[go: nahoru, domu]
Jump to content

User:Micag97/sandbox

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Copied from Prostitution.

Prostitution or full-service sex work (FSSW) is the business or practice of engaging in sexual activity in exchange for payment and is a type of sex work[1][2]. While prostitution has been the word historically used, sex worker right’s activists have more recently campaigned for the preferential use of full-service sex work because of the implications around control and consent within each word. Full-service connotes an economic negotiation between two consenting adults, while prostitution connotes an exploitative exchange[3]. Full-service sex work is sometimes described as providing sexual services or commercial sex. It is also referred to euphemistically as "the world's oldest profession" in the English-speaking world[4][5].

Full-service sex work occurs in a variety of forms, and its legal status varies from country to country (sometimes from region to region within a given country).  These ranges include full criminalization, partial criminalization, legalization and decriminalization[6]. It is one branch of the sex industry, along with pornography, stripping, and erotic dancing. Full service sex workers who work indoors may work as call girls or escorts[7], and may work with an agency or independently[8]. Another form is street based[9] or street level[10] sex work.

Because of the changing nature of sex work’s legality worldwide, it is incredibly hard to capture an accurate estimate of how many people engage in sex work globally. Those who work in areas where sex work is illegal may not want to disclose their occupation for fear of social isolation or legal action. The blurred discourse between sex work and sex trafficking from those who have attempted to study the selling of sex makes it even more challenging to find even a population estimate[11].

The position of sex work and the law varies widely worldwide, reflecting differing opinions. Abolitionists[12] favour the term prostitution and view sex work as a form of exploitation of or violence against women[13], and children[14], that helps to create a supply of victims for human trafficking[15][16]. Some critics of the sex industry as an institution are supporters of the Swedish or Nordic approach, which decriminalizes the act of selling sex, but makes the purchase of sex illegal. This approach has also been adopted by Canada, Iceland, the Republic of Ireland[17], Northern Ireland, Norway, and France. The humanitarian or pro-sex work perspective views sex work as a legitimate occupation, whereby a person trades or exchanges sexual acts for money. Amnesty International is one of the notable groups calling for the decriminalization of full service sex work[18].

Types

[edit]

Street based

[edit]

Main article: Street prostitution

In street based sex work, the sex worker solicits customers, often called "johns"[19], while waiting outside on the street. A street highly populated by sex workers is sometimes called a stroll[20][21][22]. Street based sex work is generally considered to be one of the most risky forms of sex work[23]. Street-based sex workers face unique challenges, most often risking criminal charges from police or violence from police or clients, especially in regions like the United States where they are working illegally[24][25][26]. While street based sex work is often the lowest paid form of sex work, not all are working as a means of survival. Some choose to work outside because it is easy to attract customers without working for an agency or brothel, allowing them to work independently[8].

The term survival sex work is often used to describe some street based sex workers when workers are selling sexual services to directly support their survival. While this sometimes includes supporting addictions, it also refers to supporting themselves or their families in paying for basic necessities[27]. Street based survival sex workers are at a heightened risk for health risks like HIV and hepatitis C, as well as physical violence like rape, murder, and robbery, mainly because it is more difficult to vet clients while working on the street[28][29][30].

Escort services

[edit]

Main article: Call girl

Call girls, more frequently called escorts, are indoor sex workers who offer sexual services either independently or with an agency. Both escort agencies and independent workers may offer "in-call" services, in which the escort works out of a rented space (most often a house or hotel, sometimes shared with other workers), or "out-call" services in which the worker goes to the client (most often a hotel)[8][31].

Escorts who choose to work independently may do so because of the freedom of choosing their own clients, setting their own hours, and setting their own prices[32][33]. This form of sex work offers the most personal agency, but sometimes risks personal safety when working alone[34]. The widespread use of the internet has allowed many sex workers to move off of the streets and indoors, advertising their services online through third party sites[32]. However, as a result of increased internet crackdowns on sexual solicitation and human trafficking, many workers are losing the ability to offer online services following the closure of Craigslist's "personals" section and Backpage[32].

Escorts who choose to work for an agency may do so because of the safety and security it provides, however they may also experience less personal autonomy in the job[8]. In some cases, agencies can operate similarly to "pimps", by violating labour rights and taking a large cut of the worker's wages[8].

