfūr, lit. 'The Milk of the Bird') 1994 (p. 79)

Excerpt Zack 2001

Zack 2001

A. Introduction

"form of a monologue, in which a poor, illiterate woman […] tells us about the events that eventually led to her imprisonment" (p. 193); uses 3aammiiyat al-3ummiiyiin (p. 193)

B. Background

1. The use of colloquial in the Egyptian novel

use "in dialogues in the novel is nowadays more or less accepted" (references Diem 1974, pp. 98–99; Sa3iid 1980, pp. 381 ff.) (p. 194)

examples:

• Mohammed Hussein Heikal: Zaynab, 1914: "considered to be the first Egyptian novel, the dialogues are partially in dialect" (ref. Diem 1974, p. 109 (p. 194, fn. 4)
• muDakkiraat first in 1920s and 1930s "fictious autobiographies" "mostly written in colloquial, […] also some titles […] in Standard Arabic." (list in Diem 1974, p. 101) (p. 194 with fn. 5):
  • Bayram al-Tunisi:
    • isSayyid wi mraatu f-MaSr
    • isSayyid wi mraatu f-Bariis (1925)
  • 7usnii Yuusuf: Muzakkiraat fitiwwa (1930) ("حسني يوسف مذكرات فتوة"?) (same as that one by "المعلم يوسف أبو حجاج"?)
  • Luwiis AwaD: 1965: "last novel of this genre"
• "antara allaDi kafar (year unknown)
• Uthmaan Sabrii
  • ri7la fi-nNiil ("رحلة في النيل") (1965)
  • beet sirri (year unknown)

Excerpt Avallone 2011

start of the series mudawwan@š-šurūq in 2008 (p. 28) starting with "Qahwet el-maṣriyyīn (‘il caffè degli egiziani’) del 2009, di Muḥammad Kamāl Ḥasan e Muṣṭafā al-Ḥusaynī, in vernacolo egiziano" (p. 28, fn. 15)

Excerpt De Angelis 2022

Al-Mawlūda in fact, which was written entirely in dialect by Nādiya Kāmil

William Willcocks

Diem 1974, pp. 131–132: he translated the Old and New Testament to the Cairene dialect

more

• Booth, Marilyn (August 1992). "Colloquial Arabic Poetry, Politics, and the Press in Modern Egypt". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 24 (3): 419–440. ISSN 0020-7438. JSTOR 164623. Wikidata Q114579687.
• De Angelis, Francesco (9 February 2022). "Literature in Dialect: The Great Absentee". Languages Cultures Mediation. 8 (2): 163–176. doi:10.7358/LCM-2021-002-DEAN. ISSN 2284-1881. Wikidata Q114586521. (2021 or 2022???)
• Zack, Liesbeth (2014). "Key to Mass Literacy or Professor's Hobby? FISKE'S PROJECT TO WRITE EGYPTIAN ARABIC WITH THE LATIN ALPHABET". Al-Arabiyya Monograph Series (in Arabic). 47: 1–19. ISSN 0889-8731. JSTOR 24635370. Wikidata Q112065053.
• Zack, Elisabeth (2001). "The Use of Colloquial Arabic in Prose Literature: Laban ilʿaṣfūr by Yūsuf al-Qaʿīd". Quaderni di Studi Arabi. 19: 193–219. ISSN 1121-2306. JSTOR 25802939. Wikidata Q114586222.
• Zack, Liesbeth (15 January 2016). Arabic language guides written for the British Army during the British occupation of Egypt, 1882–1922. pp. 1–26. doi:10.1515/9783110436907-002. ISBN 978-3-11-044222-9. Wikidata Q114587585. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
• Håland, Eva Marie (1 January 2017). Adab sākhir (Satirical Literature) and the Use of Egyptian Vernacular. pp. 142–165. doi:10.1163/9789004346178_008. ISBN 978-90-04-34616-1. Wikidata Q114588882. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
• Diem, Werner (1974). Hochsprache und Dialekt im Arabischen: Untersuchungen zur heutigen arabischen Zweisprachigkeit. Abhandlungen fuer die Kunde des Morgenlandes (in German). Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-01834-0. OCLC 185628300. OL 5150940M. Wikidata Q114757930. (review: Johnstone, T. M. (February 1977). "Werner Diem: Hochsprache und Dialekt im Arabischen: Untersuchungen zur heutigen arabischen Zweisprachigkeit. (Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, Bd. XLI, 1.) xiii, 183 pp. Wiesbaden: Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft, Kommissionsverlag Franz Steiner GmbH, 1974. DM 48". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 40 (1): 144–145. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00040556. ISSN 0041-977X. Wikidata Q114757928.)
• Starkey, Paul (1993). "'From the City of the Dead To Liberation Square': the Novels of Yusuf Al-QaĪd". Journal of Arabic Literature. 24 (1): 62–74. doi:10.1163/157006493X00186. ISSN 0085-2376. JSTOR 4183290. Wikidata Q114797866.
• Cachia, P. J. E. (January 1967). "The Use of the Colloquial in Modern Arabic Literature". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 87 (1): 12–22. doi:10.2307/596590. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 596590. Wikidata Q114797990.

"In 1893, one of the most reviled interventions in promoting Egyptian colloquial Arabic (ECA) took place when the Bible was translated into ECA by Sir William Willcocks. He also translated some of Shakespeare's works into ECA (Saeed, 1964)." (Essa, Esraa. The use of Egyptian spoken Arabic in modern Egyptian novels. 2016. American University in Cairo, Master's Thesis. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/602, p. 12)

p. 15: "The two novels under investigation in this study":

• Ahmed Murad’s The Blue Elephant ( الفيل الأزرق ), 2012
• Essam Youssef’s The Two Officers إثنين ضباط) September 2013, Essam Youssef’s second novel, "on the

bestseller rack in bookstores across Egypt for two consecutive weeks (Al- Shorouk, 2014)" (both contain Non-Modern Standard Arabic)

"The vast majority of Arab writers and literary critics consider that colloquial Arabic is ineligible for use in literature (Abdel-Malek, 1972)" (p. 19)

Phonology

Sibilant consonants before /ʃ/

"Thus, verbs that end with ( ‫ش‬ ْ / ‫ظ‬ ْ / ‫ص‬ ْ and are followed by the negation ْ / ‫س‬ ْ / ‫)ز‬ marker (‫)ش‬ can have these letters replaced with ( ‫ش‬ ّ / ‫ص‬ ّ / ‫)س‬." (Dina El Dik; Emad Iskander (14 September 2021). Yalla!: Let's Learn Egyptian Colloquial Arabic Verbs. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. p. XVIII. ISBN 978-977-416-909-0. OCLC 1286878505. OL 28920005M. Wikidata Q111664200.)

Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic

example for a word written with "ث", but pronounced t? doesn't seem to exist "ثلاثة" is not written with "ث"

Pre-suffix vowel lengthening vs. underlying final vowels?

• TODO: pre-suffix vowel lengthening (Watson 8.1.1, p. 201ff.): this is not really related to stress as Egyptian Arabic phonology#Vowel lengthening suggests

new research:

• See Salam Khalifa; Mohammadsadegh Ghalayani; Ellen Broselow; Robert Hoberman; Jordan Kodner; Seyed Abolghasem Mirroshandel; Owen Rambow (2024), Putting the Linguist’s Rules to Work, Wikidata Q127265770 (Salam Khalifa, Mohammadsadegh Ghalayani, Ellen Broselow, Robert Hoberman, Jordan Kodner, Seyed Abolghasem Mirroshandel, and Owen Rambow. "Putting the Linguist’s Rules to Work." Presented at 37th Annual Symposium on Arabic Linguistics (Q127264815) (poster) (abstract)):

"Linguists have traditionally disagreed on the specific URs and phonological rules for EA (Broselow, 1976; Angoujard, 1978; Abdel-Massih et al., 1979; Abu-Salim, 1982; Hamid, 1984; Watson, 2002; McCarthy, 2005)."

Literature cited in Khalifa et al.

• Ellen I. Broselow (1976), The Phonology of Egyptian Arabic (PDF), S2CID 141458801, Wikidata Q127267025 Broselow, E. (1976). The Phonology of Egyptian Arabic. PhD thesis. Copyright - Database copyright ProQuest LLC; ProQuest does not claim copyright in the individual underlying works; Last updated - 2023-07-26. (not found online apart from Google Books snippets, no access to ProQuest, not on Anna's Archive, maybe request another way)
• Angoujard, J.-P. (1978). Le cycle en phonologie? l’accentuation en arabe tunisien. Analyses, Theorie ́ , 3:1–39.
• Abdel-Massih, E. T., Abdel-Malek, Z. N., and Badawi, E.-S. M. (1979). A Reference Grammar of Egyptian Arabic. Georgetown University Press.
• Abu-Salim, I. (1982). A Reanalysis of Some Aspects of Arabic Phonology: A Metrical Approach. PhD thesis. Copyright - Database copyright ProQuest LLC; ProQuest does not claim copyright in the individual underlying works; Last updated - 2023-02-19.
• Hamid, A. H. (1984). A Descriptive Analysis of Sudanese Colloquial Arabic Phonology. PhD thesis. Copyright - Database copyright ProQuest LLC; ProQuest does not claim copyright in the individual underlying works; Last updated - 2023-02-19.
• Watson, J. C. E. (2002). The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic. Oxford University Press.
• John J. McCarthy (31 May 2005). The Length of Stem-final Vowels in Colloquial Arabic. pp. 1–26. doi:10.1075/CILT.267.03MCC. ISBN 978-90-272-4781-0. Wikidata Q127268761. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) McCarthy, J. J. (2005). The length of stem-final vowels in colloquial arabic. Perspectives on Arabic linguistics

XVII–XVIII, pages 1–26.

See also Fathi 2023

various

• Imāla: see e.g. Woidich 2006, p. 9, 1.1.1.2.2, Anm.
• metathesis: see Woidich 2006, p. 20, 1.2.5 Metathesis
  • examples: siHlifa ~ silHifa, faylasuuf ~ falyasuuf, …
  • TODO: make the transclusions of {{transliteration}} in Metathesis (linguistics)#Egyptian Arabic use "arz" after checking that it's actually arz
• 4.4.2.1 sycope (Watson) is incomplete in Cairene apparently for lexicalized cases from Classical Arabic like e.g. the variant ظاهِرَة (cf. Hinds/Badawi, p. 557). (Same form is also an exception for and mentioned in Egyptian Arabic phonology#Vowel shortening.)
• exception to Egyptian Arabic phonology#Vowel shortening? Watson, p. 204: "When an adjective or noun with the relational ending -i3 or the ending -gi or -li (see Section 7.3.1) takes a vowel-initial suffix, -i is subject to pre-suffix lengthening through mora reduplication" and "However, in contrast to other long vowels which result from pre-suffix lengthening, the resulting bimoraic vowel is resistant to unstressed long vowel shortening." Can this be observed in ordinal speech?

Orthography and romanization

Orthography

There is no fixed orthography for Egyptian Arabic. Where it is written in Arabic script the orthography varies between more conservative spellings closer to those of Standard Arabic and spellings closer to the phonology of Egyptian Arabic. This variability arises from the deficiency of the Arabic script for writing the colloquial Egyptian Arabic, for which it is not designed. Part of this is the unavailability of signs for some sounds of Egyptian Arabic that are not part of Standard Arabic. Both options are used in parallel, often even in by one author or in one work. The two options appears for example for these cases:

• treatment of originally long vowels that become short or deleted as a result of vowel shortening or vowel deletion, e.g. the feminine active participle of عرف, ʿirif, 'to know', that is pronounced [ˈʕarfa], can be written in two ways:
  • etymological spelling with the shortly pronounced originally long vowel "ا": عارفة,
  • phonetic spelling without the "ا": عرفة;
• words written with the letters "ث"‏, "ذ", and "ظ" in Standard Arabic that are pronounced /t/, /z/, and /dˁ/ in Egyptian Arabic can keep their etymological Standard Arabic spelling or be phonetically respelled with "ت"‏, "د" and "ض".

Romanization

See also: Arabic alphabet and Romanization of Arabic

TODO:

• perhaps add Aboul-Fetouh 1969, pp. 12–13, 1.41 Segmentals?
• IPA: give only phonemes for Levantine Arabic#Orthography and writing systems as well??? perhaps change [] to //???
• note regarding the ye masriyy; also ي might not be used by Hinds/Badawi?
• (DONE) Spitta: add other locations of the book used: only for epenthetic vowel
• (NOT DONE) make table accessible (accessibility should be okay, no much needed modifications)
• add transcriptions for lost sounds/letters where I haven't looked them up yet
• write on the status of [e] and [o], cf. Watson 2002, p. 22, 2.4.3 Diphthongs: "Among some Cairene speakers, the monophthongs are shortened in closed syllables to give short e and o […]" and Woidich 2006, seems to be from Woidich in Watson 2002, cf. Watson 2002, p. 48.

In the table below romanizations by different authors starting with Spitta's from 1880 are given as examples of the variety of those used. Where authors use custom glyphs the ones given try the best available approximation. The use of transcribing glyphs among different authors and between those and a representation of Egyptian Arabic in Arabic script (in doubt Hinds & Badawi 1986 is used above) can't be exactly aligned because different authors use different analyses of the studied language, especially regarding the vowel system. Here also the table below tries to give a good approximation.

Romanizations

Arabic letter	Romanization							non-arz		IPA
	Spitta	Mitchell	Harrell	Abdel-Massih	Hinds/ Badawi	Woidich	Franco	ALA-LC	EALL
Consonants
ب	b	b	b	b (p)	b	b	b	b (p)	b	/b/ (/p/)
ت	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	/t/
ث		s/t			θ/t		s/t	(th)		/s/, /t/
ج	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	(j)	g	/ɡ/
		j	ž	ž	j	ž			ž	(/ʒ/)
ح	ḥ	ꞕ	ħ	ɦ	ꞕ	ḥ	7/h (h)	ḥ	ḥ	/ħ/
خ	ḫ	x	x	x	x	x	5/7’/kh (Kh)	kh	x	/x/
د	d	d	d	d	d	d	d	d	d	/d/
ذ					d/z		d	(dh)		/d/, /z/
ر	r	r	r	r/ṛ	r	r	r	r	r	/ɾ/
ز	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	/z/
س	s	s	s	s	s	s	s	s	s	/s/
ش	ś	ʃ	ʃ	š	ʃ	š	sh	sh	š	/ʃ/
ص	ṣ	ʂ		ṣ	ʂ	ṣ	s	ṣ	ṣ	/sˁ/
ض	ḍ	ɖ		ḍ	ɖ/ẓ	ḍ	z	ḍ	ḍ	/dˁ/
ط	ṭ	ʈ		ṭ	ʈ	ṭ	t	ṭ	ṭ	/tˁ/
ظ		ʐ		ẓ	ᶎ/d̨	ẓ	z	ẓ		/dˁ/ (/zˁ/)
ع	ʿ	ƹ	ع	ʕ	ƹ	ʿ	3 (not written)	ʿ	ʿ	/ʕ/
غ	ġ	ɣ	ǥ	ɣ	ɣ	ġ	3’/gh (gh)	gh	ġ	/ɣ/
ف	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	/f/
				v	v	v		v	v	(/v/)
ق	q (ʾ)	q	ʔ	ʔ	ɢ		2	q̶		/ʔ/
	q	q	q	q	q	q	k/q	q	q	/q/
ك	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	/k/
ل	l	l	l	l/ḷ	l	l	l	l	l	/l/
م	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	m	/m/
ن	n	n	n	n	n	n	n	n	n	/n/
ه	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	/h/
و	w	w	w	w	w	w	w	w	w	/w/
ي	j	y	y	y	y	y	y	y	y	/j/
ء	ʾ	ʕ	ʔ	ʔ	ʕ	ʾ	2 (not written)	ʾ	ʾ	/ʔ/
Long vowels
ا	ɑ̂/(ɑ̊)	aa	a:	aa	aa	ā	a	ā	ā	/a(ː)/: [æ(ː)]
	ɑ̈	aa	a:	aa	ɑɑ	ā	a	ɑ̄	ā	/a(ː)/: [ɑ(ː)]
و	û	uu	u:	uu	uu	ū	o/oo/ou	ū	ū	/u(ː)/
		oo	o:	oo	oo	ō	oo/ou/o	ō	ō	/o(ː)/
ي	y	ii	i:	ii	ii	ī	ee/e/i	ī	ī	/i(ː)/
		ee	e:	ee	ee	ē	e/ee/ei	ē	ē	/e(ː)/
Short vowels
ـَ/ا	ɑ/ɑ̈/(e/ɑ̊)	a	a	a	a/ɑ	a	a/not written	a	a	/a/
ـُ/و	o/u	o/u	u/(o)	o/u	o/u	o/u	o	u	u/o	/u/
ـِ/ي	i/(e/ü)	i/e	i/(e)	e/i	e/i	e/i	e/not written	i	i/e	/i/
((unstressed) anaptyctic vowel)	e̊/å/i̊/ů	ĭ/ă/ŭ	a/e/i/o/u		ⁱ/ᵃ/…	i/i̊/u/ů	not written/i/e		partly i̊	[­ə], [ʊ]

