The foreign relations of Bulgaria are overseen by the Ministry of Foreign Relations headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Situated in Southeast Europe, Bulgaria is a member of both NATO (since 2004) and the European Union (since 2007).[1] It maintains diplomatic relations with 183 countries.[2]
Bulgaria has generally good foreign relations with its neighbours and has proved to be a constructive force in the region [citation needed] under socialist and democratic governments alike. Promoting regional stability, Bulgaria hosted a Southeast European Foreign Ministers meeting in July 1996, and an OSCE conference on Black Sea cooperation in November 1995. Bulgaria also participated in the 1996 South Balkan Defense Ministerial in Albania and it is active in the Southeast European Cooperative Initiative. Since the group's inception in 2015 Bulgaria has been a part of the B9 format, a subset of Eastern European NATO countries. The Republic of North Macedonia plays an important role in Bulgarian foreign and domestic policy due to historical, ethnic and cultural ties.[citation needed]
History
editAfter the fall of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989, Bulgaria sought economic cooperative arrangements with Germany, Italy, France, Portugal, and Spain, as well as military cooperation with Romania, Greece, and Turkey. A start was made on easing tensions with its historical adversary Serbia.[3]
Due to close historical, cultural, and economic ties, Bulgaria sought a mutually beneficial relationship with Russia, on which it largely depends for energy supplies.[citation needed]
Bulgaria's EU Association Agreement came into effect in 1994, and Bulgaria formally applied for full EU membership in December 1995. During the 1999 EU summit in Helsinki, the country was invited to start membership talks with the Union. On January 1, 2007, Bulgaria officially became a member of the European Union. In 1996, Bulgaria acceded to the Wassenaar Arrangement controlling exports of weapons and sensitive technology to countries of concern and also was admitted to the World Trade Organization. Bulgaria is a member of the Zangger Committee and the Nuclear Suppliers Group. After a period of equivocation under a socialist government, in March 1997 a UDF-led caretaker cabinet applied for full NATO membership, which became a reality in April 2004.
Bulgaria and the United States signed a Defense Cooperation Agreement in 2006 providing for military bases and training camps of the U.S. Army in Bulgaria, as part of the Pentagon's restructuring plan.[citation needed]
The HIV trial in Libya resulted in the release of Bulgarian nurses imprisoned by Muammar Gaddafi's government in Libya. French President Nicolas Sarkozy secured the release in exchange for several business deals.[4][5]
In June 2010, media reports claimed that Bulgaria considers closing a total of 30 of its diplomatic missions abroad. Currently, Bulgaria has 83 embassies, 6 permanent representations, 20 consular offices, and 2 diplomatic bureaus. The proposed closures were backed by Prime Minister Boyko Borisov, who described some of Bulgaria's embassies as useless.[6] In November 2010, Bulgaria's Foreign Minister Nikolay Mladenov formally announced his team proposes to close seven embassies as part of a plan for restructuring and austerity measures.
In March 2012 the Borisov administration decided to discontinue its plans to build with the help of Rosatom and Atomstroyexport the Belene nuclear station near the River Danube. At the time, Bulgaria depended on Russia for 89% of its petrol, 100% of natural gas and all of the nuclear fuel needed for its twin-reactor Kozloduy nuclear station.[7] In the sequential lawsuit, the International Court of Arbitration at the International Chamber of Commerce in Geneva ruled against Bulgaria.[8]
2014-2021
editIn August 2014 Bulgaria suspended its 930 km portion of the South Stream natural gas pipeline project with Gazprom until the project conforms to European Union law. In default of this project, Naftogaz and Ukraine stood to benefit.[9] Gas was to be pumped to the Black Sea port of Varna before it travelled overland to the Serbian border and northeast from there to Hungary, Slovenia and Austria.[10]
A Bulgarian weapons dealer named Emilian Gebrev was poisoned (along with his son and an employee[11]) in Sofia in spring 2015 using a substance believed to be the nerve agent Novichok,[12] and in 2020 three Russian nationals were charged in absentia. One of the three went by the name Sergei Fedotov,[13] which is the alias of Denis Sergeev (GRU officer).