Brothels

[edit]

Main article: Brothel and red-light district

Brothels are establishments specifically dedicated to sex work, often confined to special red-light districts in big cities. Brothels are generally distinct in their reference to establishments that operate legally[8][31]. Other names for brothels include bordello, whorehouse, cathouse, knocking shop, and general houses.

Brothels that advertise through window displays are fairly common in the Netherlands and surrounding countries[35][36]. The sex worker rents a window and workspace from a window operator for a certain period of time, often per day or part of a day[37][38][39]. The worker is independent and recruits her own customers, negotiates the price, and the services to be provided[37][38][39].

Legality

[edit]

Attitudes

[edit]

Roughly speaking, the possible attitudes are:

  • "Sex work is work":
  • "Sex work is exploitation":
    • Abolitionism: seeks the complete abolition of the sex industry altogether[44]. Abolitionists consider all sex work violence against women, and usually refer to them as "prostituted women"[45][46]. In an attempt to make it more difficult to engage in the sex industry, sex work is heavily discouraged and seen as a social problem. Sex work (the exchange of sexual services for money) is legal, but the surrounding activities such as public solicitation, operating a brothel and other forms of pimping are prohibited. This is the current situation in Great Britain and Italy, among others.
    • Neo-abolitionism: views sex work similarly to abolitionism, as violence against women, but seeks to prosecute clients and pimps rather than the sex workers themselves. This is the current situation in Sweden, France, Norway, Canada and Iceland (in Norway the law is even more strict, forbidding engaging in the sex industry abroad).[47] The implementation of this asymmetrical model (criminalizing the client and not the worker) in Norway has given rise to the "Nordic model" of sex work, which has been used increasingly around the world[48]. Neo-abolitionists often endorse this model for protecting the workers while discouraging the industry[49]. In February 2014, the members of the European Parliament voted in a non-binding resolution, (adopted by 343 votes to 139; with 105 abstentions), in favour of this model[50].
    • Prohibitionism: both sex workers and clients are seen as immoral and considered criminals. This is the prevailing attitude nearly everywhere in the United States, with a few exceptions in some rural Nevada counties (see Prostitution in Nevada).

Advocacy and activism

[edit]
Further information: Feminist views on prostitution

Sex work is a significant issue in feminist thought and activism. Abolitionist feminists are opposed to the entire sex industry, which they see as a form of exploitation of women and male dominance, and as a practice which is the result of existing patriarchal structures[44]. These feminists argue that sex work has a negative effect both on the sex workers themselves and on society as a whole, as it reinforces stereotypical views about women, who are seen as sex objects which can be used and abused by men. Other feminists hold that sex work can be a valid choice for the women who choose to engage in it; in this view, sex work must be differentiated from forced prostitution, and feminists should support sex worker activists in fighting abuses by both the sex industry and the legal system[51].

Many countries have sex worker advocacy groups which lobby against criminalization and discrimination of sex workers. These groups generally oppose Nevada-style regulation and oversight, stating that sex work should be treated like other professions. In the United States of America, one such group is COYOTE (an abbreviation for "Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics") and another is the North American Task Force on Prostitution.[52] In Australia the lead sex worker rights organization is Scarlet Alliance.[53] International sex worker rights organizations include the International Committee for Prostitutes' Rights and the Network of Sex Work Projects.[54]

Still other groups, often with religious backgrounds, focus on offering women a way out of the sex industry, like the Coalition Against Trafficking in Women[55]. These groups often have legal positions in which they lobby for full criminalization, abolitionism, or neo-abolitionism.