References:

• Spitta, Wilhelm (1880), Grammatik des arabischen Vulgärdialectes von Ägypten (in German), Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs, OCLC 14714297, OL 23438029M, Wikidata Q112070596
• Mitchell, T. F. (1978). An Introduction to Egyptian Colloquial Arabic. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-815148-9. OL 18702205M. Wikidata Q114400645.
• Harrell, Richard S. (1957), The Phonology of Colloquial Egyptian Arabic, New York City: American Council of Learned Societies, Wikidata Q113667309
• Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. (1978). A comprehensive study of Egyptian Arabic, vol. 1: Conversations, cultural texts, sociolinguistic notes. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Ann Arbor: Center for Near Eastern and North African Studies. ISBN 978-0-932098-11-5. OCLC 777140122. OL 11480326M. Wikidata Q112066001.
• Hinds, Martin; Badawi, El-Said (1986). A Dictionary of Egyptian Arabic. Beirut: Librairie du Liban Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85341-003-1. OCLC 928122887. OL 15378288M. Wikidata Q112961267.
• Woidich, Manfred (2006). Das Kairenisch-Arabische: Eine Grammatik. Porta linguarum Orientalium (in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-05315-0. OL 19689820M. Wikidata Q113722341.
• Abu Elhija, Dua'a (23 January 2014). "A new writing system? Developing orthographies for writing Arabic dialects in electronic media". Writing Systems Research. 6 (2): 190–214. doi:10.1080/17586801.2013.868334. ISSN 1758-6801. Wikidata Q114356394.
• Bjørnsson, Jan Arild (November 2010), Egyptian Romanized Arabic: A Study of Selected Features from Communication Among Egyptian Youth on Facebook (PDF), University of Oslo Library, Wikidata Q114356281

Additions to vowels:

• epenthetic vowel:
  • Woidich 2006, p. XXVII, Zur Umschrift: "Der Sproßvokal [ə] im Sandhi wird mit ⟨i̊⟩ bezeichnet, s. 1.3.2.3.", dann aber bei Woidich 2006, p. 8, 1.1.1.2.1: "baʿdi kida"
  • Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. XVIII: "vi) Anaptyxis/Unstressed anaptyctic vowels are represented in small elevated form, while stressed anaptyctic vowels are given in the normal fount", that means "ⁱᵃᵅᵉᵒᵘ"?, e.g. "ʕil-ʕɑgrᵃ ʕal-ɑllɑ"
• Spitta 1880, p. 41, § 15b. Die Transscription der Vocalfärbungen: use that information

ث‎, ذ and ظ spelling examples:

• :ث
  • sawra (in Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 441 only with ث)
    • Harrell, p. 54: "sawra"
  • sanya (in Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 140 only with ث)

Why not to use a romanization/IPA mix:

• what does "j" mean now? "ʕ" is also unclear
• giving a phonetic or phonemic phonology(?) is not the idea of a transcription, rather to give something between original orthography/morphology/phonology, so probably IPA characters will be used (morphologically) in places where they're not pronounced like they might indicate read as IPA literally
• IPA is further from Latin alphabet, so contradict the idea of making it easier to grasp morphophonology

Adaptions to ALA-LC

• use ⟨g⟩, ⟨ɑ⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨ɑ̄⟩ ⟨ō⟩, ⟨ē⟩
• use ⟨ʿ⟩ ⟨ʾ⟩
• TODO: how to handle two phonologies of qaf? Levantine Arabic#Orthography and writing systems gives ⟨q̄⟩ from Liddicoat, Lennane & Abdul Rahim 2018, pp. 3–4, 13–17, 20 (pages?), but it says "The strike-through bar is used […]" (p. 20), so maybe rather use ⟨q̶⟩ (q with long stroke overlay) (or ⟨q̵⟩ (q with short stroke overlay))
  • Hinds & Badawi 1986 uses ⟨ɢ⟩ which is used in IPA for the voiced uvular plosive, which is not the best choice in my eyes

Morphology

Wikidata modelling

maybe like this?:

pattern: Semitic morphological pattern (Q114032232)

• Fa3L (Q114032261) has use (P366) Egyptian Arabic adjective (Q114032428) (creates lexeme type (P5923) (with domain also items)?)
• Fa3L (Q114032261) subclass of (P279) C₁VC₂C₃ (Q114032194)

lexeme: pattern and root

• سهل (L705785) instance of (P31) Fa3L (Q114032261) (or uses (P2283)?)
• سهل (L705785) root (P5920) س ه ل (L705777)

Pronouns

Suffixed prepositions

Base Word	فِي fi "in"	بِـ bi "by, in, with"	لِـ li "to"	مَعَ maʿa "with"	wayya "with"	عَلَى ʿala "on"	عَنْد ʿand "in the possession of, to have"	مِن min "from"
"... me"	fíy-ya	bíy-ya	líy-ya	مَعَايَ/مَعَايَا maʿāya	wayyáa-ya	عَلَيَّ/عَلَيَّا ʿalayya	عَنْدِي ʿandi	mínn-i
"... you (masc.)"	fíi-k	bíi-k	líi-k, l-ak	مَعَاك maʿāk	wayyáa-k	عَليك ʿalēk	عَنْدَك ʿandak	mínn-ak
"... you (fem.)"	fíi-ki	bíi-ki	líi-ki, li-ki	مَعَاكِي maʿāki	wayyáa-ki	عَليكِي ʿalēki	عَنْدِك ʿandik	mínn-ik
"... him"	fíi-(h)	bíi-(h)	líi-(h), l-u(h)	مَعَاه maʿā(h)	wayyáa-(h)	عَليه ʿalē(h)	عَنْدُه ʿandu	mínn-u
"... her"	fíi-ha	bíi-ha	líi-ha, la-ha	مَعَاهَا maʿāha	wayyáa-ha	عَليهَا ʿalēha	عَنْدَهَا ʿandaha	minn-áha, mín-ha
"... us"	fíi-na	bíi-na	líi-na, li-na	مَعَانَا maʿāna	wayyáa-na	عَلينَا ʿalēna	عَنْدِنَا ʿandina	minn-ína
"... you (pl.)"	fíi-ku(m)	bíi-ku(m)	líi-ku(m), li-ku(m)	مَعَاكَو/مَعَاكُم maʿāku(m)	wayyáa-ku(m)	عَليكُو/عَليكُم ʿalēku(m)	عَنْدُكُو/عَنْدُكُم ʿanduku(m)	minn-úku(m), mín-ku(m)
"... them"	fíi-hum	bíi-hum	líi-hum, li-hum	مَعَاهُم maʿāhum	wayyáa-hum	عَليهُم ʿalēhum	عَنْدُهُم ʿanduhum	minn-úhum, mín-hum

Seems to generally follow the possessive pronoun suffixes from the table "Forms of the independent and clitic pronouns".

The final -i of the prepositions فِي, fi, بِـ, bi and لِـ, li is subject to pre-suffix vowel lengthening. (other final vowels as well)

مَن, min and عَن, ʿan: "monomoraic prepositions ending in /n/ undergo n-gemination before pronoun suffixes" (Watson 2002, p. 89, 5.2.3 Degenerate feet and the minimal word)

xxxxx

In prepositional phrase circumflex negation (cf. Kalaam Gamiil, vol. 1, p. 142 (lesson 6)). Here the first a of ma3a can be have "haplologische Silbenellipse" (cf. Woidich 2006, p. 139). I think this is not mentioned in Watson 2002, 9.1.2.1 Vowel deletion, p. 229-231.

Noun morphology

(following Woidich 2006, pp. 90–105, 2.4.2 Nominalschemata)

Gender

(following Woidich 2006, pp. 111–112, 2.4.8 Genus der Substantive)

Nouns are masculine or feminine. Animate nouns referring to gendered people or animals usually agree with the gender of what they refer to like in Classical Arabic.

Nouns ending in the feminine suffix ـة, -a are usually feminine. Exeptions are nouns referring to males such as جَلِيفَة, khalīfa, 'successor, Caliph', عُمْدَة, ʿumda, 'village chief' and خَوَاجَة, khawāga, 'European or western foreigner'.

Nouns not ending in the feminine suffix ـة, -a are usually masculine. Exceptions from this rule are:

• nouns referring to females such as أُخْت, ukht, 'sister', أُمّ, umm, 'mother', بِنْت, bint, 'daughter', فَرَس, faras, 'mare', عَانِس, ʿānis, 'spinster', مَدَامِوَازِيل, madmiwazēl, 'young unmarried woman', مَدَام, madām, 'married woman' and سِتّ, sitt, 'woman'
• names of cities and countries such as مَصْر, maṣr, 'Egypt'
• names of letters such as أَلِب, alif, 'alif'
• a number of nouns many of which refer to body parts such as أَرْض, arḍ, 'earth, soil', إِيد, īd, 'hand', بَطْن, baṭn, 'abdomen', بَلَد, balad, 'country', حَرْب, ḥarb, 'war', دَار, dār, 'house', دَقْن, daq̶n, 'chin, beard', دِمَاغ, dimāgh, 'top of the head, skull', شَمْس, shams, 'sun', رَاس, rās, 'head', رِجْل, rigl, 'foot, leg', طَرِيق, ṭarīq̶, 'road', طِيز, ṭīz, 'buttocks', عَين, ʿēn, 'eye', عالَم, ʿālam, 'people', قَدَم, q̶adam, 'foot', مَرْكِب, markib, 'boat, ship', نَار, nār, 'fire', نَفُوج, nafūkh, 'crown of the head', نَاس, nās, 'people', نَفْس, nafs, 'self, psyche, mind', نَفْس, nifs, 'appetite, desire' and وِدْن, widn, 'ear'

In some cases a final shortened ـى, -a and ـا, -a (from <*ـاء, *-āʾ) is reinterpreted as a feminine suffix and the noun functions as feminine, e.g. مُسْتَشْفَى, mustashfa, 'hospital' and إِمْضَا, imḍa, 'signature'.

Construct state

Nouns assume the construct state when they are definite and modified by another noun as the first term in a iḍāfah (Classical Arabic: إِضَافَةٌ, iḍāfah), the Arabic realization of a genitive construction.

The second term of the iḍāfah (in Classical Arabic: المُضاف إلَيْهِ, al-muḍāf ilayhi) can be a noun or a possessive suffix. If a possessive suffixed is attached to a short vowel the vowel is subject to pre-suffix vowel lengthening.

A few masculine nouns change in construct state, e.g. أَبّ, abb, 'father' becomes أَبُو, abu; أَخّ, akhkh, 'brother' becomes أَخُو, akhu.

The feminine suffix ـة, -a is changed to -it in construct state, e.g. أُوضِة نَوم, ōḍit nōm, 'bedroom' and أُوضِتِي, ōḍiti, 'my room'. Deviating from this for the construct state of مَرَة, mara, 'woman, wife' (<Classical Arabic: مَرْأَة, marʾah) مِرَاة, mirāt (<Classical Arabic: اِمْرَأَة, imraʾat) is used; for the construct state of حَمَة/حَمَاة, ḥama, 'mother-in-law' حَمَاة, ḥamāt is used.

triliteral root (Q40437546)

Woidich 2006, 2.4.2.1 TODO notation:

• harmonize notation of long vowels with two letters or letter with macron
• use F3L₁L₂ notation because e.g. "CiCCiC" can be "Fi33iL" or from quadriliteral root, also change in Wikidata
• (DONE) consider notation, see also International Phonetic Alphabet#Capital letters

• 1 syllable (Woidich 2006, pp. 90–91, 2.4.2.1.1)
  • CvCC: C₁VC₂C₃ (Q114032194)
    • CaCC: Fa3L (Q114032261) =SA (adj)
    • CiCC: Fi3L (Q114063350) =SA (adj)
    • CuCC: Fu3L (Q114048272) =SA/<SA: CaaCiC (adj)
  • Cv̄C
    • CāC (from roots med. inf., like CaCaC or CaCC)
    • CēC (from roots med. y, like CaCC)
    • CīC (from roots med. w or y, like CiCC)
    • CōC (from roots med. /w/, like CaCC)
    • CūC (from roots med. /w/, like CuCC)
• 2 syllables (Woidich 2006, pp. 91–97, 2.4.2.1.2)
  • CvCv (from roots tert. inf.)
    • CaCa (like CaCaC or CaCāC)
    • CaCi (like CaCīC) (adj)
    • CiCa (like CiCāC)
    • CiCi (like CiCīC)
    • CuCa (like CuCāC)
  • CvCvC
    • CaCaC
    • CiCiC (adj)
    • CiCaC
    • CuCaC (adj)
    • CuCuC (adj)
  • CvCv̄C
    • CaCāC
    • CaCīC ~ CiCīC (with back(?) ~ with front consonants(?)) (adj)
      • CayyiC (from roots med. inf.) (adj)
    • CaCūC (adj)
    • CiCāC
    • CiCēC
    • CuCāC (adj)
    • CuCūC ~ CiCūC
    • CuCēC
  • CvCvCC
    • CaCaCC
    • CaCiCC
    • CiCiCC(a)
    • CuCuCC
  • Cv̄CvC
    • CāCaC (cf. Peter Behnstedt; Manfred Woidich (1985). Dialektatlas von Ägypten (in German). Wiesbaden. ISBN 3-88226-227-3. OCLC 158521151. OL 2766206M. Wikidata Q123378938.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) map 122 for this and for CāCiC)
    • CāCiC (PA > adj)
    • CiiCiC
    • CeeCaC
    • CooCaC
    • CuuCiC
  • CvCCa
    • CaCCa
    • CiCCa
    • CuCCa
  • CvCCvC
    • CaCCiC (adj)
    • CiCCiC (concrete nouns)
    • CuCCuC
    • CuCCaC (adj)
  • CvCCv̄C
    • CaCCaaC (adj (intensive))
    • CaCCiiC (adj)
    • CaCCooC
    • CaCCuuC
    • CiCCaaC
    • CiCCeeC
    • CiCCiiC (adj)
    • CuCCaaC
    • CuCCeeC
• 3 syllables (Woidich 2006, pp. 97–100, 2.4.2.1.3)
  • CvCvCv
    • CaCaCa
    • CaCaCi (error in Woidich: "CaCaCa") (adj)
    • CiCaCi (adj)
    • CuCaCi (adj)
  • CvCv̄Cv
    • CaCaaCa
    • CaCaaCi
    • CaCiiCa ~ CiCiiCa
    • CaCuuCa
    • CiCaaCa
    • CiCeeCa
    • CiCeeCi
    • CuCaaCa
    • CuCeeCa
    • CuCeeCi
    • CuCuuCa ~ CiCuuCa
  • CvCayyvC
    • CuCayyiC ~ CiCayyiC (adj)
    • Fu3ayyaL (not in Woidich)
  • CvCvCCv (error in Woidich: not centered)
    • CuCuCCa ~ CaCuCCa ~ CaCuCCi
  • CvCCvCv
    • CiCCiCa
  • CvCCv̄Cv
    • CaCCaaCa
    • CaCCaaCi (adj)
    • CaCCiiCa
    • CaCCuuCa
    • CiCCeeCa
    • CuCCaaCa (adj)
    • CuCCeeCa
    • CuCCeeCi
• with "Postformativ"(Woidich)/suffix(?) -ān (Woidich 2006, pp. 100–101, 2.4.2.1.4)
  • CaCCān (adj)
  • CuCCān
  • CaCaCān: verbal nouns
• with "Präformativen"(Woidich)/prefixes(?) (Woidich 2006, pp. 101–102, 2.4.2.1.5)
  • aCCaC (adj: colors, personal characteristics)
  • maCv̄C(a) (from roots med. inf.) ~ maCaCC(a) (from roots med. gem.)
  • maCCaC
  • maCCaCa
  • maCCūC: PP
  • miCaCC ~ miCaCCa (from roots med. gem.)
  • miCCāC (adj)
  • miCCiC (adj)
  • muCCāC
  • taCCīCa: nomen vicis (instance noun (Q16127432)); "Konkretisierung des Verbalnomens"

quadriliteral root (Q25563977)

(Woidich 2006, 2.4.2.2)

• 2 syllables (Woidich 2006, pp. 102–103, 2.4.2.2.1)
  • CvCvCC
  • CaCCaC
  • CiCCiC (concrete nouns)
  • CuCCiC ~ CuCCuC
  • CaCCīC
  • CaCCōC
  • CaCCūC (adj)
  • CiCCāC (adj)
  • CiCCēC
  • CuCCāC
  • CuCCēC (adj)
• 3 syllables (Woidich 2006, p. 104, 2.4.2.2.2)
  • CvCvCv̄C
  • CaCCaCa
  • CiCCiCa
  • CuCCaCa
  • CaCCīCa
  • CaCCūCa
  • CuCCēCa
• 4 syllables (Woidich 2006, p. 105, 2.4.2.2.3)
  • CaCaCāCa
  • CvCvCvCCa: "Scherzbildungen"

quinqueliteral root (Q12411577)

(Woidich 2006, p. 105, 2.4.2.3)

• CvCvCvCC(a)
• CvCvCCvCi
• CvCvCCv̄C(a) and similar
• CvCCvCv̄C(a) and similar

Broken noun plural

cf. Gadalla 2000, pp. 159–166, 3.6.3.3. Broken Plural

Noun and adjective derivation

(heading like Arabic nouns and adjectives#Noun and adjective derivation) cf.:

• Gadalla 2000, 3.2. Deverbal Nouns
• Gadalla 2000, 3.8. The Diminutive Form

Verbal nouns of form I

• Gadalla 2000, pp. 130–137, 3.2.1. Verbal Nouns

TODO: adapt and fill in the following table!