The Bucharest Nine (or B9 format) is an organization founded on 4 November 2015 in Bucharest, Romania, at the initiative of the President of Romania Klaus Iohannis and the President of Poland Andrzej Duda during a bilateral meeting between them.[14] Its members are Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovakia. Its apparition was mainly a result of a perceived aggressive attitude from Russia following the annexation of Crimea from Ukraine and its posterior intervention in eastern Ukraine both in 2014. All members of the B9 were either part of the former Soviet Union (USSR) or the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact.[2][15]
Rampant corruption has led as recently as June 2019 to repeated rejection of Bulgaria's attempts to join the Schengen Area.[16]
After the Prespa Agreement between Macedonia and Greece went into force in 2018, Bulgaria broke the Friendship Agreement in which it would assist Macedonia with its EU integration, and instead vetoed the start of Macedonia's EU accession talks. Bulgaria now places demands, which some Macedonian observers label "outrageous", on Macedonia in which Macedonians must ‘admit’ their grandparents were Bulgarians and their language is in fact Bulgarian if they wish to continue their path into the EU.[17]
Bulgaria manufactures many types of Soviet-era ammunition, anti-tank missiles, and light arms, and has extensive trade ties with other recovering Soviet countries for this reason.[18]
The TurkStream natural gas pipeline project seemed to excite quite a few journalists.[19][20] The project's European landfall is Bulgaria.[20] TurkStream started shipping gas to Bulgaria, Greece and North Macedonia on 1 January 2020,[21] after the personal intervention of Vladimir Putin.[22] One journalist ran his article under the headline "How Bulgaria gave Gazprom the keys to the Balkans".[23]
In 2020, five Russian diplomats and the Russian military attaché were expelled on grounds that they were engaging in espionage.[24] Together with the two expelled on account of the Iliev scandal, eight Russian diplomats were expelled over 18 months to April 2021.[25]
2022-date
editPrime Minister Kiril Petkov has introduced a political taboo on the use of Russian narratives, including the "special operation" label favoured by Vladimir Putin. Those who think otherwise so have to bear heavy political responsibility: the Bulgarian Minister of Defense, Stefan Yanev, was the first to be punished. He allowed himself to declare, following Putin, that it is not "war" in Ukraine but a "military operation". Petkov dismissed the minister on March 1, a scant week after the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[26]
Petkov recalled his ambassador to Russia, after Russian ambassador to Bulgaria Eleonora Mitrofanova conducted herself abysmally in the wake of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[26]
On 7 May 2022 the head of Bulgargaz, Ivan Topchiisky, announced that Bulgaria will be able to overcome its dependence on the Russian supplier Gazprom by the end of 2022. The demands of Gazprom to make payments for gas in rubles added fuel to the fire, and Sofia refused. Thus, Bulgaria turned out to be one of the two EU countries to which Russia cut off gas supplies, and this necessitated the urgent co-operation of EU Commissioner Ursula von der Leyen.[26]
In early 2022, Petkov was sympathetic to Volodymyr Zelensky's repeated requests for military aid during his country's battle against the Russians but he faced the refusal of his coalition partner the Bulgarian Socialist Party (which is the successor to the Soviet-era Bulgarian Communist Party[27]) and their leader Korneliya Ninova.[18] On 4 May, Parliament approved the continuation of repairs to damaged Ukrainian military equipment,[28] and will continue to support Ukraine's membership in the EU, as well as to the Ukrainian refugees from the war,[26] who numbered more than 56,000 as of 7 June.[29] Petkov noted Bulgaria's espousal of all sanctions against Russia, and would allow the use of the Port of Varna to transship goods that had been stifled by the Russian blockade of Odesa.[30]
Bulgarias wish to see an end of Russian gas in the EU contributed to a decision to apply a high transit tax on gas being pumped through the country to Hungary and Serbia in October 2023, which caused an upset even though the tax would probably be paid by Gazprom, not Hungary or Serbia.[31] In December, despite the European Commission agreeing that the law does not breach EU regulations, Bulgaria agreed to suspended the charge to avoid any issues during Bulgaria's pending Schengen Area application.[32]
Bulgaria-NATO relations
editBulgaria joined NATO in 2004,[33] three years before it acceded to the European Union.[24]
In June 2016 Borisov and Plevneliev vetoed Romania's idea of forming a NATO flotilla in the Black Sea,[26] one day after a stern warning from Russia.[34] NATO partners Romania and Turkey had favoured the idea,[34] along with Ukraine, which wanted to join any such initiative.[8] The refusal came on the day of a visit of President Klaus Iohannis of Romania.[8]
In 2018, Bulgaria ordered eight F-16V multirole fighter aircraft, to replace its aging fleet of Mig 29s. Together with service and training, they will cost $1.2 billion.[35] The fleet of Mig 29s are serviced by their Russian manufacturer.[25]
In December 2020 German manufacturer Lurssen was contracted to equip the Bulgarian Navy with new Multipurpose Modular Patrol Vessels (aka Offshore Patrol Vessels) built at the Bulgarian shipyard MTG Dolphin JSC, west of Varna. Lürssen is the prime contractor for the Bulgarian Ministry of Defence, while Swedish manufacturer Saab AB subcontracted to provide the electronics.[36] The contract was valued at $593 million.[37] The vessels are 90 meters long and displace 2,300 tons.[38] The first was launched in August 2023 with delivery scheduled for 2025.