  1. ^ J Self, Helen (2006-11-09), "Regulating Prostitution", Law and PsychologyCurrent Legal Issues Volume 9, Oxford University Press, pp. 472–484, ISBN 9780199211395, retrieved 2019-11-07
  2. ^ Carol Culpepper, Jetta (2000). "Merriam‐Webster Online: The Language Center0011The Staff of Merriam‐Webster. Merriam‐Webster Online: The Language Center. 47 Federal Street, PO Box 281, Springfield, MA 01102; Tel: (413) 734‐3134; Fax: (413) 731‐5979;: Merriam‐Webster, Inc c1999. Free". Electronic Resources Review. 4 (1/2): 9–11. doi:10.1108/err.2000.4.1_2.9.11. ISSN 1364-5137.
  3. ^ Sawicki, Danielle A.; Meffert, Brienna N.; Read, Kate; Heinz, Adrienne J. (2019-02-19). "Culturally competent health care for sex workers: an examination of myths that stigmatize sex work and hinder access to care". Sexual and Relationship Therapy. 34 (3): 355–371. doi:10.1080/14681994.2019.1574970. ISSN 1468-1994.
  4. ^ Flowers, R. Barri (Ronald Barri) (1998). The prostitution of women and girls. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. ISBN 0786404906. OCLC 38281408.
  5. ^ McGuire, John (2012). "Excellence in Broadcasting? Rush Limbaugh and Image Repair in the Sandra Fluke Controversy". Journal of Radio & Audio Media. 19 (2): 206–220. doi:10.1080/19376529.2012.722472. ISSN 1937-6529.
  6. ^ Lutnick, Alexandra; Cohan, Deborah (2009). "Criminalization, legalization or decriminalization of sex work: what female sex workers say in San Francisco, USA". Reproductive Health Matters. 17 (34): 38–46. doi:10.1016/s0968-8080(09)34469-9. ISSN 0968-8080.
  7. ^ Weitzer, Ronald, ed. (2009-09-10). "Sex For Sale". doi:10.4324/9780203872802. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ a b c d e f "Sex Workers and Sex Work", Prostitution: Sex Work, Policy and Politics, SAGE Publications Ltd, pp. 33–51, ISBN 978-1-84787-066-7, retrieved 2019-11-28
  9. ^ Lazarus, Lisa; Deering, Kathleen N.; Nabess, Rose; Gibson, Kate; Tyndall, Mark W.; Shannon, Kate (2012). "Occupational stigma as a primary barrier to health care for street-based sex workers in Canada". Culture, Health & Sexuality. 14 (2): 139–150. doi:10.1080/13691058.2011.628411. ISSN 1369-1058.
  10. ^ Janssen, Patricia A.; Gibson, Kate; Bowen, Raven; Spittal, Patricia M.; Petersen, Karen L. (2009-06-17). "Peer Support using a Mobile Access Van Promotes Safety and Harm Reduction Strategies among Sex Trade Workers in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside". Journal of Urban Health. 86 (5): 804–809. doi:10.1007/s11524-009-9376-1. ISSN 1099-3460.
  11. ^ Cusick, Linda; Kinnell, Hilary; Brooks-Gordon, Belinda; Campbell, Rosie (2009-10-21). "Wild guesses and conflated meanings? Estimating the size of the sex worker population in Britain". Critical Social Policy. 29 (4): 703–719. doi:10.1177/0261018309341906. ISSN 0261-0183.
  12. ^ Gerassi, Lara (2015-04-09). "From Exploitation to Industry: Definitions, Risks, and Consequences of Domestic Sexual Exploitation and Sex Work Among Women and Girls". Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment. 25 (6): 591–605. doi:10.1080/10911359.2014.991055. ISSN 1091-1359.
  13. ^ "A rose by any other name …". Volume 44, Number 6, December 2017. 2019-05-14. Retrieved 2019-11-07. {{cite web}}: no-break space character in |website= at position 7 (help)
  14. ^ Peled, Einat; Lugasi, Reut (2015). "How Israeli social workers perceive adolescent girls in prostitution". Child Abuse & Neglect. 42: 20–29. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.12.003. ISSN 0145-2134.
  15. ^ Cho, Seo-Young; Dreher, Axel; Neumayer, Eric (2012). "Does Legalized Prostitution Increase Human Trafficking?". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1986065. ISSN 1556-5068.
  16. ^ Cho, Seo-Young (2015-02-23). "Modeling for Determinants of Human Trafficking: An Empirical Analysis". Social Inclusion. 3 (1): 2. doi:10.17645/si.v3i1.125. ISSN 2183-2803.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  17. ^ Harding, Maebh (2011). "The Curious Incident of the Marriage Act (No. 2) 1537 and the Irish Statute Book". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1742858. ISSN 1556-5068.