Verbal noun of form I patterns

No. of radicals	Root type	No. of syl.	Template	Pattern	SA equivalent	ECA=SA?	No. of ECA equivalents	Example(s)
3		1	CVCC	فَعْل faʿl	Fa3L	yes		Gadalla: Darb "striking"

Adjective morphology

Adjectival stem forms

cf. Gadalla 2000, pp. 169–212

"Table (50) shows that adjectival stem forms which are identical in SA and EA have one of six templates: [CVCC], [CVCVC], [CVCVVC], [CVCCVVC], [CVCCaan], or [?aCCVC]. The last template is also used in comparative forms (See 4.6.2)."

Adjectives follow several stem forms or patterns. The nominal patterns for adjectives are often the same like those for nouns. But some are especially used for adjectives, e.g. Fa3iiL (فَعِيل faʿīl), Fa3uuL, Fi3aLi and Fu3aLi.

In most cases the unmarked adjective forms are the forms for the masculine singular or the forms for all genders and numbers. An exception is the pattern Fa3La for feminine adjectives corresponding to the masculine aF3aL.

The following table shows known adjective patterns, their consonant/vowel templates and their equivalents in Standard Arabic (SA).

Root type

Given if it is only used for root types that are not sound (was before: "sound" can also mean not sound root types use the same pattern/does not mean not sound root types use another pattern)

Adjective patterns

No. of radicals	Root type	No. of syl.	Template	Pattern	SA equivalent	ECA=SA?	No. of ECA equivalents	Example(s)
3		1	CVCC	Fa3L	Fa3L	yes	1	Gadalla: sahl "easy"
3		1	CVCC	Fi3L
3		1	CVCC	Fu3L	Faa3iL	no	2	Gadall: suxn (also A-F)
3	R2=R3	1	CVCC	Fu33	Fu33	yes	1	Gadalla: 7urr "free"
3	R2=y	2		FaayiL	FaaʔiL	no	1	غايب; Gadalla: ghaayib "absent"
3	R3=hamza	2		Faa3i	Faa3iʔ	no	1	(comes twice) Gadalla: haadi "calm"
3	R3=w	1	CVCC	Fi3w	Fu3w	no	1	Gadalla: Hilw "sweet"; rixw
3		2	CVCVC	Fa3aL	Fa3aL	yes	1	Gadalla: baTal "courageous"; A-F: shala3 "rude"
3		2	CVCVVC	Fa3aaL	Fa3aaL	yes	1	Gadalla: gabaan "coward"; A-F: 7alaal "honest (religiously legal)"
3		2	CVCVVC	Fa3uuL	Fa3uuL	yes	1	Gadalla: Sabuur "patient"; A-F: ghafuur "forgivable"
3		2	CVCVVC	Fu3aaL	Fu3aaL	yes	1	Gadalla: shugaa3 "brave"; A-F: suxaam "bad"
3		2	CVCCVVC	Fa33aaL	Fa33aaL	yes	1	Gadalla: Tammaa3 "greedy"; A-F: makkaar "cunning"
3		2	CVCCVVC	Fi33iiL	Fi33iiL	yes	1	Gadalla: sikkiir "alcoholic" (also A-F)
3		2	CVCCVVC	Fu33uuL	Fu33uuL	yes	1	Gadalla: qudduus "holy"
3		2	CVCCaan	Fa3Laan	Fa3Laan	yes	1	far7aan, bardaan, talmaan, shab3aan, za3laan, HaRRaan, ghayRaan, dablaan
3	R2=w	2		FaLaan	FawLaan	no	1	Gadalla: ga3aan "hungry"
3	R3=y	2		Fi3yaan	Fu3yaan	no	1	Gadalla: 3iryaan "naked"
3	R3=hamza(cf. wikt:ملآن) or y(Hinds & Badawi 1986, pp. 833–834)?	2		Fa3yaan	Fa3ʔaan	no	1	Gadalla: malyaan "full"
3		2	VCCVC	aF3aL	aF3aL	yes	1	abyaD, aHmaR, asmaR, azraq(2), axDar, akta3, aRwash, atRam, aSla2, ashwal, abraS
3	R3=y	2		aF3a	aF3aa	no	1	Gadalla: a3ma "blind"
3	f.	2	CVCCV	(Fa3La)	Fa3Laaʔ	no	1	Gadalla: 7amra "red"
3	R2=y, f.	2		(FeeLa)	FayLaaʔ	no	1	Gadalla: beeDa "white" (f.)
3	R2=w, f.	2		(FooLa)	FawLaaʔ	no	1	Gadalla: sooda "black" (f.)
3		2		Fi3iL	Fa3iL	no	1	Gadalla: nitin "stinking"; A-F: wisix "dirty"
3		2	CVCVVC	Fa3iiL	Fa3iiL	yes	4	‏رحيم‎ raḥīm "merciful"; A-F: gamiil "beautiful"
3	R3=y	2	CVCV	Fa3i	Fa3iyy	no	1	تقي "pious" (Aboul-Fetouh); Gadalla: ghani "rich"
3	R2=y	2		FayyiL	FayyiL	yes	2	Gadalla: gayyid "good"
3	R2=y	2		FayyaL	FayyiL	no	2	Gadalla: dayya? "narrow"
3		2	CVCVVC	Fi3iiL	Fa3iiL	no	4	Gadalla: kibiir "big; old"; A-F: shidiid "strong"
3		3		Fu3ayyaL	Fa3iiL	no	4	رفيع rufayyaʿ, ru2ayya2, Sughayyar, q(2)uSayyar
3		3		Fu3ayyiL	Fa3iiL	no	4	kuwayyis, q(2)ulayyil, ruhayyif
3		2	CVVCVC	Faa3iL	Faa3iL	yes	2	Gadalla: gaamid "solid"; A-F: baarid "cold"
3	R2=R3	1	CVVCC	Faa33	Faa33	yes	2	شاذّ "peculiar" (A-F), جافّ "dry"
3	R2=R3	1		Fa33	Faa33	no	2	7arr (Gadalla)
3	R3=y	2		Faa3i	Faa3ii	no	1	(comes twice) Gadalla: baa?i "remaining"
3		2		Fu3aL				buRam, shukal
3		2		Fu3uL				shuruk
3		2		Fa33iL				dayyi2, layyin, mayyit
3		2		Fu33aL				kummal
3		2		Fa33iiL				fayyiis, lammii2, labbiis, fahhiim; A-F: 7assiib "clever in bookkeeping"
3		2		Fa33uuL				(Woidich 2006: Intensiv: walluud "clever"; balluushi "umsonst" (Fa33uuLi? against phonotactics?); A-F: dalluu3 "spoilt" (person)
3		3		Fa3aLi				SaHafi
3		3		Fi3aLi				biTani, lika3i~luka3i, li3abi, widani, ghishashi, nimaki, Hiyali, siwa2i, ni2ari
3		3		Fu3aLi				shukali, nukati, fuDahi, shuDali, kusali, kunazi, nu2ari
3		3		Fi3ayyiL				rixayyiS, Hinayyin, xifayyif
3		3		Fa33aaLi				ka33aabi, Hammaari, gammaali, labbaani, shayyaali, xaRRaami, SabbaaHi, Tawwaali, ga33aaSi, Tayyaari
3		3		Fu33aaLa				kubbaaRa
3		2		miF3aaL				mitlaaf
3		2		miF3iL				mifrid, migwiz, mitxin, mibxit, midhin, mish2ir
4		2		Fa3L₁uuL₂				kalbuuZ, shamluul, laZluuZ, zafluuT, za2zuu2, zarbuun, falHuus, falfuus, ba2luuZ; A-F: 2anzuu7 "showy"
4		2		Fi3L₁aaL₂				mihyaaS, biSbaaS
4		2		Fu3L₁eeL₂				ruSreeS
4	R2=y,R3=y	1		Fayy	Fayy	yes	1	7ayy

TODO:

• perhaps add complex stems from Aboul-Fetouh 1969, pp. 104–105, 7.153 Complex stems and from Woidich 2006 suffix stuff

Adjective patterns

Pattern	Template	SA equivalent	Root type	Example(s)
Fa3L	CVCC	Fa3L
Fayy		Fayy	R2=y,R3=y
Fa3aL	CVCVC	Fa3aL
Fa3aaL	CVCVVC	Fa3aaL
Fa3uuL	CVCVVC	Fa3uuL
Fu3aaL	CVCVVC	Fu3aaL
Fa33aaL	CVCCVVC	Fa33aaL
Fi33iiL	CVCCVVC	Fi33iiL		sikkiir
Fu33uuL	CVCCVVC	Fu33uuL		qudduus
Fa3Laan	CVCCaan	Fa3Laan		far7aan, bardaan, talmaan, shab3aan, za3laan, HaRRaan, ghayRaan, dablaan
FaLaan		FawLaan	R2=w
Fi3yaan		Fu3yaan	R3=y
Fa3yaan		Fa3ʔaan	R3=hamza(cf. wikt:ملآن) or y(Hinds & Badawi 1986, pp. 833–834)?
aF3aL	VCCVC	aF3aL		abyaD, aHmaR, asmaR, azraq(2), axDar, akta3, aRwash, atRam, aSla2, ashwal, abraS
aF3a		aF3aa	R3=y
(Fa3La)	CVCCV	Fa3Laaʔ	f.
(FeeLa)		FayLaaʔ	R2=y, f.
(FooLa)		FawLaaʔ	R2=w, f.
Fi3iL		Fa3iL
Fi3w	CVCC	Fu3w	R3=w
Fa3iiL	CVCVVC	Fa3iiL		‏رحيم‎ raḥīm "merciful"
Fa3i	CVCV	Fa3iyy	R3=y
FayyiL		FayyiL	R2=y
FayyaL		FayyiL	R2=y
Fi3iiL	CVCVVC	Fa3iiL
Fu3ayyaL		Fa3iiL		رفيع rufayyaʿ, ru2ayya2, Sughayyar, q(2)uSayyar
Fu3ayyiL		Fa3iiL		kuwayyis, q(2)ulayyil, ruhayyif
Faa3iL	CVVCVC	Faa3iL
Faa33		Faa33	R2=R3
Fa33		Faa33	R2=R3
Faa3i		Faa3ii	R3=y
Fu3L	CVCC	Faa3iL
Fu33	CVCC	Fu33	R2=R3
FaayiL		FaaʔiL	R2=y	غايب
Faa3i		Faa3iʔ	R3=hamza
Fi3L				Hilw, rixw
Fu3aL				buRam, shukal
Fu3uL				shuruk
Fa33iL				dayyi2, layyin, mayyit
Fu33aL				kummal
Fa33iiL				fayyiis, lammii2, labbiis, fahhiim
Fa3aLi				SaHafi
Fi3aLi				biTani, lika3i~luka3i, li3abi, widani, ghishashi, nimaki, Hiyali, siwa2i, ni2ari
Fu3aLi				shukali, nukati, fuDahi, shuDali, kusali, kunazi, nu2ari
Fi3ayyiL				rixayyiS, Hinayyin, xifayyif
Fa33aaLi				ka33aabi, Hammaari, gammaali, labbaani, shayyaali, xaRRaami, SabbaaHi, Tawwaali, ga33aaSi, Tayyaari
Fu33aaLa				kubbaaRa
miF3aaL				mitlaaf
miF3iL				mifrid, migwiz, mitxin, mibxit, midhin, mish2ir
quadriliteral:
Fa3L₁uuL₂				kalbuuZ, shamluul, laZluuZ, zafluuT, za2zuu2, zarbuun, falHuus, falfuus, ba2luuZ
Fi3L₁aaL₂				mihyaaS, biSbaaS
Fu3L₁33L₂				ruSreeS

Inflection for gender

• masculine: unmarked
• feminine:
  • suffix -a
  • -i + ya > -iiya > -iyya
  • participles with the pattern CaaCi: elision of the -i: CaaCi + ya > CaaCiya > CaCya
  • aCCaC (aF3aL): CaCCa (Fa3La)
  • some: feminine used rarely, e.g. mazbut, sa3b, sa77, makhsus, kiteer or genderless: baladi, miiri and some color adjectives: burtu2aani, bunni, ramaadi

• Fa3Laan: Fa3Laana (SA: Fa3Laa)

Inflection for number

Sound adjective plural

• CiCiC, CaCCaan, CaCCaaC, CaCuuC, CuCayyiC, CaCCuuC and with nisba -i: plural with suffix -iin
• CaCCiiC: plural suffix -a (TODO: is this sound? listed as external plural by Woidich 2006, p. 125, 2.4.9.6.2 Pluralbildung, a.

Broken adjective plural

cf. Gadalla 2000, pp. 184–189, 4.5.3.3. Broken Plural, Woidich 2006, p. 125, 2.4.9.6.2 Pluralbildung, b., Aboul-Fetouh 1969, pp. 100–102, 7.132–7.133

• aCCaC: CuCC
  • roots med. inf.: abyaD, biiD, a3war
• CaCiiC ~ CiCiiC: mostly CuCaaC, also CuCaCa (Aboul-Fetouh 1969, p. 102, 7.133 Predictability of plural forms, 2.: for "Fa3iiL" plural: "Fu3aaL"; exceptions take "Fu3aLa" and "Fi3aL" (error? is "Fi3aL" meant?))
• ??? (from roots tert. inf.): aCCiyya (Aboul-Fetouh 1969, p. 102, 7.133 Predictability of plural forms, 1.: "?aF3iya"; exceptions with only or also "Fu3aay")

Elative

cf. Gadalla 2000, 4.6. Inflection for Degree, Woidich 2006, p. 125–127, 2.4.9.6.4 Elativ aKKaK

Elative adjectives (those adjectives having a comparative and superlative meaning) aren't inflected (as they are in Standard Arabic); instead, one form serves for all genders and numbers.

• aCCaC (aF3aL)
• aCaCC (aFa33) (from roots med. gem.) (rule: Identical-Consonant Metathesis)
• aCCa (from roots tert. inf.)
• aCwaC/aCyaC (from roots med. inf.)

• also participles
• also nouns

• participles and nouns: partly formed with following aktar
• adjectives: CaCCaan, CaCCaaC, CaCuuC etc. and nisba -i: following aktar

Verb morphology

Table of verb forms

model: Arabic verbs#Formation of derived stems ("forms")

Patterns of quadriliteral roots (roots with four radicals) are typically given using the dummy verb faʿlal (root: ف-ع-ل-ل). However, the choice of this particular verb is somewhat non-ideal in that the third and fourth consonants of an actual verb are typically not the same, despite the same consonant used for both; this is a particular problem e.g. for form IVq. The verb table below uses the dummy verb faʿlaq (root: ف-ع-ل-ق) instead.

Rare forms are marked in silver.