In December 2020 one Russian military attaché in Sofia was alleged to have gathered information on US service members stationed on Bulgarian territory during military exercises.[13]
In 2021 six USAF F-16s operated from Bulgaria's Graf Ignatievo Air Base.[13]
On 18 March 18 Bulgaria and Romania amended their 2011 Agreement on cross-border air policing.[25]
In March 2021 six Bulgarians were charged with espionage and several Russian diplomats were expelled. The Bulgarian ring leader was a highly placed former official with the Ministry of Defense named Ivan Iliev, who corrupted his wife, and who trained military intelligence officers. Two Russian diplomats named Sergei Nikolashin and Vadim Bikov were expelled on 22 March 2021. Iliev was finally apprehended outside the Russian embassy, where he had intended to obtain asylum. Another arrest was that of Lyubomir Medarov who had until then been in charge of the office of classified communications and information of the Bulgarian parliament. Colonel Petar Petrov from the Ministry of Defense had access to the most highly classified documents about NATO activities. One observer characterized this event as the biggest story in Bulgarian defence since World War Two. Prosecutors alleged that the group "posed a serious threat to national security by collecting and handing to a foreign country state secrets of Bulgaria, NATO and the European Union." At the time of the arrests, several held senior positions in the Military Intelligence Service and the Ministry of Defence.[13][24][35]
Diplomatic relations
editList of countries which Bulgaria maintains diplomatic relations with:
# | Country | Date[39] |
---|---|---|
1 | 7 July 1879 | |
2 | 8 July 1879 | |
3 | 21 July 1879 | |
4 | 25 July 1879 | |
5 | July 1879 | |
6 | 23 July 1879 | |
7 | 6 September 1879 | |
8 | 11 December 1879 | |
9 | 9 September 1880 | |
10 | 15 November 1897 | |
11 | 19 September 1903 | |
12 | 8 July 1909 | |
13 | 5 August 1910 | |
14 | April 1914 | |
15 | 6 July 1914 | |
16 | 31 October 1915 | |
17 | 20 April 1918 | |
18 | 5 August 1918 | |
19 | 30 December 1918 | |
20 | November 1919 | |
21 | 9 August 1920 | |
22 | 27 September 1920 | |
23 | 5 November 1925 | |
24 | 17 April 1931 | |
25 | 8 July 1931 | |
26 | 17 September 1934 | |
27 | 1935 | |
28 | 6 January 1938 | |
29 | 2 October 1939[40] | |
30 | 29 November 1948 | |
31 | 29 November 1948 | |
32 | 3 October 1948 | |
33 | 8 February 1950 | |
34 | 22 April 1950 | |
35 | 24 August 1954 | |
36 | 22 December 1954 | |
37 | 18 November 1955 | |
38 | 1 June 1956 | |
39 | 3 June 1956 | |
40 | 30 August 1956 | |
41 | 20 September 1956 | |
42 | 16 December 1956 | |
43 | 21 May 1958 | |
44 | 14 August 1958 | |
45 | 2 January 1959 | |
46 | 18 September 1960 | |
47 | 28 September 1960 | |
48 | 8 October 1960 | |
49 | 23 October 1960 | |
50 | 30 October 1960 | |
51 | 22 February 1961 | |
52 | 10 August 1961 | |
53 | 12 June 1961 | |
54 | 1 September 1961 | |
55 | 10 June 1962 | |
56 | 16 June 1962 | |
57 | 25 June 1962 | |