  18. ^ "Amnesty International welcomes Canadian government move to protect transgender rights". Human Rights Documents Online. Retrieved 2019-11-07.
  19. ^ Weitzer, Ronald, ed. (2009-09-10). "Sex For Sale". doi:10.4324/9780203872802. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  20. ^ Shaver, Frances M. (2005). "Sex Work Research". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 20 (3): 296–319. doi:10.1177/0886260504274340. ISSN 0886-2605.
  21. ^ Draus, Paul; Roddy, Juliette; Asabigi, Kanzoni (2015). "Streets, strolls and spots: Sex work, drug use and social space in detroit". International Journal of Drug Policy. 26 (5): 453–460. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.01.004. ISSN 0955-3959.
  22. ^ Shannon, Kate; Bright, Vicki; Allinott, Shari; Alexson, Debbie; Gibson, Kate; Tyndall, Mark W (2007). "Community-based HIV prevention research among substance-using women in survival sex work: The Maka Project Partnership". Harm Reduction Journal. 4 (1): 20. doi:10.1186/1477-7517-4-20. ISSN 1477-7517.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  23. ^ Roxburgh, Amanda; Degenhardt, Louisa; Copeland, Jan (2006-05-24). "Posttraumatic stress disorder among female street-based sex workers in the greater Sydney area, Australia". BMC Psychiatry. 6 (1). doi:10.1186/1471-244x-6-24. ISSN 1471-244X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  24. ^ Kurtz, Steven P.; Surratt, Hilary L.; Kiley, Marion C.; Inciardi, James A. (2005). "Barriers to Health and Social Services for Street-Based Sex Workers". Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 16 (2): 345–361. doi:10.1353/hpu.2005.0038. ISSN 1548-6869.
  25. ^ Dewey, Susan; St. Germain, Tonia (2014-06-24). ""It Depends on the Cop:" Street-Based Sex Workers' Perspectives on Police Patrol Officers". Sexuality Research and Social Policy. 11 (3): 256–270. doi:10.1007/s13178-014-0163-8. ISSN 1868-9884.
  26. ^ Krusi, A.; Pacey, K.; Bird, L.; Taylor, C.; Chettiar, J.; Allan, S.; Bennett, D.; Montaner, J. S.; Kerr, T.; Shannon, K. (2014-06-02). "Criminalisation of clients: reproducing vulnerabilities for violence and poor health among street-based sex workers in Canada--a qualitative study". BMJ Open. 4 (6): e005191–e005191. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005191. ISSN 2044-6055.
  27. ^ Shannon, Kate; Kerr, Thomas; Allinott, Shari; Chettiar, Jill; Shoveller, Jean; Tyndall, Mark W. (2008). "Social and structural violence and power relations in mitigating HIV risk of drug-using women in survival sex work". Social Science & Medicine. 66 (4): 911–921. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.11.008. ISSN 0277-9536.
  28. ^ Shannon, Kate; Kerr, Thomas; Marshall, Brandon; Li, Kathy; Zhang, Ruth; Strathdee, Steffanie A.; Tyndall, Mark W.; Montaner, Julio G. S.; Wood, Evan (2010-01-01). "Survival Sex Work Involvement as a Primary Risk Factor for Hepatitis C Virus Acquisition in Drug-Using Youths in a Canadian Setting". Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 164 (1). doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.241. ISSN 1072-4710.
  29. ^ Shannon, Kate; Bright, Vicki; Gibson, Kate; Tyndall, Mark W. (2007). "Sexual and Drug-related Vulnerabilities for HIV Infection Among Women Engaged in Survival Sex Work in Vancouver, Canada". Canadian Journal of Public Health. 98 (6): 465–469. doi:10.1007/bf03405440. ISSN 0008-4263.
  30. ^ Williamson, C.; Folaron, G. (2001-08-01). "Violence, Risk, and Survival Strategies of Street Prostitution". Western Journal of Nursing Research. 23 (5): 463–475. doi:10.1177/01939450122045311. ISSN 0000-0000.
  31. ^ a b Harcourt, C (2005-06-01). "The many faces of sex work". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 81 (3): 201–206. doi:10.1136/sti.2004.012468. ISSN 1368-4973.
  32. ^ a b c Peterson, Meghan; Robinson, Bella; Shih, Elena (2019-04-02). "The New Virtual Crackdown on Sex Workers' Rights: Perspectives from the United States". Anti-Trafficking Review (12): 189–193. doi:10.14197/atr.2012191212. ISSN 2287-0113.