Form	Root type	E D/I #	Active voice		Active participle	Passive participle	Verbal noun	Tendency of meaning, notes	Examples
			Past (3rd sg. masc.)	Present (3rd sg. masc.)	sg. masc.
I	strong	1a	فَعَل faʿal	يِفْعَل yifʿal	فَاعِل fāʿil, فَعْلَان faʿlān	مَفْعُول mafʿūl	فَعْل faʿl, فَعَل faʿal, فُعُول fuʿūl, etc. transitive: فَعْل faʿl etc.; intransitive: فُعَال fuʿāl, فَعِيل faʿīl, فُعُول fuʿūl	more often transitive than intransitive; sometimes a causative-factitive for a state verb with i-perfect; imperfect vowel:	فتح‎ (يفتح), fátaḥ (yíftaḥ), 'open'	existing
		1b		يِفْعِل yifʿil					عمل‎ (يعمل), ʿamal (yiʿmil), 'do, make'; كتب‎ (يكتب), katab (yiktib), 'write'	both existing
		1c		يُفْعُل\يِفْعُل yufʿul/yifʿul					‏‏قعد‎ (يقعد)‎ aʿad (yuʼʿud/yiʼʿud) "sit" (TODO: take other, more regular example, bc imperfect here can take different forms)	existing
		2a	فِعِل fiʿil	يِفْعَل yifʿal				more often intransitive than transitive; imperfect vowel: a with exceptions	‏‏عرف‎ (يعرف)‎ ʿirif (yiʿraf) "know"	existing
		2b		يِفْعِل yifʿil					‏‏مسك‎ (يمسك)‎ mísik/yímsik "hold, catch"	created
		2c		يُفْعُل\يِفْعُل yufʿul/yifʿul					‏‏سكن‎ (يسكن)‎ síkin/yúskun "reside"	created
		–	فُعُل fuʿul​	يُفْعُل yufʿul				intransitive	‏‏سكت‎ (يسكت)‎ sukut (yuskut) "be silent" ‏‏كتر‎‎ ‏‏فضل‎‎ ‏‏خلص‎‎ ‏‏شعب‎‎ ‏‏نقش‎‎ (cf. also ) Badawi Fu3uL verbs: فقر, نضف	سكت created
	defective	6a	فَعَى faʿa	يِفْعَى yifʿa	فَاعِي fāʿi		فَعِي faʿi		‏‏بقى‎ (يبقى)‎ "become"	Not done
		6b		يِفْعِي yifʿi					رمى (يرمي), ráma (yírmi), 'throw'	Not done
		–		يِفْعُو yifʿu				this paradigm doesn't exist according to Woidich 2006, p. 63, 2.3.2.2 Perfekt ⇔ Imperfekt, "Die Verba tert.inf. kennen kein u-Imperfekt."	رجى‎ (يرجو), xxxxx (xxxxxx), 'implore' (from Abdel-Massih)
		7a	فِعِي fiʿi	يِفْعَى yifʿa			َفَعَيَان faʿayān		‏‏نسي‎ (ينسى)‎ nísi/yínsa "forget"	existing
		7b		يِفْعِي yifʿi					‏‏مشي‎ (يمشي)‎ "walk"	Not done
	hollow	5a	فَال fāl 1st/2nd person فِلْت filt etc.	يِفَال yifāl	فَايِل fāyil	usually PP of VIIt, sometimes مَفْيُول mafyūl	فَيل fēl or فَول fōl		‏‏نام‎ (ينام)‎ na:m/yiná:m "sleep"	existing
			فَال fāl 1st/2nd person فُلْت fult etc.						‏‏خاف‎ (يخاف)‎ xa:f/yixá:f "fear"	existing
		5b	فَال fāl	يِفِيل yifīl			فَيل fēl		‏‏جاب‎ (يجيب)‎ "bring"; دان (يدين), dān (yidīn), 'have (s.o.) in one's debt', vn dēn, ava dāyin, pva madyūn	"جاب" existing
		5c		يِفُول yifūl			فَول fōl		قَال‎ (يِقُوْل), q̶āl (yiq̶ūl), 'say'; رَاح‎ (يِرُوْح), rɑ̄ḥ (yirūḥ), 'go', vn mirwɑ̄ḥ, rɑwɑḥɑ̄n, ava rɑ̄yiḥ	both existing
		–	فَعَل faʿal	يِفْعِل yifʿil	فَاعِل fāʿil	مَفْعُول mafʿūl			تول (يتول), tawal (yitwil), 'daze', vn tawal, tawalān, ava tāwil, pva matwūl; جوز (يجوز), gawaz (yigwiz), 'make double', vn gawazān, ava gāwiz, pva magwūz
		–	فِعِل fiʿil	يِفْعَل yifʿal					حول (يحول), ḥiwil (yiḥwal), 'develop strabismus', vn ḥawal; طول (يطول), ṭiwil (yiṭwɑl), 'become long', vn ṭūl, ṭɑwɑlān, ava ṭɑ̄yil
	doubled	–	فَعّ faʿʿ	يِفَعّ yifaʿʿ	فَاعِع fāʿiʿ		فَعّ faʿʿ, فُعّ fuʿʿ, فِعّ fiʿʿ		مَلّ (يِمَلّ), mall (yimall), 'be bored' (different Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 833, م ل ل 1: mall (i), vn malal, malalān, ava mālil, pva mamlūl)
		3b		يِفِعّ yifiʿʿ					‏‏حبّ‎ (يحبّ)‎ ḥabb/yiḥíbb "love"; ‏ودّ (يودّ), wadd (yiwidd), 'desire', vn wadadān, widd, wudd, ava wādid, pva mawdūd	"حبّ" existing
		3c		يِفُعّ yifuʿʿ					‏‏حطّ‎ (يحطّ)‎ ḥaṭṭ/yiḥúṭṭ "put"	existing
II	strong	1a	فَعَّل faʿʿal	يِفَعَّل yifaʿʿal	مِفَعَّل mifaʿʿal​		تَفْعِيل tafʿīl		‏‏غيّر‎ (يغيّر)‎ ɣáyyaṛ/yiɣáyyaṛ "change"	Not done
		2b	فَعِّل faʿʿil	يِفَعِّل yifaʿʿil	مِفَعِّل mifaʿʿil​				‏‏درّس‎ (يدرّس)‎ dárris/yidárris "teach"	Not done
	defective	6b	فَعَّى faʿʿa	يِفَعِّي yifaʿʿi	مِفَعِّي mifaʿʿi​		تَفْعِيَّة tafʿiyya​ (~ تَفْعِيَة tafʿiya​)		‏‏خلّى‎ (يخلّي)‎ "keep"; سمّى, samma, 'name', vn tasmiyya, tasmiya (UEA), ava/pva misammi, pva musamma;ربّى, rɑbbɑ, 'rear', vn tarbiyya, tarbiya (UEA), ava/pva mirɑbbi	Not done
	hollow	(–)	فَعَّل faʿʿal	يِفَعَّل yifaʿʿal	مِفَعَّل mifaʿʿal​		تَفْعِيل tafʿīl	like strong
		(–)	فَعِّل faʿʿil	يِفَعِّل yifaʿʿil	مِفَعِّل mifaʿʿil​			like strong
	doubled	(–)	فَعَّع faʿʿaʿ	يِفَعَّع yifaʿʿaʿ	مِفَعَّع mifaʿʿaʿ​		تَفْعِيع tafʿīʿ	like strong	كرّر, kɑrrɑr, 'repeat' (from Abdel-Massih)
		(–)	فَعِّع faʿʿiʿ	يِفَعِّع yifaʿʿiʿ	مِفَعِّع mifaʿʿiʿ​			like strong	سبّب, sabbib, 'cause' (from Abdel-Massih)
III	strong	2b	فَاعِل fāʿil	يِفَاعِل yifāʿil	مِفَاعِل mifāʿil		مِفَعْلَة mifaʿla (مُفَعْلَة mufaʿla) or فِعَال fiʿāl		‏‏ذاكر‎ (يذاكر)‎ zá:kir/yizá:kir "study"	Not done
	defective	6b	فَاعَى fāʿa	يِفَاعِي yifāʿi	مِفَاعِي mifāʿi		مِفَعِيَّة mifaʿiyya or مُفَعَات mufaʿātfaʿayān		‏نادى (ينادي), nāda (yinādi), 'call', vn minadiyya, nida, nidāʾ, ava minādi; داوى (يداوي), dāwa (yidāwi), 'treat' (from Abdel-Massih, p. 303; Woidich 2006, p. 69), vn midawiyya, ava midāwi;ساوى (يساوي), sāwa (yisāwi), 'render level or even' (from Abdel-Massih, p. 303), vn misawiyya, ava/pva misāwi; دارى (يداري), dāra (yidāri), 'hide' (from Woidich 2006, p. 69), vn midariyya, ava midāri	Not done
	hollow	(–)	فَاعِل fāʿil	يِفَاعِل yifāʿil	مِفَاعِل mifāʿil		مِفَعْلَة mifaʿla (مُفَعْلَة mufaʿla) or فِعَال fiʿāl	like strong	عاين (يعاين), ʿāyin (yiʿāyin), 'inspect' (from Abdel-Massih, p. 4, 303), vn muʿayna, ava/pva miʿāyin; حاول (يحاول), ḥāwil (yiḥāwil), 'try' (from Abdel-Massih, p. 303), vn miḥawla, ava miḥāwil
		–	فَوعَل fōʿal	يِفَوعَل yifōʿal	مِفَوعَل mifōʿal			"meist eine krankhafte Entwicklung bezeichnenden Verben des Typs […]"	سورق, sōraq̶, 'faint', vn misorq̶a, ava misōraq̶; دوحس‎ (xxxxx), xxxxx (xxxxxx), 'xxxx'
		–	فَيعَل fēʿal	يِفَيعَل yifēʿal					‏‏قيلط‎ (يقيلط)‎ q̶ēlaṭ (yiq̶ēlaṭ) "develop a varicocele"
IV	strong	1b	أَفْعَل afʿal	يِفْعِل yifʿil	مِفْعِل mifʿil (مُفْعِل mufʿil)		اِفْعَال ifʿāl		‏أضرب, ɑḍrɑb, 'go on strike', vn iʿḍrɑ̄b, ava miḍrib, muḍrib; أعدم, aʿdam, 'execute' (from Abdel-Massih, p. 302), vn iʿdām, ava muʿdim, pva muʿdam	Not done
	defective	–	أَفْعَى afʿa	يِفْعِي yifʿi	مُفْعِي mufʿi		اِفْعَاء ifʿāʾ		أغرى (يغري), ɑghrɑ (yighri), 'allure', vn ighrɑ̄ʾ, ava mughri
	hollow	–	أَفَال afāl	يِفِيل yifīl	مُفِيل mufīl	مُفَال mufāl	اِفَالة ifāla		أزال (يزيل), azāl (yizīl), 'remove', vn izāla, ava muzīl;أعاد (يعيد), aʿād (yiʿīd), 'repeat', vn iʿāda, ava muʿīd; (from Watson 2002, p. 150:) أشار (يشير), ɑshɑ̄r (yishīr), 'refer' (UEA), vn ishɑ̄rɑ, ava mushīr, pva mushɑ̄r; ɑsɑ̄r (ث)
	doubled	3b	أَفَعّ afaʿʿ	يِفِعّ yifiʿʿ	مِفِعّ mifiʿʿ (مُفِعّ mufiʿʿ)		اِفْعَاع ifʿāʿ		‏أصرّ (يصرّ), ɑṣɑrr (yiṣirr), 'insist', vn iṣrɑ̄r, ava muṣirr	created
V	strong	1a	اِتْفَعَّل itfaʿʿal	يِتْفَعَّل yitfaʿʿal	مِتْفَعَّل mitfaʿʿal		usually vn of corresponding verb of form II or تَفَعُّل tafaʿʿul		‏‏اتمرّن‎ (يتمرّن)‎ itmáṛṛan/yitmáṛṛan "practice"	Not done
		2b	اِتْفَعِّل itfaʿʿil	يِتْفَعِّل yitfaʿʿil	مِتْفَعِّل mitfaʿʿil				‏‏اتكلّم‎ (يتكلّم)‎ "talk"	existing
	defective	6a	اِتْفَعَّى itfaʿʿa	يِتْفَعَّى yitfaʿʿa	مِتْفَعِّي mitfaʿʿi		usually II or تَفَعِّي tafaʿʿi		‏‏اتعوّى‎ (يتعوّى)‎ itʔáwwa/yitʔáwwa "become strong"	Not done
	hollow	(–)	اِتْفَعَّل itfaʿʿal	يِتْفَعَّل yitfaʿʿal	مِتْفَعَّل mitfaʿʿal		usually II or تَفَعُّل tafaʿʿul	like strong
		(–)	اِتْفَعِّل itfaʿʿil	يِتْفَعِّل yitfaʿʿil	مِتْفَعِّل mitfaʿʿil			like strong
	doubled	–	اِتْفَعَّع itfaʿʿaʿ	يِتْفَعَّع yitfaʿʿaʿ	مِتْفَعَّع mitfaʿʿaʿ		usually II or تَفَعُّع tafaʿʿuʿ	like strong	اتكرّر (يتكرّر), itkɑrrɑr (yitkɑrrɑr), 'be repeated', iva mitkɑrrɑr
		–	اِتْفَعِّع itfaʿʿiʿ	يِتْفَعِّع yitfaʿʿiʿ	مِتْفَعِّع mitfaʿʿiʿ			like strong	اتبدّد (يتبدّد), itbaddid (yitbaddid), 'be wasted', iva mitbaddid
VI	strong	2b	اِتْفَاعِل itfāʿil	يِتْفَاعِل yitfāʿil	مِتْفَاعِل mitfāʿil		usually vn of corresponding verb of form III or تَفَاعُل tafāʿul		اتكاتب (يتكاتب), itkātib (yitkātib), 'correspond with each other', ava mitkātib
	defective	6a	اِتْفَاعَى itfāʿa	يِتْفَاعَى yitfāʿa	مِتْفَاعِي mitfāʿi		usually III or تَفَاعِي tafāʿi		‏‏اتداوى‎ (يتداوى)‎ iddá:wa/yiddá:wa "be treated, be cured"	Not done
	hollow	(–)	اِتْفَاعِل itfāʿil	يِتْفَاعِل yitfāʿil	مِتْفَاعِل mitfāʿil		usually III or تَفَاعُل tafāʿul	like strong	‏اتحايل (يتحايل), itḥāyil (yitḥāyil), 'plead'; ‏اتعاون‎ (يتعاون)‎ itʕá:win/yitʕá:win "cooperate"	Not done
VIIn	strong	1b	اِنْفَعَل infaʿal	يِنْفِعِل yinfiʿil	مِنْفِعِل minfiʿil (مُنْفَعِل munfaʿil)		اِنْفِعَال infiʿāl	n-I "Nicht frei bildbar und auf bestimmte Wurzeln und Bedeutungen beschränkt"	‏انبسط (ينبسط), inbɑsɑṭ (yinbisiṭ), 'be pleased', vn inbisɑ̄ṭ, ava minbisiṭ	Not done
	defective	–	اِنْفَعَى infaʿa	يِنْفِعِي yinfiʿi	مُنْفَعِي munfaʿi		اِنْفِعَاء infiʿāʾ		‏‏انحكى‎ (ينحكي) (=اتحكى)‎ inḥáka/yinḥíki "be told"	Not done
	hollow	–	اِنْفَال infāl	يِنْفَال yinfāl	مُنْفَال munfāl		اِنْفِيَال infiyāl		‏‏انباع‎ (ينباع)‎ inbá:ʕ/yinbá:ʕ "be sold", iva minbaa3	Not done
		–	اِنْفَعَل infaʿal	يِنْفِعِل yinfiʿil	مِنْفِعِل minfiʿil				inxawat, 'be pestered'; indayan, 'fall in debt'
	doubled	–	اِنْفَعّ infaʿʿ	يِنْفَعّ yinfaʿʿ	مِنْفَعّ minfaʿʿ		اِنْفِعَاع infiʿāʿ		‏‏انبلّ‎ (ينبلّ)‎ inbáll/yinbáll "be wetted"	Not done
VIIt	strong	1b	اِتْفَعَل itfaʿal	يِتْفِعِل yitfiʿil	مِتْفِعِل mitfiʿil	usually PP of form I	"almost always" vn of source verb	like Classical Arabic some v. prim. w itt-…	‏‏اتوجد‎ (يتوجد)‎ itwágad/yitwígid "be found"	Not done
	defective	–	اِتْفَعَى itfaʿa	يِتْفِعِي yitfiʿi	مِتْفِعِي mitfiʿi	usually PP of form I		(like strong)	‏‏اتنسى‎ (يتنسي)‎ itnása/yitnísi "be forgotten", iva mitnisi; itḥaka be told, iva mitḥiki	Not done
	hollow	–	اِتْفَال itfāl	يِتْفَال yitfāl	مِتْفَال mitfāl				‏‏اتباع‎ (يتباع)‎ itbá:ʕ/yitbá:ʕ "be sold"	Not done
		–	اِتْفَعَل itfaʿal	يِتْفِعِل yitfiʿil	مِتْفِعِل mitfiʿil
	doubled	V3a	اِتْفَعّ itfaʿʿ	يِتْفَعّ yitfaʿʿ	مِتْفَعّ mitfaʿʿ	usually PP of form I			‏اتخضّ (يتخضّ), itkhɑḍḍ (yitkhɑḍḍ), 'be startled', iva mitkhɑḍḍ; ‏اتعدّ‎ (يتعدّ)‎ itʕádd/yitʕádd "be counted"	Not done
VIII	strong	1a	اِفْتَعَل iftaʿal	يِفْتَعَل yiftaʿal	مِفْتِعِل miftiʿil		اِفْتِعَال iftiʿāl	according to Woidich 2006, p. 69 exception, only gives ishtaghal	اشتغل‎ (يشتغل), ishtaghal (yishtaghal), 'work', vn: ishtighaal/shughl, ava: mishtighil	existing
		1b		يِفْتِعِل yiftiʿil					‏‏استلف‎ (يستلف)‎, vn: istilaaf 'borrow'; ‏‏استلم‎ (يستلم)‎ istálam/yistílim "receive"	Not done
	defective	6b	اِفْتَعَى iftaʿa	يِفْتِعِي yiftiʿi	مِفْتِعِي miftiʿi		اِفْتِعَاء iftiʿāʾ		‏‏اشترى‎ (يشتري)‎ iʃtára/yiʃtíri "buy"	existing
	hollow	5a	اِفْتَال iftāl	يِفْتَال yiftāl	مِفْتَال miftāl		اِفْتِيَال iftiyāl		‏‏اختار‎ (يختار)‎ ixtá:ṛ/yixtá:ṛ "choose"	Not done
	doubled	–	اِفْتَعّ iftaʿʿ	يِفْتَعّ yiftaʿʿ	مِفْتَعّ miftaʿʿ (مُفْتَعّ muftaʿʿ)		اِفْتِعَاع iftiʿāʿ		‏‏اهتمّ‎ (يهتمّ)‎ ihtámm/yihtámm "be interested (in)"	Not done
IX	strong	3a	اِفْعَلّ ifʿall	يِفْعَلّ yifʿall	مِفْعِلّ mifʿill		اِفْعِلَال ifʿilāl	colors and physical characteristics; in most cases corresponding to aF3aL adjective, exceptions: i7laww (7ilw) and idla33	‏‏احمرّ‎ (يحمرّ)‎ iḥmáṛṛ/yiḥmáṛṛ "be red, blush"	Not done
	defective	(–)					اِفْعَاء ifʿāʾ??? (TODO)	like strong	احلوّ, iḥlaww, 'become pretty' (from Abdel-Massih, p. 295), ava miḥliww
	hollow	(–)					اِفْعِلَال ifʿilāl	like strong	ابيضّ, ibyɑḍḍ, 'become white' (from Abdel-Massih, p. 303), ava mibyiḍḍ; اسودّ, iswadd, 'become black' (from Abdel-Massih, p. 303), vn iswidād (UEA), ava miswidd
X	strong	1a	اِسْتَفْعَل istafʿal	يِسْتَفْعَل yistafʿal	مِسْتَفْعَل mistafʿal		اِسْتِفْعَال istifʿāl	form X: can also be isti- before single consonant; a/i rules like form 2 (Woidich-scan of that not readable)	‏‏استغرب‎ (يستغرب)‎ istɑghrɑb/yistɑghrɑb "be surprised", vn istighrɑ̄b, ava mistɑghrɑb	Not done
		1b		يِسْتَفْعِل yistafʿil	مِسْتَفْعِل mistafʿil				‏‎استمتع (يستمتع), istamtaʿ (yistamtiʿ), 'derive enjoyment' (source for vocalization: only El Dik, p. XII), vn istimtāʿ, ava mistamtiʿ	Not done
		2b	اِسْتَفْعِل istafʿil						‏‏استعمل‎ (يستعمل)‎ istáʕmil/yistáʕmil "use", vn istiʿmāl, ava mustaʿmil, ava/pva mistaʿmil, pva mustaʿmal; istaahi, yistaahil, 'deserve' here? (is now in doubled)	"استعمل" existing
	defective	6a	اِسْتَفْعَى istafʿa	يِسْتَفْعَى yistafʿa	مِسْتَفْعِي mistafʿi		اِسْتِفَاء istifāʾ	choice between these two also dependent on speaker	‏استكفى (يستكفى), istakfa (yistakfa), 'have enough' (vocalisation: enwiki), vn istikfa, ava mistakfi; استغبى (يستغبى), istaghba (yistaghba), 'consider stupid or foolish' (vocalisation: El Dik), ava mistaghbi	Not done
		–		يِسْتَفْعِي yistafʿi					Woidich 2006, p. 71: istagla, yistagli "aufdecken", vn istigla/istiglaa2(^), ava mistagli; istad3a, yistad3i "aufrufen"; istagra, yistagri "wagen"
	hollow	5b	اِسْتَفَال istafāl	يِسْتَفِيل yistafīl	مِسْتَفِيل mistafīl	مُسْتَفَال mustafāl	اِسْتِفَالة istifāla	in nonstandard dialect also يِسْتَفَال imperfect	‏‏استعال‎ (يستعيل)‎ istaʔá:l/yistaʔí:l "resign" (in quick search not found in lughatuna and Hinds & Badawi 1986); استفاد‎ (يستفيد\يستقاد), istafād (yistafīd/yistafād (LLEA)), 'derive benefit', vn istifāda, ava mistifīd, mustafīd; استقام (يستقيم), istaq̶ām (yistiq̶īm), 'become right or proper', vn istiq̶āma, ava mustaq̶īm, mistiq̶īm; (from Watson 2002, p. 150:) استشار (يستشير), istashɑ̄r (yistashīr), 'consult', vn istishɑ̄rɑ, ava mistishīr, mustashīr, pva mustashɑ̄r; istɑsɑ̄r (ث) (UEA)	Not done
		–	اِسْتَفْعَل istafʿal	يِسْتَفْعَل yistafʿal	مِسْتَفْعَل mistafʿal		اِسْتِفْعَال istifʿāl	denominal like strong	استلوح (يستلوح), istalwaḥ (yistalwaḥ), 'act like a dullard', istilwāḥ, ava mistalwaḥ
		–	اِسْتَفْعِل istafʿil	يِسْتَفْعِل yistafʿil	مِسْتَفْعِل mistafʿil				استموت (يستموت), istamwit (yistamwit), 'pretend to be on one's death-bed', vn istimwāt, ava mistamwit
	doubled	–	اِسْتَفَعّ istafaʿʿ	يِسْتَفَعّ yistafaʿʿ	مِسْتَفَعّ mistafaʿʿ		اِسْتِفْعَاع istifʿāʿ		‏استحقّ (يستحقّ), istaḥaq̶q̶ (yistaḥaq̶q̶), 'deserve', vn istiḥq̶āq̶, ava/pva mistaḥaq̶q̶	Not done
		3b		يِسْتَفِعّ yistafiʿʿ	مِسْتَفِعّ mistafiʿʿ (مُسْتَفِعّ mustafiʿʿ)				‏استمرّ (يستمرّ), istɑmɑrr (yistamirr), 'continue', vn istimrɑ̄r, ava mustamirr;استزلّ (يستزلّ), istazall (yistazill), 'subjugate', ava mistizill	Not done
ista-+II	strong	1a	اِسْتَفَعَّل istafaʿʿal	يِسْتَفَعَّل yistafaʿʿal	مِسْتَفَعِّل mistafaʿʿil		vn of corresponding verb of form X, even if that verb does not exist	AP adapted from Abdel-Massih, p. 5 see Woidich 2006, p. 71, 2.3.3.2.4 ista-Stamm (Stamm X): istaKKiK ~ istaKKaK, b. for ista/i-+III/Iq	‏استلقّف (يستلقّف), istilaq̶q̶af (yistilaq̶q̶af), 'catch (sth. thrown)', ava mistilaq̶q̶if;استأكّد (يستأكّد), istiʾakkid (yistiʾakkid), 'be quite sure', ava mistiʾakkid	Not done
	defective	6a	اِسْتَفَعَّى istafaʿʿa	يِسْتَفَعَّى yistafaʿʿa	مِسْتَفَعِّي mistafaʿʿi				‏استمنّى, istimanna, 'long for', ava mistimanni; استهجّى (يستهجّى), istahagga (yistahagga), 'spell', ava mistahaggi; ‏استحمّى‎ (يستحمّى)‎ "bathe", vn istiḥmām (UEA), ava mistaḥammi (TODO: considering the root given by H/B (ح م م) this does not belong here as defective!!??)	"استحمّى" created
	hollow	(–)	اِسْتَفَعَّل istafaʿʿal	يِسْتَفَعَّل yistafaʿʿal	مِسْتَفَعَّل mistafaʿʿal			like strong	‏استريّح (يستريّح), istarayyaḥ/istirayyaḥ (yistarayyaḥ), 'rest', ava mistarayyaḥ, mistirayyaḥ (Woidich 2006, p. 85: AP: mistarayyaḥ)‎
	doubled​	(–)
ista-+III	strong	–	اِسْتَفَاعِل istafāʿil	يِسْتَفَاعِل yistafāʿil			???		Woidich 2006, p. 71: استآمن, istiʾāmin, 'feel safe' (UEA), ava mistiʾāmin; استبارك, istibārik, 'receive a blessing', iva mistibārik
Iq	strong	1a	فَعْلَق faʿlaq	يِفَعْلَق yifaʿlaq	مِفَعْلَق mifaʿlaq		فَعْلَقَة faʿlaqa		‏لخبط (لخبط), lɑkhbɑṭ (yilɑkhbɑṭ), 'confuse', vn lɑkhbɑṭɑ, ava/pva milɑkhbɑṭ; دحرج (يدحرج), dɑḥrɑg (yidɑḥrɑg), 'roll', vn dɑḥrɑgɑ, ava/pva midɑḥrɑg	Not done
		2b	فَعْلِق faʿliq	يِفَعْلِق yifaʿliq	مِفَعْلِق mifaʿliq				‏‏خربش‎ (يخربش)‎ xárbiʃ/yixárbiʃ "scratch"	existing
IIq	strong	1a	اِتْفَعْلَق itfaʿlaq	يِتْفَعْلَق yitfaʿlaq	مِتْفَعْلَق mitfaʿlaq		like Iq or تِفَعْلِيق tifaʿlīq		‏اتلخبط (يتلخبط), itlɑkhbɑṭ (yitlɑkhbɑṭ), 'become confused', ava/iva mitlɑkhbɑṭ	Not done
		2b	اِتْفَعْلِق itfaʿliq	يِتْفَعْلِق yitfaʿliq	مِتْفَعْلِق mitfaʿliq				اتشعلل (يتشعلل), itshaʿlil (yitshaʿlil), 'flare up', ava/iva mitshaʿlil; اتحنجل (يتحنجل), itḥangil (yitḥangil), 'hop on one foot', vn tiḥangīl, ava/iva mitḥangil	Not done
IVq	strong	–	اِفْعَلَقّ ifʿalaqq	يِفْعَلِقّ yifʿaliqq	مِفْعَلِقّ mifʿaliqq		اِفْعِلْقَاق ifʿilqāq		اقشعرّ (يقشعرّ), xxxxx (xxxxx), 'shudder' (not in H/B); اطمأنّ (يطمئنّ), iṭmɑʾɑnn (yiṭmɑʾinn), 'gain peace of mind', vn iṭmiʾnān, ava muṭmɑʾinn
ista-~ isti-+ 4rad.	strong	–							استرخرخ (يسترخرخ), istirakhrakh (yistirakhrakh), 'become loose or flabby', ava mistirakhrakh

