Acanthocercus atricollis, the black-necked agama or southern tree agama,[1] is a species of tree agama that is native to East, Central and southern Africa. Its largest continuous range is in southeastern Africa, and it occurs at high densities in the Kruger National Park.[1]
| Black-necked agama | |
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| Male in the Kruger National Park, South Africa | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Iguania |
| Family: | Agamidae |
| Genus: | Acanthocercus |
| Species: | A. atricollis
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| Binomial name | |
| Acanthocercus atricollis (Smith, 1849)
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| Synonyms | |
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Description
editThe sexes have a comparable snout-to-vent length (SVL) and have similar tail lengths. Mature males have somewhat larger heads than females, which is deemed to be an adaptation for intraspecific competition for territory. Females reach sexual maturity when about 96 mm (3.8 in) long (SVL) and males from about 82 mm (3.2 in) (SVL).[2]
Habits
editThey form structured colonies with a dominant male, several females and juveniles. The males defend territories and engage in combat. Although mostly diurnal, they sometimes exhibit nocturnal activity.[3][2] It adapts readily to the vicinity of human habitation. They are classic ambush foragers which spend only some 4% of their time moving.[2] This involves an average of less than one movement in two minutes. When stationary, the adults position themselves on lateral branches (42% of the time), on tree trunks (35%), or occasionally on the ground (23%).[2]
Acanthocercus a. atricollis can more commonly be found in higher densities around villages. This is due to the lack of natural predators like snakes or raptors that are often killed by humans and the preference of trees that are thicker, with more canopy cover.[4][5]
Diet
editThey subsist on an insect diet, which consists mainly of orthopterans, beetles and ants.[3] Their full diet encompasses various orders (10 recorded) of arthropods. They also eat millipedes, which other lizard taxa tend to avoid. Gut contents reveal many ants (92% of items) and some beetles (4%).[2] A large volume of orthopterans is consumed (27%), followed by beetles (26%) and ants (18%). Juvenile diet (by volume) is dominated by ants, though beetles and orthopterans are also taken. Prey diversity and volumes fluctuate seasonally.[2]
Reproduction
editReproduction is seasonal. Testicular volume of males reaches a maximum during August to September (austral spring), and follicles of females become enlarged during August to December.[2] Females lay a single clutch per annum, about 11 eggs on average, and larger females produce larger clutches than smaller females.[2]
Range
editIt is found in Eritrea, Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, South Sudan, Uganda, D.R.C., Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Angola, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Eswatini.[3]
Races
editTwo races are usually accepted. Four more have been described however, which are not very distinct.[1][3]
- A. a. atricollis (Smith, 1849) – Southern tree agama, of southern Africa
- A. a. loveridgei (Klausewitz, 1957) – Tanzania
Gallery
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Proposed race A. a. kiwuensis (Klausewitz, 1957) at Lake Kivu
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Camouflaged female
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Breeding pair
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Juvenile
Media related to Acanthocercus atricollis at Wikimedia Commons
References
edit- ^ a b c d Spawls, S. (2020). "Acanthocercus atricollis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T110132395A20519412. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T110132395A20519412.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Reaney, Leeann T.; Whiting, Martin J. (August 2002). "Life on a limb: ecology of the tree agama (Acanthocercus a. atricollis) in southern Africa". Journal of Zoology. 257 (4): 439–448. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.461.444. doi:10.1017/S0952836902001048.
- ^ a b c d Uetz, Peter; Hallermann, Jakob. "Acanthocercus atricollis (SMITH, 1849)". The Reptile Database. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
- ^ Whiting, Martin J.; Chetty, Kinesh; Twine, Wayne; Carazo, Pau (2009). "Impact of human disturbance and beliefs on the tree agama Acanthocercus atricollis atricollis in a South African communal settlement". Fauna & Flora International, Oryx. 43 (4): 586–590. doi:10.1017/S0030605309990160.
- ^ Reaney, Leeann T.; Whiting, Martin J. (2002). "Picking a tree: habitat use by the tree agama, Acanthocercus atricollis atricollis, in South Africa". African Zoology. 38 (2): 273–278. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.470.5433. doi:10.1080/15627020.2003.11407281. S2CID 45701280.