  33. ^ Koken, Juline A. (2011-11-06). "Independent Female Escort's Strategies for Coping with Sex Work Related Stigma". Sexuality & Culture. 16 (3): 209–229. doi:10.1007/s12119-011-9120-3. ISSN 1095-5143.
  34. ^ Pitcher, Jane; Wijers, Marjan (2014-04-22). "The impact of different regulatory models on the labour conditions, safety and welfare of indoor-based sex workers". Criminology & Criminal Justice. 14 (5): 549–564. doi:10.1177/1748895814531967. ISSN 1748-8958.
  35. ^ Prostitution and human trafficking : focus on clients. Di Nicola, Andrea. New York: Springer. 2009. ISBN 978-0-387-73630-3. OCLC 314175987.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  36. ^ Brants, Chrisje (1998). "The Fine Art of Regulated Tolerance: Prostitution in Amsterdam". Journal of Law and Society. 25 (4): 621–635. doi:10.1111/1467-6478.00106. ISSN 0263-323X.
  37. ^ a b "THE PROSTITUTES OF AMSTERDAM", Imperial, University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 57–57, ISBN 978-0-8229-7962-3, retrieved 2019-11-28
  38. ^ a b Pluskota, Marion (2017-08-23), "Selling Sex in Amsterdam", Selling Sex in the City: A Global History of Prostitution, 1600s-2000s, BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-34625-3, retrieved 2019-11-28
  39. ^ a b "Prostitution Nation:", Not a Choice Not a Job, Potomac Books, pp. 79–120, ISBN 978-1-61234-627-4, retrieved 2019-11-28
  40. ^ Sex Workers in Europe Manifesto. International Committee on the Rights of Sex Workers in Europe. 2005.
  41. ^ Amnesty International publishes policy and research on protection of sex workers’ rights. Amnesty International. Published 26 May 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
  42. ^ Q&A: policy to protect the human rights of sex workers. Amnesty International. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
  43. ^ Sex Workers' Rights are Human Rights. Amnesty International. Published 14 August 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
  44. ^ a b Women's coalition for the abolition of prostitution (2015). "What we know about abolitionism" (PDF). Abolition of Prostitution. Retrieved November 29, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  45. ^ "Forced prostitution of women and girls in Brazil". Gender & Development. 1 (2): 40–41. June 1993. doi:10.1080/09682869308519970. ISSN 1355-2074.
  46. ^ Busch, NoËl Bridget; Bell, Holly; Hotaling, Norma; Monto, Martin A. (2002). "Male Customers of Prostituted Women". Violence Against Women. 8 (9): 1093–1112. doi:10.1177/107780102401101755. ISSN 1077-8012.
  47. ^ "New Norway law bans buying of sex". BBC News Online. 1 January 2009.
  48. ^ Радутний, Олександр Едуардович (2016-06-27). "Legalization of prostitution and decriminalization of related activities in Ukraine". Problems of Legality. 0 (133): 152–165. doi:10.21564/2414-990x.133.66962. ISSN 2414-990X.
  49. ^ Радутний, Олександр Едуардович (2016-06-27). "Legalization of prostitution and decriminalization of related activities in Ukraine". Problems of Legality. 0 (133): 152–165. doi:10.21564/2414-990x.133.66962. ISSN 2414-990X.
  50. ^ "Punish the client, not the prostitute | News | European Parliament". www.europarl.europa.eu. 2014-02-26. Retrieved 2019-11-28.
  51. ^ "Punish the client, not the prostitute". European Parliament. 2014-02-26.
  52. ^ "Prostitution: North American Task Force On Prostitution". Bayswan.org. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
  53. ^ "Scarlet Alliance, Australian Sex Workers Association is the national peak sex worker organisation in Australia". Scarletalliance.org.au. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
  54. ^ "Global Network of Sex Work Projects | Promoting Health and Human Rights". Nswp.org. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
  55. ^ "Home". www.catwinternational.org. Retrieved 2019-11-28.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Micag97/sandbox&oldid=930306263"