Note: XI is not the same as MSA XI (maybe put in a note)

• regexes:
  • to insert lang tag template: <big>(.+?)</big> => {{lang|arz|$1}}
  • to make Hinds/Badawi sfn: <ref>H/B, ([^,]*), p. ([0-9–]*)</ref> => {{sfn|Hinds|Badawi|1986|p=$2|loc=$1}}
  • <ref>{{harvnb\|([^}]*)}}</ref> => {{sfn|$1}}

TODO:

• CURRENT STATE: vn column finished in a first state (2022-11-12)
• common derived AP missing: VIIt R3=G; X 1a, 2b; X+II R2=G, doubled; X+III; ista+Iq (=8 (3 until X); fa3laan adjective (Watson term)
•  Done check whitespace/line breaks for verbal noun column
• use better source for verbal noun column than Spitta (only form 1 sound?) (I've written a section in mainspace based on Gadalla)
• add anchors for quadriliteral patterns and revise all anchors
•  Done evaluate APs from Abdel-Massih after mitbargil Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, p. 5, Active participles: Derivation
• evaluate verbal noun patterns from Abdel-Massih (done until form X, following text might not be completely evaluated)
• make the non-existence of examples for doubled roots for some patterns explicit by adding rows with footnotes or otherwise
• other source for X1b???
• evaluate Woidich 2006 vn for derived forms of defective roots, ends simply -la, is similarly given somewhere in H/B I think
• bring note on AP and PP meaning of transitive verb participles to all forms
• form III disease verbs: maybe adapt Wikidata to "oo"/"ee"?
• evaluate Fathi 2023 for u-perfect and all kind (verbal?) ablaut

Questions:

• pronunciation:
  • "اقشعرّ" (transcribed in Abdel-Massih with "q"). A teacher: pronounced "q" because of the initial i-, this is always like that
  • emphasis spreading from H/B that I think doesn't comply with Watson 2002: istashɑ̄r, ṭɑwɑlān
• (more) examples for:
  • X+II R2=G, doubled; X+III; ista+Iq, ista7amma

Participles

Active participle

Apart from form I the active participle can be derived by taking the 3rd person masculine singular of the imperfect and replacing the prefix يِـ, yi- by مِـ, mi-. The final ـى, -a of defective verbs of the forms V, t-III and the ista-forms is replaced by ـي, -i. In form IX the 'a' of the imperfect is replaced by 'i' resulting in the pattern مِفْعِلّ, mifʿill.

Same seems to be the case for ista+II and Iq, resulting in:

• مِسْتَفَعِّل, mistafaʿʿil, cf. the table above, the example from Abdel-Massih is ‏استلقّف‎‎ (يِسْتَلَقَّف), xxxxx (xxxxx), 'catch (sth. thrown)' for which Hinds & Badawi 1986, p. 796 gives the AP mistilaQQif,
• مِفَعْلِل – xxxxx mifaʿlil.

Passive participle

Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, pp. 196–199, Passive participles: Derivation:

"the passive participle is derived from:"

1. Transitive verbs
2. Verbs whose action is transmitted to a recipient by means of a preposition
3. Passive verbs

often same form as AP

Classicization of participles

For active and passive participles, educated speakers usually use the prefix مُـ, mu- instead of مِـ, mi- with another change imitating Standard Arabic, the insertion of ـَ, a before the first radical in forms V, VI and IIq.

In addition, for passive participles they use a/ā instead of the i/ī of the active participle before the last radical.

Classicisms esp. with form IV.

Differentiation of AP and PP by educated speakers:

• classicism with "a" for PP for differentiation
• sometimes this cannot be used, then:
  • AP from active form, PP from passive form
  • mi- for AP, mu- for PP ("usually employed when the verb is an active form with no corresponding passive form")

References

• Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981:
  • Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, pp. 292–298, Verb: Triliterals classified by stem measure
  • Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, p. 288, Verb: Quadriliterals classified by stem measure
  • Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, pp. 4–6, Active participles: Derivation
  • Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, pp. 196–199, Passive participles: Derivation
  • Abdel-Massih, Abdel-Malek & Badawi 1981, pp. 300–306, Verbal nouns: Derivation
• El Dik & Iskander 2021
• Gadalla 2000:
  • Gadalla 2000, pp. 130–137, 3.2.1. Verbal Nouns
  • Gadalla 2000, pp. 195–201, 4.7.1 The Active Participle
  • Gadalla 2000, pp. 201–206, 4.7.2 The Passive Participle
• Spitta 1880:
  • Spitta 1880
• Watson 2002:
  • Watson 2002, pp. 144–149, 6.5.6.2 Doubled verbs
  • Watson 2002, pp. 149–152, 6.5.6.3 Hollow verbs
  • Watson 2002, pp. 156–158, 6.5.7.2 The faᶜlān adjective
  • Watson 2002, pp. 158–159, 6.5.7.3 Verbal participles of derived verbs
  • Watson 2002, pp. 159–163, 6.5.7.4 Verbal nouns of derived verbs
• Woidich 1995
• Woidich 2006:
  • Woidich 2006, pp. 83–86, 2.3.7 Das Partizip: Woidich 2006, pp. 83–85, 2.3.7.1 Das aktive Partizip; Woidich 2006, pp. 85–86, 2.3.7.2 Das passive Partizip;
  • Woidich 2006, pp. 86–89, 2.3.8 Das Verbalnomen (Infinitiv, maṣdar)
    • Woidich 2006, pp. 87–88, 2.3.8.2 Verbalstämme

Examples to use

if available take first (=most used) example from El Dik & Iskander 2021 otherwise from [3] or from the introduction of El Dik & Iskander 2021, if nothing else fall back to Spitta 1880

TODO: test if Wiktionary entry is already created, if not create it

• general: numbers from El Dik & Iskander 2021, p. XIV without strong verbs 1 and 2
  • defective
    • 6 (L = alif (maqsura))
    • 6' (+F = hamza)
    • 7 (L = yaa)
  • hollow
    • 5
  • doubled
    • 3
  • hamza
    • 4 (F = hamza)
    • 6': see above
  • no C3, only C1, C2
    • 8

Syntax

Nominal phrase

Attributive Verbindungen

See Woidich 2006, pp. 196–203, 4.3.3 Attributive Verbindungen

Adjectives as attributes

• plural of things -> declined adjective in feminine form
• plural of a small number of things -> optionally declined adjective in plural form
• plural of persons -> declined adjective in plural form

nisba adjectives only decline if referring to female persons

If for an adjective both broken and sound plural forms exist, there might be rule when to use which (according to my personal oral information).

Verbal phrase

See Woidich 2006, pp. 245–333, Syntax III: Die Verbalphrase

Active participles

See:

• Woidich 2006, pp. 283-, 5.7.1.6 Das aktive Partizip
• Eisele, John C. (1999), Arabic Verbs in Time: Tense and Aspect in Cairene Arabic, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wikidata Q125134740
  • review: Stewart, Devin J. (April 2003). "Arabic Verbs in Time: Tense and Aspect in Cairene Arabic. By JOHN C. EISELE. Semitica Viva, vol. 20. Wiesbaden: HARRASSOWITZ VERLAG, 1999. Pp. xi + 264. DM 78". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 123 (2): 434. doi:10.2307/3217711. ISSN 0003-0279. Wikidata Q125134754.
• Woidich, Manfred (1975). "Zur Funktion des aktiven Partizips im Kairenisch-Arabischen". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (in German). 125 (2): 273–293. ISSN 0341-0137. JSTOR 43373069. Wikidata Q125134260.
• Audebert, Claude (1994). "Le cas du participe actif dans le parler du Caire: vers une grammaire à usage didactique". Bulletin d'etudes orientales (in French). 46: 53–76. ISSN 0253-1623. JSTOR 41608377. Wikidata Q125134190. (cf. also Compte-rendu de lecture)

according to native teacher: usages:

• like simple present (lissa = already)
• for something in a state/like present progressive or near future
• like past perfect/present perfect (this is like resultative described by Woidich 2006?)

Conditional sentences

1) real conditional sentence – شَطْر هَقِيْقِي
Vordersatz – شَطْر			Nachsatz – مَشْرُوْط عَلِيْه
إِذَا لَو إِن		[مَاضِي] كَان + [مْضَارِع مِن غِيْر بِيْه]	(+لَ)	[عُمْر] [مُضَارِع بِبِيْه] [مُسْتَقْبَل] [أسْم فَائِل]
لَو لَو إِنَّك		[مْضَارِع مِن غِيْر بِيْه]
2) unreal conditional sentence – شَطْر غِيْر هَقِيْقِي

Literature

should get sorted inside the categories by date of original publication (or real new edition) TODO: probably sort like the sorting in Woidich 2006

Dictionaries etc.

• Spiro, Socrates (1895), An Arabic-English Vocabulary of the Colloquial Arabic of Egypt: Containing the Vernacular Idioms and Expressions, Slang Phrases, Etc., Etc., Used by the Native Egyptians (1st ed.), Cairo, London: Al-Mokattam Printing Office, OL 23278588M, Wikidata Q112067807
• Spiro, Socrates (1897), An English-Arabic vocabulary of the modern and colloquial Arabic of Egypt, Cairo: Al-Mokattam Printing Office, Wikidata Q112764804
• Athanasius, Atallah (1953), A medical phrasebook and vocabulary in English and Arabic, Cairo: Nile Mission Press, Wikidata Q112069267
• Hinds, Martin; Badawi, El-Said (1986). A Dictionary of Egyptian Arabic. Beirut: Librairie du Liban Publishers. ISBN 978-1-85341-003-1. OCLC 928122887. OL 15378288M. Wikidata Q112961267.
  • supplement: Stewart, Devin J. (1994). "A Contribution to the Lexicography of Egyptian Arabic". Journal of Arabic Linguistics (28): 36–86. ISSN 0170-026X. JSTOR 43525646. Wikidata Q112790814.
  • errata:
    • p. 356, راح: imperfect vowel "(u)" is missing
• Woidich, Manfred (2020). Wörterbuch Deutsch - Ägyptisch-Arabisch (in German). Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. ISBN 978-3-95490-532-4. OCLC 1240398871. Wikidata Q124212670. (ULB Münster Islam (OSM) BC 128; DAI Kairo)
  • review: Schmidt, Charlotte (1 December 2022). "Woidich, Manfred: Wörterbuch Deutsch – Ägyptisch-Arabisch. Wiesbaden: Reichert 2020. 811 S. 8°. Hardbd. € 98,00. ISBN 978-3-95490-532-4". Orientalistische Literaturzeitung. 117 (6): 499–501. doi:10.1515/OLZG-2022-0155. ISSN 0030-5383. Wikidata Q124213085.

Grammar etc.

• Spitta, Wilhelm (1880), Grammatik des arabischen Vulgärdialectes von Ägypten (in German), Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs, OCLC 14714297, OL 23438029M, Wikidata Q112070596
• Aboul-Fetouh, Hilmi Mohammed (1 April 1969). A morphological study of Egyptian colloquial Arabic. De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9783111659053. ISBN 978-3-11-127467-6. OL 37132644M. Wikidata Q112071455.
  • errata:
    • 7.153, p. 104: replace "consittute" with "constitute"
• Wise, Hilary (1975). A Transformational Grammar of Spoken Egyptian Arabic. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-15670-3. OL 4938986M. Wikidata Q113730773.
  • review: James R. Hurford (July 1977). "A transformational grammar of spoken Egyptian Arabic". Lingua. 42 (2–3): 265–270. doi:10.1016/0024-3841(77)90041-9. ISSN 0024-3841. Wikidata Q115188389.
  • review: Killean, Carolyn G. (September 1977). "A Transformational Grammar of Spoken Egyptian Arabic". Language. 53 (3): 704–706. doi:10.2307/413190. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 413190. Wikidata Q113731168.
• Woidich, Manfred (1975). "Zur Funktion des aktiven Partizips im Kairenisch-Arabischen". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (in German). 125 (2): 273–293. ISSN 0341-0137. JSTOR 43373069. Wikidata Q125134260.
• Eisele, John C. (1999), Arabic Verbs in Time: Tense and Aspect in Cairene Arabic, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wikidata Q125134740
  • review: Stewart, Devin J. (April 2003). "Arabic Verbs in Time: Tense and Aspect in Cairene Arabic. By JOHN C. EISELE. Semitica Viva, vol. 20. Wiesbaden: HARRASSOWITZ VERLAG, 1999. Pp. xi + 264. DM 78". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 123 (2): 434. doi:10.2307/3217711. ISSN 0003-0279. Wikidata Q125134754.
• Audebert, Claude (1994). "Le cas du participe actif dans le parler du Caire: vers une grammaire à usage didactique". Bulletin d'etudes orientales (in French). 46: 53–76. ISSN 0253-1623. JSTOR 41608377. Wikidata Q125134190. (cf. also Compte-rendu de lecture)
• Woidich, Manfred (2006). Das Kairenisch-Arabische: Eine Grammatik. Porta linguarum Orientalium (in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-05315-0. OL 19689820M. Wikidata Q113722341. (ULB Münster Ng 57 c1, UB München 1207/Mh 321)
  • review: Ambros, Arne A. (9 February 2007). "Das Kairenisch-Arabische. Eine Grammatik By Manfred Woidich". Journal of Islamic Studies. 18 (2): 286–288. doi:10.1093/JIS/ETM022. ISSN 0955-2340. Wikidata Q113734337.
  • review: Bentlage, Björn (15 July 2009). "Manfred Woidich: Das Kairenisch-Arabische". sehepunkte (in German) (9). ISSN 1618-6168. Wikidata Q113733749.
  • review: Drozdík, Ladislav (2008). "Grammar of Cairo Arabic" (PDF). Asian and African Studies. 17 (1): 111–122. ISSN 1335-1257. Wikidata Q113729988.
  • review: Kaye, Alan S. (October 2010). "Das Kairenisch-Arabische: Eine Grammatik". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 69 (2). University of Chicago Press: 279. doi:10.1086/658980. ISSN 0022-2968. JSTOR 10.1086/658980. Wikidata Q113740925.
  • errata:
    • 2.3.8.2, p. 88: "inKiKāK" instead of "inKikāK"
    • 2.4.2.1.3, p. 99: ru2ayya2, Sughayyar, q(2)uSayyar listed as "KuKayyiK ~ KiKayyiK"
    • 2.4.2.1.3, p. 99: "KvKvKKv": not centered
    • 2.4.9.3.1, p. 115: "Struktur" instead of "Striktur"
    • 2.4.9.6, p. 124: "KuKaKi" instead of "KuKaki"

Textbooks and teaching material

• Mitchell, T. F., An Introduction to Egyptian Colloquial Arabic, Wikidata Q114400829
  • Mitchell, T. F. (1960), An Introduction to Egyptian Colloquial Arabic, London: Oxford University Press, Wikidata Q114400915
  • Mitchell, T. F. (1978). An Introduction to Egyptian Colloquial Arabic. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-815148-9. OL 18702205M. Wikidata Q114400645.
• Woidich, Manfred, Ahlan wa Sahlan. Eine Einführung in die Kairoer Umgangssprache (in German), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, Wikidata Q113720245
  • Woidich, Manfred (1990), Ahlan wa Sahlan. Eine Einführung in die Kairoer Umgangssprache (in German) (1st ed.), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, Wikidata Q113720291
• review: Malina, Renate (1991). "Manfred Woidich: Ahlan wa sahlan. Eine Einführung in die Kairoer Umgangssprache". Wiener Zeitschrift fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes (in German). 81: 270–271. ISSN 0084-0076. JSTOR 23865642. Wikidata Q113720639.
  • Woidich, Manfred (1991). Ahlan wa Sahlan. Schlüssel (in German). Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. ISBN 978-3-88226-517-0. OL 33976691M. Wikidata Q113720086.
  • Woidich, Manfred (2002). Ahlan wa Sahlan. Eine Einführung in die Kairoer Umgangssprache (in German) (2nd ed.). Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89500-265-6. OL 33992105M. Wikidata Q113719666. (ULB Münster Ng 57 b2)
• El Dik, Dina; Iskander, Emad (14 September 2021). Yalla!: Let's Learn Egyptian Colloquial Arabic Verbs. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-977-416-909-0. OCLC 1286878505. OL 28920005M. Wikidata Q111664200.
• Woidich, Manfred; Heinen-Nasr, Rabha (2004). kullu tamam!: An Introduction to Egyptian Colloquial Arabic. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-977-424-842-9. OL 17147479M. S2CID 190760148. Wikidata Q114414316.
• Hassan, Mona Kamel (8 September 2020). Keda Mazbuut: A Grammar Book of Egyptian Colloquial Arabic with Exercises. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-977-416-923-6. OL 34077913M. Wikidata Q114414617.

Varia before 1920

• Pizzi, Italo (1886), Piccolo Manuale Dell'Arabo Volgare D'Egitto (in Italian), Florence: Le Monnier, Wikidata Q113718197
• Sterlich, Rinaldo de (1888), Manuale di arabo volgare ad uso specialmente di coloro che viaggiano sul territorio egiziano;raccolta di 1200 vocaboli e 600 frasi più usuali (in Italian), Milan: Hoepli, Wikidata Q113717290 (TODO: correct name splitting?)
• Nallino, Carlo Alfonso (1900), L'arabo parlato in Egitto (in Italian), Wikidata Q126898342
  • Nallino, Carlo Alfonso (1900), L'arabo parlato in Egitto. Grammatica, dialoghi e raccolta di circa 6000 vocaboli (in Italian), Milan: Hoepli, OL 14017912M, Wikidata Q113686588
  • Nallino, Carlo Alfonso (1913), L'arabo parlato in Egitto: grammatica, dialoghi e raccolta di vocaboli (in Italian) (2nd ed.), Milan: Hoepli, Wikidata Q126898323
• J. Selden Willmore, The Spoken Arabic of Egypt, OCLC 16395111, OL 18128340W, Wikidata Q111728772
  • J. Selden Willmore (1901), The Spoken Arabic of Egypt, London: David Nutt, OL 24180494M, Wikidata Q111728704
  • J. Selden Willmore (1905), The Spoken Arabic of Egypt, London: David Nutt, OL 23339261M, Wikidata Q111728758 (2nd rev. and enl. ed., 1905-1913) (TODO: add "A key to the exercises in the Spoken Arabic of Egypt. London, D. Nutt, 1913. 88 p."[4])
• Betts, W. A. (1902), Egyptian Arabic Primer, Wikidata Q112071172
• W. H. T. (William Henry Temple) Gairdner; Sheik Kurayyim Sallām (1917), Egyptian colloquial Arabic: a conversation grammar and reader, Cambridge: Heffers, OL 6606809M, Wikidata Q127002023
• Adolf Dirr; W. H. (William Hearle) Lyall (1904), Dirr's colloquial Egyptian Arabic grammar, for the use of tourists, OCLC 1042985385, OL 14004826M, Wikidata Q127003526
• D. A. Cameron (1892), An Arabic-English Vocabulary for the Use of English Students of Modern Egyptian Arabic, London: Bernard Quaritch Ltd, OCLC 4658617, OL 6601566M, Wikidata Q127006763

Varia after 1950

• Abdel-Malek, Zaki N. (1972). The Closed-List Classes of Colloquial Egyptian Arabic. The Hague, Paris: Uitgeverij Mouton & Co. doi:10.1515/9783110907520. ISBN 978-90-279-2322-6. OL 37085710M. Wikidata Q113721376.
• Aldrich, Matthew (13 November 2016). The Big Fat Book of Egyptian Arabic Verbs. ISBN 978-0-9858160-9-4. OL 32942102M. Wikidata Q113103922.
• Ernest T. Abdel-Massih, A Comprehensive Study of Egyptian Arabic, Wikidata Q112064727 (available on hathitrust)
  • A comprehensive study of Egyptian Arabic (1st edition) (1st ed.), Wikidata Q114898557
  • A comprehensive study of Egyptian Arabic (2nd edition) (2nd ed.), Wikidata Q114898614
    • Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. (1978). A comprehensive study of Egyptian Arabic, vol. 1: Conversations, cultural texts, sociolinguistic notes. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Ann Arbor: Center for Near Eastern and North African Studies. ISBN 978-0-932098-11-5. OCLC 777140122. OL 11480326M. Wikidata Q112066001.
  • A comprehensive study of Egyptian Arabic (3rd edition, 1981 printing) (3rd ed.), Wikidata Q114898114
    • Abdel-Massih, Ernest T.; Abdel-Malek, Zaki N.; Badawi, El-Said M. (1981). A comprehensive study of Egyptian Arabic, vol. 3: A reference grammar of Egyptian Arabic. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Ann Arbor: Center for Near Eastern and North African Studies. ISBN 978-0-932098-13-9. OCLC 901290516. OL 11480328M. Wikidata Q114897991.
      • errata:
        • p. 294: first pattern of II sound imperfect should read "yiFaʕʕaL" instead of "yiFaʕʕiL"
        • p. 303: verbal noun of X hollow should read "istiFaaLa" instead of "istaFaaLa" matching the two examples and other sources like examples from Hinds/Badawi
  • Abdel-Massih, Ernest T.; Abdel-Malek, Zaki N.; Badawi, El-Said M. (January 2009). A Reference Grammar of Egyptian Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-1-58-901260-8. LCCN 2008046574. OCLC 234435278. OL 22659380M. Wikidata Q114892788.

• Pipes, Daniel (1983), An Arabist's Guide to Egyptian Colloquial (PDF), Wikidata Q112063756
• Ernest T. Abdel-Massih (2011). An introduction to Egyptian Arabic. Ann Arbor. ISBN 978-1-60785-213-1. Wikidata Q112067795.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• An Egyptian Alphabet for the Egyptian People (2nd ed.), OCLC 1044631026, Wikidata Q112128447
• Osman, Ahmed (2021), A methodological approach to utilize Egyptian colloquial Arabic as a source for ancient Egyptian linguistic analysis, Wikidata Q112242576
• Prokosch, Erich (1983), Osmanisches Wortgut im Ägyptisch-Arabischen (in German), Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, Wikidata Q112613090: a second edition has been published
• Harrell, Richard S. (1957), The Phonology of Colloquial Egyptian Arabic, New York City: American Council of Learned Societies, Wikidata Q113667309
  • review: T. F. Mitchell (October 1958). "Richard S. Harrell: The phonology of colloquial Egyptian Arabic. (American Council of Learned Societies. Program in Oriental Languages. Publications, Series B—Aids—No.9.) [v]. 90 pp. New York: American Council of Learned Societies, 1957". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 21 (3): 635–637. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00060304. ISSN 0041-977X. Wikidata Q113667299.
• Peter Behnstedt; Manfred Woidich, Die ägyptisch-arabischen Dialekte (in German), Wiesbaden, Wikidata Q112249379 (Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients / Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients / Reihe B / Geisteswissenschaften ; Nr. 50)
  • Band 1. Einleitung und anmerkungen zu den Karten (DNB 850435145)
  • vol. 2: Peter Behnstedt; Manfred Woidich (1985). Dialektatlas von Ägypten (in German). Wiesbaden. ISBN 3-88226-227-3. OCLC 158521151. OL 2766206M. Wikidata Q123378938.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Band 3. Texte I. Delta-Dialekte
  • Band 3. Texte. II. Niltaldialekte - III. Oasendialekte
  • Band 4. Glossar Arabisch-Deutsch
  • Band 5. Glossar Deutsch-Arabisch.
• Behnstedt, Peter (1980). "Zum ursprünglichen Dialekt von Alexandria". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (in German). 130 (1): 35–50. ISSN 0341-0137. JSTOR 43376412. Wikidata Q112250781.
• Behnstedt, Peter (1981). "Weitere koptische Lehnwörter im Ägyptisch-Arabischen". Die Welt Des Orients (in German). 12: 81–98. ISSN 0043-2547. Wikidata Q113674163.
• Behnstedt, Peter (1978). "Zur Dialektgeographie des Nildeltas". Journal of Arabic Linguistics (in German) (1): 64–92. ISSN 0170-026X. JSTOR 43530326. Wikidata Q113686530.
• Behnstedt, Peter (2005). "Coptic Loanwords". Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. 1: 501–505. doi:10.1163/1570-6699_EALL_EALL_COM_0071. Wikidata Q114434629.
• Björnesjö, Sophia (31 December 1996). "L'arabisation de l'Égypte : le témoignage papyrologique". Egypte/monde arabe (27–28): 93–106. doi:10.4000/EMA.1923. ISSN 1110-5097. Wikidata Q113680966.
• Blanc, Haim (1981). Egyptian Arabic in the Seventeenth Century: Notes on the Judeo-Arabic Passages of Darxe No‘am (Venice, 1697). pp. 185–202. ISBN 978-965-223-383-7. Wikidata Q113680924. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
• Woidich, Manfred (2010). "Von der wörtlichen Rede zur Sachprosa: Zur Entwicklung der Ägyptisch-Arabischen Dialektliteratur" (PDF). Dialektliteratur heute – regional und international. Forschungskolloquium am Interdisziplinären Zentrum für Dialektforschung an der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 19.11.2009–20.11.2009 (in German). Wikidata Q113680977.
• Woidich, Manfred (31 December 1996). "Rural Dialect of Egyptian Arabic: An Overview". Egypte/monde arabe (27–28): 325–354. doi:10.4000/EMA.1952. ISSN 1110-5097. Wikidata Q113680514.
• Woidich, Manfred (1993). "Die Dialekte der ägyptischen Oasen: westliches oder östliches Arabisch?". Journal of Arabic Linguistics (in German). 25: 340–359. ISSN 0170-026X. JSTOR 43513467. Wikidata Q113680549.
• Woidich, Manfred (1978). "Bemerkungen zu den arabischen Dialekten Mittelägyptens". Journal of Arabic Linguistics (in German) (1): 54–63. ISSN 0170-026X. Wikidata Q113686552.

• Gary, Judith Olmsted; Gamal-Eldin, Saad M. (1982), Cairene Egyptian Colloquial Arabic, Croom Helm, Wikidata Q113732603
• Munzel, Kurt (1958), Ägyptisch-arabischer Sprachführer (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, Wikidata Q113751787
  • Munzel, Kurt (1958), Ägyptisch-arabischer Sprachführer (in German) (1st ed.), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, Wikidata Q113751704
    • review: Steppat, Fritz (1959). "Kurt Munzel: Ägyptisch-arabischer Sprachführer. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1958. 242 S. 14, - DM". Die Welt des Islams. 6 (1): 161–162. doi:10.1163/157006059X00304. ISSN 0043-2539. Wikidata Q113751541.
  • Munzel, Kurt (1983). Ägyptisch-arabischer Sprachführer (in German) (2nd ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-02276-7. OL 50312361M. Wikidata Q113751859.
• Amany Fashwan; Sameh Alansary (2021). "A Morphologically Annotated Corpus and a Morphological Analyzer for Egyptian Arabic". Procedia Computer Science. 189: 203–210. doi:10.1016/J.PROCS.2021.05.084. ISSN 1877-0509. Wikidata Q113833494.
• Khalil, Saussan (13 May 2020). "A delineation of variation in Arabic between fuṣḥá and Egyptian 'āmmīyah". The Language Scholar (6): 112–139. ISSN 2398-8509. Wikidata Q113834220.
• Maamoun, Mona (1 December 2020), Phonological Adaptation of Loanword into Egyptian Arabic, vol. 3, pp. 43–70, doi:10.21608/JFHSC.2020.158923, ISSN 2536-9458, Wikidata Q113838606

TODO: use Harrell (and lexilogos) more and describe stuff, state what is reviewed

Meta

• Harrell, Richard S. (1956). "Egyptian Arabic Studies". The Middle East Journal. 10 (3): 307–312. ISSN 0026-3141. JSTOR 4322827. Wikidata Q112068901. (reviews material available at that point)
• Haywood, John A. (2008). "Bilingual Lexicography with Arabic". An International Encyclopedia of Lexicography. 3: 3086–3096. Wikidata Q112767948.
• Janet Watson (21 December 2011). 50. Arabic Dialects (general article). pp. 851–896. doi:10.1515/9783110251586.851. ISBN 978-3-11-018613-0. Wikidata Q112250705. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help): "3.2. Egypt and Sudan", p. 853-854

Ressource collections:

• Bakalla, Muhammad Hasan (1975). Bibliography of Arabic linguistics. London. doi:10.1515/9783111713700. ISBN 0-7201-0525-0. OL 4934225M. Wikidata Q113729307.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Vienna Corpus of Arabic Varieties (VICAV)
• https://public.websites.umich.edu/~archive/linguistics/texts/biblio/arablingbib.txt (quite some search hits for "Egypt", "Cair")
• Language Arabic (Egyptian) in WALS Online: some more literature
• (ara + varieties:) https://complit.la.psu.edu/languages/arabic/student-resources/ (not that useful)
• (ara + arz etc.:) https://arabic.desert-sky.net/links.html#egy
• https://www.lexilogos.com/english/arabic_egyptian.htm
• https://subjectguides.uwaterloo.ca/studiesinislam/lanaguage
• https://www.mei.edu/education/oman-library/resource-guides/arabic-language
• https://web.archive.org/web/20060822064328/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&links=51 (linked from w:en:Egyptian Arabic, looks more or less useless for arz at first glance)
• Wortatlas der arabischen Dialekte, vol. 4, bibliography: https://brill.com/view/book/9789004462656/back-1.xml?language=de
• https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/browse?type=lcsubc&key=Arabic%20language%20%2d%2d%20Dialects%20%2d%2d%20Egypt
• https://reichert-verlag.de/de/autor/w/woidich_manfred

Proverbs/expressions etc.

• https://blogs.transparent.com/arabic/egyptian-proverbs-5/
• https://arabic.desert-sky.net/colloq.html
• Egyptian Arabic proverbs (Q20414581)
• Kotb, Sigrun: Körperteilbezogene Phraseologismen im Ägyptisch-Arabischen. Wiesbaden. 2002
• Mughazy, Mustafa: Dardasha", let's speak Egyptian Arabic: a multidimensional approach to the teaching and learning of Egyptian Arabic as a foreign language. Madison. 2004

Lexicography

• Hafez, Ola (1996). "Phonological and Morphological Integration of Loanwords into Egyptian Arabic". Egypte/monde arabe (27–28): 383–410. doi:10.4000/EMA.1958. ISSN 1110-5097. S2CID 53606767. Wikidata Q113774963.
• Peterson, Jennifer Leigh: Contemporary Cairene Youth Terminology: Linguistic Deviation or Social Art?. In: Aspects of the dialects of Arabic today: Proceedings of the 4th Conference of the International Arabic Dialectology Association (AIDA), Marrakesh, April 1-4, 2000. In honour of Professor David Cohen: 422-429 (ed. Abderrahim Youssi). Rabat. Amapatril. 2002
• Rosenbaum, Gabriel M.: Curses, insults and taboo words in Egyptian Arabic: In daily speech and written literature. In: Romano-Arabica 19: 153-188. 2019
• Shoubary, Iman el: Neologisms in Egyptian Arabic 1990-2003. In: Acta Orientalia: Ediderunt Societates Orientales Danica Fennica Norvegica Svecica 65: 7-17. 2004
• Audebert, Claude: Dictionnaire contextuel raisonné des verbes du dialecte égyptien (parler du Caire) arabe-français. In: Lisan al-arab: Studies in Contemporary Arabic Dialects. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of AIDA. Qatar University 2013: 45-59 (eds. Muntasir F. Al-Hamad; Rizwan Ahmed; Hafid I. Aloui). Vienna. LIT Verlag. 2016
• Ejibadze, Nino: Cursing and reviling formulas in the Egyptian Arabic dialect. In: Romano-Arabica 19: 93-98. 2019
• Hassan, Ashraf F.: Loan verbs in Egyptian Arabic: Perspectives and evidence from social media. In: Arabic in Contact: 161-170 (eds. Stefano Manfredi; Mauro Tosco). Amsterdam & Philadelphia. John Benjamins. 2018
• Lakusta, Valeriia: Ways of Expressing Verbal Aggression in Egyptian Arabic. In: Studies on Arabic Dialectology and Sociolinguistics: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of AIDA held in Marseille from May 30th to June 2nd 2017 (eds. Catherine Miller; Alexandrine Barontini; Marie-Aimée Germanos; Jairo Guerrero; Christophe Pereira). Aix-en-Provence. IREMAM. 2019
• Provençal, Philippe; Skaarup, Birgit: Arabic Fish Names gathered at the fish market in Hurghada (al-Ġardaqah) May 2011. In: Journal of Semitic Studies 61: 231-246. 2016
• Rizk, Sherin: Euphémisme et/ou violence verbale féminine. Sur le comportement langagier de jeunes filles cairotes. In: Studies on Arabic Dialectology and Sociolinguistics: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of AIDA held in Marseille from May 30th to June 2nd 2017 (eds. Catherine Miller; Alexandrine Barontini; Marie-Aimée Germanos; Jairo Guerrero; Christophe Pereira). Aix-en-Provence. IREMAM. 2019
• Zawrotna, Magdalena: The Use of Taboo – Related Words in Egyptian Arabic a Sociolinguistic Approach to (Im)Politeness. In: Arabic Varieties: Far and Wide. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of AIDA – Bucharest, 2015: 569-578 (eds. George Grigore; Gabriel Bițună). Bucharest. Editura Universității din București. 2016
• Zawrotna, Magdalena: Taboo-based intensifiers in Arabic and Polish. In: Folia Orientalia - Bibliotheca 1: 181-197. 2018

Phonology

• Fathi, Radwa (2023). Vowel length and prominence in Cairene Arabic. pp. 89–97. doi:10.2307/JJ.332955.15. ISBN 978-1-80008-529-9. JSTOR jj.332955.15. Wikidata Q127269181. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
• Fathi, Radwa (16 December 2022). "Ablaut in Cairene Arabic". The Linguistic Review. 40 (1): 43–75. doi:10.1515/TLR-2022-2105. ISSN 0167-6318. Wikidata Q127269307.
• Fathi, Radwa (6 September 2013), Vowel length in Egyptian Arabic: a different view, S2CID 194565897, Wikidata Q127269374

• more from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Radwa-Fathi

• Norlin, K.: A phonetic study of emphasis and vowels in Egyptian Arabic. Lund. Lund University. 1987
• Saad, Saad Mohamed: Estudio fonológico del sistema vocálico del árabe hablado en El Cairo. In: Awrāq: Estudios sobre el Mundo Arabe e Islámico Contemporáneo 21: 81-95. 2000
• Salem, Hanaa: Phonological processes in connected speech in colloquial Egyptian Arabic. In: Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics: Papers from the annual symposium on Arabic linguistics. Volume XVII–XVIII: Alexandria, 2003 and Norman, Oklahoma 2004: 69-84 (eds. Mohammad T. Alhawary; Elabbas Benmamoun). Amsterdam. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 2005
• Ward, Nigel: A prosodic feature that invites back-channels in Egyptian Arabic. In: Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics XX: 187-206. Amsterdam. Benjamins. 2007
• Welden, A.: Stress in Cairo Arabic. In: Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 10: 99-121. 1980
• Youssef, Islam: Emphasis Spread in Cairene Arabic: a Reassessment. In: Alf lahǧa wa lahǧa : proceedings of the 9th Aida Conference: 455-464 (eds. Olivier Durand; Angela Daiana Langone; Giuliano Mion). Wien. LIT Verlag. 2014
• Aquil, Rajaa; Aquil, Rajaa: Empirical evidence: Stress as a perceptual unit in Cairene spoken Arabic. In: Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics. Papers from the annual symposia on Arabic Linguistics. Volume XXII–XXIII: College Park, Maryland, 2008 and Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 2009: 3-20 (eds. Ellen Broselow; Hamid Ouali). Amsterdam - Philadelphia. John Benjamins. 2011
• Kabrah, Rawiah S.: Regressive voicing assimilation in Cariene Arabic*. In: Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics. Papers from the annual symposia on Arabic Linguistics. Volume XXII–XXIII: College Park, Maryland, 2008 and Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 2009: 21-33 (eds. Ellen Broselow; Hamid Ouali). Amsterdam - Philadelphia. John Benjamins. 2011

Morphology

• Fox, Joshua (1 January 2013). Semitic Noun Patterns. Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-1-57506-909-8. OL 8744094M. Wikidata Q120920939. (not specifically for Egyptian Arabic)
  • Kaye, Alan S. (October 2003). "Semitic Noun Patterns". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 123 (4): 885. doi:10.2307/3589988. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 3589988. Wikidata Q120922009.
• Gadalla, Hassan A. H. (2000). Comparative Morphology of Standard and Egyptian Arabic. ISBN 978-3-89586-972-3. LCCN 00401300. OL 6870655M. Wikidata Q113836206.
• Watson, Janet C. E. (2002). The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic. New York City: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925759-1. OL 9656479M. Wikidata Q114094706.

Historic

• Woidich, Manfred (1995). Das Kairenische im 19.Jh.: Gedanken zu Ṭanṭāwī's 'Traité de la langue arabe vulgaire' (in German). Vol. 75. pp. 271–288. ISBN 978-951-9380-25-4. Wikidata Q114060560. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) UB München 1207/Ab 337, ULB Münster Arabistik E 120 a1
• Owens, Jonathan (October 2003). "Arabic Dialect History and Historical Linguistic Mythology". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 123 (4): 715. doi:10.2307/3589965. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 3589965. Wikidata Q58152596.
• Zack, Liesbeth (31 December 2022). "Three Cases of Plagiarism?: A study of four nineteenth-century Egyptian-Arabic textbooks". Historiographia Linguistica. 49 (2–3): 267–301. doi:10.1075/HL.00108.ZAC. ISSN 0302-5160. Wikidata Q126957538.

from the last:

• Nolden’s Vocabulaire français arabe (1844),
• Zenker’s Vocabulaire phraséologique français-arabe (1854, published under the pseudonym Barthélémy),
• Sacroug’s The Egyptian Travelling Interpreter (1874Google Scholar),
• De Vaujany & Radouan’s Vocabulaire français-arabe (1887)

• Zack, Elisabeth: Colloquial Arabic in the 17th century: Yūsuf al-Maġribī's Egyptian-Arabic wordlist. In: : 373-389. 2004
• Zack, Liesbeth: Nineteenth-Century Cairo Arabic as Described by Qadrī and Naḫla. In: Arabic Varieties: Far and Wide. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of AIDA – Bucharest, 2015: 557-567 (eds. George Grigore; Gabriel Bițună). Bucharest. Editura Universității din București. 2016
• Kallas, Elie: Phonétique des dialectes de Bagdad, d’Alep et du Caire (1842-1845) d’après Elie Bérézine. In: Alf lahǧa wa lahǧa : proceedings of the 9th Aida Conference: 213-223 (eds. Olivier Durand; Angela Daiana Langone; Giuliano Mion). Wien. LIT Verlag. 2014

Written Egyptian Arabic

• Avallone, Lucia (2011). "Autori egiziani degli anni Duemila. Blogosfera, graphic e postmoderno: nuovi linguaggi nel panorama letterario arabo". International Journal of Afro-Asiatic Studies (in Italian) (13&14). doi:10.13135/1825-263X/1396. ISSN 1825-263X. Wikidata Q126899403.
• Avallone, Lucia (2016). Spelling Variants in Written Egyptian Arabic, a Study on Literary Texts. pp. 79–86. ISBN 978-606-16-0709-9. Wikidata Q126899083. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
• Bjørnsson, Jan Arild (November 2010), Egyptian Romanized Arabic: A Study of Selected Features from Communication Among Egyptian Youth on Facebook (PDF), University of Oslo Library, Wikidata Q114356281
• Abu Elhija, Dua'a (23 January 2014). "A new writing system? Developing orthographies for writing Arabic dialects in electronic media". Writing Systems Research. 6 (2): 190–214. doi:10.1080/17586801.2013.868334. ISSN 1758-6801. Wikidata Q114356394.
• Davies, Humphrey (2005). "Dialect Literature". Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. 1: 597–604. Wikidata Q114570074.
• El-Farnawany, Refaat (1981), Ägyptisch-Arabisch als geschriebene Sprache: Probleme der Verschriftung einer Umgangssprache (in German), Wikidata Q126896665
• Rosenbaum, Gabriel (2004). "Egyptian Arabic as a written language". Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam. 29: 281–340. ISSN 0334-4118. S2CID 169832987. Wikidata Q113680686.
• Rosenbaum, Gabriel M. (2000). ""Fuṣḥāmmiyya": Alternating Style in Egyptian Prose". Journal of Arabic Linguistics. 38: 68–87. ISSN 0170-026X. JSTOR 43526795. Wikidata Q114569865.

• Doss, Madiha: Ḥāl id-Dunyā: an Arabic news bulletin in colloquial (ʿāmmiya). In: Arabic and the media: linguistic analyses and applications: 123-140 (ed. Reem Bassiouney). Leiden. Brill. 2010
• Haland, Eva Marie: Adab sākhir (Satirical Literature) and the Use of Egyptian Vernacular. In: The politics of written language in the Arab world: writing change: 142-165 (eds. Jacob Hoigilt; Gunvor Mejdell). Leiden. Brill. 2017
• Hoigilt, Jacob: Dialect with an Attitude: Language and Criticism in New Egyptian Print Media. In: The politics of written language in the Arab world: writing change: 166-189 (eds. Jacob Hoigilt; Gunvor Mejdell). Leiden. Brill. 2017
• Ibrahim, Zeinab: Cases of written code-switching in Egyptian opposition newspapers. In: Arabic and the media: linguistic analyses and applications: 23-45 (ed. Reem Bassiouney). Leiden & Boston. Brill. 2010
• Kindt, Kristian Takvam; Kebede, Tewodros Aragie: A Language for the People?: Quantitative Indicators of Written dārija and ͑āmmiyya in Cairo and Rabat. In: The politics of written language in the Arab world: writing change: 18-40 (eds. Jacob Hoigilt; Gunvor Mejdell). Leiden. Brill. 2017
• Kosoff, Zoë: Code-Switching in Egyptian Arabic: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Twitter. In: Al-'Arabiyya 47: 83-99. 2014

Judeo-Egyptian Arabic

• Rosenbaum, Gabriel M. (2002). "The Arabic dialect of Jews in modern Egypt" (PDF). Bulletin of the Israeli Academic Center in Cairo (25): 35–46. Wikidata Q126896748.

Sociolinguistics

• Aboelezz, Mariam (2017). The Politics of Pro-‘ammiyya Language Ideology in Egypt. pp. 212–238. ISBN 978-90-04-34616-1. JSTOR 10.1163/j.ctt1w76vkk.14. Wikidata Q126897805. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
• Aboelezz, Mariam (2018). Language as Proxy in Egypt’s Identity Politics: Examining the New Wave of Egyptian Nationalism. pp. 126–147. doi:10.1515/9781474421546-011. ISBN 978-1-4744-2153-9. Wikidata Q126897945. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
• Bassiouney, Reem (2014). Language and Identity in Modern Egypt. Edinburgh University Press. doi:10.1515/9780748689651. ISBN 978-0-7486-8964-4. Wikidata Q126897877.
• Haeri, Niloofar (2003), Sacred Language, Ordinary People: Dilemmas of Culture and Politics in Egypt, New York City: Palgrave Macmillan, OCLC 237814587, Wikidata Q113865023
  • review: Boussofara-Omar, Naima (19 May 2007). "NILOOFAR HAERI, Sacred language, ordinary people: Dilemmas of culture and politics in Egypt". Language in Society. 36 (03): 466–469. doi:10.1017/S0047404507070315. ISSN 0047-4045. JSTOR 4169624. Wikidata Q113865462.
  • review: Bernards, Monique (February 2007). "NILOOFAR HAERI Sacred Language. Ordinary People: Dilemmas of Culture and Politics in Egypt (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003). Pp. 200. $69.95 cloth. $21.95 paper". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 39 (1): 125–126. doi:10.1017/S0020743807222561. ISSN 0020-7438. JSTOR 4129116. Wikidata Q113865615.
  • review: Caton, Steven C. (September 2006). "Linguistic Ideologies, Text Regulation, and the Question of Post-Structuralism". Reviews in Anthropology. 35 (3): 221–251. doi:10.1080/00938150600867865. ISSN 0093-8157. Wikidata Q114001756.
  • review: Messing, Jacqueline (April 2008). "Sacred Language, Ordinary People: Dilemmas of Culture and Politics in Egypt by Niloofar Haeri". Transforming Anthropology. 16 (1): 85–86. doi:10.1111/J.1548-7466.2008.00015.X. ISSN 1051-0559. Wikidata Q113865741.
  • review: Hoffman, Katherine E. (June 2004). "Haeri, Niloofar. Sacred language, ordinary people". Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. 10 (2): 464–465. ISSN 1359-0987. JSTOR 3804181. Wikidata Q113865861.
  • review: Miller, W. Flagg (December 2007). "Sacred Language, Ordinary People: Dilemmas of Culture and Politics in Egypt". Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. 17 (2): 305–307. doi:10.1525/JLIN.2007.17.2.305. ISSN 1055-1360. JSTOR 43104164. Wikidata Q114002187.
  • review: Shagoury, Michael (2003). "Sacred Language, Ordinary People: Dilemmas of Culture and Politics in Egypt, by Niloofar Haeri". The Middle East Journal. 57 (4): 699. ISSN 0026-3141. Wikidata Q113997850.
  • review: Zammit, Martin R. (1 May 2005). "SACRED LANGUAGE, ORDINARY PEOPLE. By NILOOFAR HAERI. Dilemmas of Culture and Politics in Egypt. Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. xvi-184 pp". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 32 (1): 139–140. ISSN 1353-0194. Wikidata Q113865992.

Check out and sort

• John J. McCarthy (31 May 2005). The Length of Stem-final Vowels in Colloquial Arabic. pp. 1–26. doi:10.1075/CILT.267.03MCC. ISBN 978-90-272-4781-0. Wikidata Q127268761. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) McCarthy, John J.: The length of stem-final vowels in colloquial Arabic. In: Perspectives on Arabic linguistics XVII-XVIII: papers from the seventeenth and eighteenth annual symposia on Arabic Linguistics: 1-26 (eds. Mohammad T. Alhawary; Elabbas Benmamoun). Amsterdam & Philadelphia. John Benjamins. 2005
• Stevens, Virginia; Salib, Maurice Boulos: A pocket dictionary of the spoken Arabic of Cairo: English-Arabic. Cairo. American University in Cairo Press. 1987
• Stevens, V.: Compiling an English-to-Egyptian-Arabic dictionary: difficulties encountered. In: Understanding Arabic: Essays in Contemporary Arabic Linguistics in Honor of El-Said Badawi: 145-156. Cairo. American University in Cairo Press. 1996
• Wilmsen, D.: ḥāga tāni?: an examination of degendered adjectival agreement in Cairene Arabic. In: Al-ʿArabiyya 32: 215-234. 2000
• Woidich, Manfred (1 January 2007). Everything you always wanted to know about ‘äl, yi’ūl ‘to say’ in egyptian arabic. Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics. Vol. 49. pp. 675–700. doi:10.1163/EJ.9789004160156.I-762.189. ISBN 978-90-04-16015-6. Wikidata Q114061573. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
• Woidich, Manfred: Everything you always wanted to know about 'āl, yi'ūl "to say" in Egyptian Arabic. In: : 675-700. 2007
• Youssef, Ahmad Abdel-Hamid: From Pharaoh's lips: ancient Egyptian language in the Arabic today. Cairo. American University in Cairo Press. 2003
• Youssef, Islam: Against Underlying Mid Vowels in Cairene Arabic. In: Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik: 5-38. 2010
• Dickins, James: Dialects of Egypt and Sudan. In: The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook: 935-952 (ed. ). Berlin & Boston. De Gruyter Mouton. 2011
• Lexus (ed.); Rough Guides (ed.): Egyptian Arabic: Rough guide dictionary phrasebook. London. Rough Guides. 1998
• Nakao, Shuichiro: Pidgins on the Nile: Europeans and Broken Arabic, from Egypt to Uganda. In: Lisan al-arab: Studies in Contemporary Arabic Dialects. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of AIDA. Qatar University 2013: 219-233 (eds. Muntasir F. Al-Hamad; Rizwan Ahmed; Hafid I. Aloui). Vienna. LIT Verlag. 2016
• Taha, Zeinab A; Badawi, El-Said M: Revisiting levels of contemporary Arabic in Egypt: essays on Arabic varieties in memory of El-Said Badawi. 2020
• Ma'nawi, Arief; Ma'ruf, Amir (9 January 2016). "WORD PATTERNS OF EGYPTIAN COLLOQUIAL ARABIC (ECA) IN EGYPTIAN SPEECH EVENTS". Humaniora. 27 (2): 195–206. doi:10.22146/JH.V27I2.8713. ISSN 0852-0801. Wikidata Q114027024.
• corpus-based master's thesis: Michael G. White: Michael Grant White (2019), Verb Usage in Egyptian Movies, Serials, and Blogs: A Case for Register Variation, S2CID 212414587, Wikidata Q114900170
• Kniaz, Malgorzata; Zawrotna, Magdalena (29 November 2020). "Embedded English verbs in Arabic-English code-switching in Egypt". International Journal of Bilingualism. 25 (3): 622–639. doi:10.1177/1367006920976909. ISSN 1367-0069. Wikidata Q120201715.
• Zawrotna, Magdalena (1 January 2014). Sexual, Impure, Vulgar: An Analysis of the Intimate Body-Part Terms in Egyptian Arabic. pp. 316–331. doi:10.1163/9789004274297_017. ISBN 978-90-04-27428-0. Wikidata Q126906037. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)

Extent of the dialect:

• Behnstedt, Peter; Woidich, Manfred (2018). The Formation of the Egyptian Arabic Dialect Area. pp. 64–95. doi:10.1093/OSO/9780198701378.003.0003. ISBN 978-0-19-870137-8. Wikidata Q113840243. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)

Algerian Arabic

• Adam Benkato (2019). "Maghrebi Arabic". Arabic and contact-induced change: 197–212. Wikidata Q117187987.
• Jacques Grand'Henry (2005). "Algeria". Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. 1: 53–58. doi:10.1163/1570-6699_EALL_EALL_COM_0011. Wikidata Q116920742.
• Ahmad Al-Jallad (October 2017). "The Arabic of the Islamic conquests: notes on phonology and morphology based on the Greek transcriptions from the first Islamic century". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 80 (3): 419–439. doi:10.1017/S0041977X17000878. ISSN 0041-977X. JSTOR 26849573. S2CID 165725344. Wikidata Q117188029.
• Aguadé, Jorge (2018). The Maghrebi dialects of Arabic. pp. 29–63. doi:10.1093/OSO/9780198701378.003.0002. ISBN 978-0-19-870137-8. Wikidata Q117189070. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)

Sudanese Arabic

• Captain H. F. S. Amery (1905), English-Arabic vocabulary for the use of officials in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Cairo: Al-Mokattam Printing Office, LCCN 09030204, OCLC 259097764, OL 14006487M, Wikidata Q127012050

Arabic computational linguistics

• Nizar Habash; Reham Marzouk; Christian Khairallah; Salam Khalifa (July 2022). "Morphotactic Modeling in an Open-source Multi-dialectal Arabic Morphological Analyzer and Generator". Proceedings of the 19th SIGMORPHON Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology: 92–102. doi:10.18653/V1/2022.SIGMORPHON-1.10. S2CID 250390677. Wikidata Q127017601.
• Christian Khairallah; Salam Khalifa; Reham Marzouk; Mayar Nassar; Nizar Habash (May 2024), Camel Morph MSA: A Large-Scale Open-Source Morphological Analyzer for Modern Standard Arabic, pp. 2683–2691, S2CID 269804763, Wikidata Q127034669
• Christian Khairallah; Reham Marzouk; Salam Khalifa; Mayar Nassar; Nizar Habash (March 2024), Computational Morphology and Lexicography Modeling of Modern Standard Arabic Nominals, pp. 1071–1084, arXiv:2402.00385, Bibcode:2024arXiv240200385K, S2CID 268636470, Wikidata Q127035192
• [CAMEL POS Schema and Guidelines https://camel-guidelines.readthedocs.io/en/latest/morphology/]
  • errata/corrigenda: inconsistent period after "et al"
• CALIMA star paper
• unimorph shared task paper

Other

for general Arabic dialectology:

• Behnstedt, Peter; Woidich, Manfred (2010–2021), Wortatlas der arabischen Dialekte (in German), Leiden, Boston: Brill Publishers, Wikidata Q54836167
  • review: Jastrow, Otto (1 May 2014). "Behnstedt, Peter / Woidich, Manfred: Wortatlas der arabischen Dialekte". Orientalistische Literaturzeitung (in German). 109 (3): 230–232. doi:10.1515/OLZG-2014-0078. ISSN 0030-5383. Wikidata Q112073240.
  • review: JSTOR 24754843

architecture in Egypt:

• Fathy, Hassan (1976). Architecture for the poor. An experiment in rural Egypt. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-23916-0. OL 22229812M. Wikidata Q113727272. (ULB Münster Islamw. Re 824 a1 and others)

Jordanian:

• Zibin, Aseel (April 2019). "A Phonological Analysis of English Loanwords Inflected With Arabic Morphemes in Urban Jordanian Spoken Arabic". SAGE Open. 9 (2): 1–13. doi:10.1177/2158244019841927. ISSN 2158-2440. Wikidata Q113775374.
• https://lingualism.com/egyptian-arabic/