58 | 13 September 1962 | |
59 | 28 September 1962 | |
60 | 10 October 1962 | |
61 | 12 October 1962 | |
62 | 15 June 1963 | |
63 | 1 June 1963 | |
64 | 27 December 1963 | |
65 | 14 February 1964 | |
66 | 10 March 1964 | |
67 | 17 May 1964 | |
68 | 9 October 1964 | |
69 | 28 December 1964 | |
70 | 31 December 1964 | |
71 | 15 June 1965 | |
72 | 28 December 1965 | |
73 | 30 June 1966 | |
74 | 19 September 1966 | |
75 | 18 October 1967 | |
76 | 15 December 1967 | |
77 | 28 December 1967 | |
78 | 15 April 1968 | |
79 | 29 May 1968 | |
80 | 20 October 1968 | |
81 | 4 January 1969 | |
82 | 18 April 1969 | |
83 | 9 January 1970 | |
84 | 9 October 1970 | |
85 | 18 December 1970 | |
86 | 28 April 1971 | |
87 | 11 September 1971 | |
88 | 15 September 1971 | |
89 | 31 January 1972 | |
90 | 5 April 1972 | |
91 | 5 March 1973 | |
92 | 21 March 1973 | |
93 | 11 May 1973 | |
94 | 16 November 1973 | |
95 | 21 December 1973 | |
96 | 2 June 1974 | |
97 | 19 June 1974 | |
98 | 26 June 1974[41] | |
99 | 2 August 1974 | |
100 | 10 August 1974 | |
101 | 1 November 1974 | |
102 | 20 June 1975 | |
103 | 25 June 1975 | |
104 | 20 November 1975 | |
105 | 15 May 1976 | |
106 | 15 June 1976 | |
107 | 22 March 1977 | |
108 | 25 March 1977 | |
109 | 6 June 1977 | |
110 | 16 November 1979 | |
111 | 20 December 1979 | |
112 | 23 December 1979 | |
113 | 18 April 1980 | |
114 | 5 June 1980 | |
115 | 9 June 1980 | |
116 | 10 June 1980 | |
117 | 15 August 1980 | |
118 | 16 August 1982 | |
119 | 24 February 1984 | |
120 | 14 August 1984 | |
121 | 9 October 1984 | |
— | December 1988[42] | |
122 | 10 October 1989[43] | |
123 | 23 March 1990 | |
124 | 6 June 1990 | |
125 | 11 June 1990 | |
126 | 17 June 1990 | |
127 | 17 October 1990 | |
– | 6 December 1990 | |
128 | 14 June 1991 | |
129 | 27 June 1991 | |
130 | 10 September 1991 | |
131 | 10 September 1991 | |
132 | 10 October 1991 | |
133 | 15 October 1991 | |
134 | 10 December 1991 | |
135 | 13 December 1991 | |
136 | 18 January 1992 | |
137 | 2 February 1992 | |
138 | 5 February 1992 | |
139 | 12 March 1992[43] | |
140 | 26 March 1992 | |
141 | 20 May 1992 | |
142 | 20 May 1992 | |
143 | 5 June 1992 | |
144 | 5 June 1992 | |
145 | 5 June 1992 | |
146 | 13 August 1992 | |
147 | 18 August 1992 | |
148 | 12 September 1992 | |
149 | 7 December 1992 | |
150 | 1 January 1993 | |
151 | 31 May 1993 | |
152 | 24 August 1993 | |
153 | 22 December 1993 | |
154 | 14 January 1994 | |
155 | 15 February 1994 | |
156 | 14 April 1994 | |
157 | 26 April 1994 | |
158 | 14 June 1994 | |
– | 11 November 1994 | |
159 | 23 November 1994[43] | |
160 | 30 January 1995 | |
161 | 20 March 1995 | |
162 | 12 January 1996 | |
163 | 17 April 2000[45] | |
164 | 30 April 2001[43] | |
165 | 7 June 2001[43] | |
166 | 21 January 2003[46] | |
167 | 11 September 2003 | |
168 | 7 May 2004[43] | |
169 | 20 September 2004 | |
170 | 2 August 2006[47] | |
171 | 13 February 2007[48] | |
172 | 27 September 2007[43] | |
– | 27 May 2008[49] | |
173 | 27 April 2011[43] | |
174 | 28 April 2011[43] | |
175 | 18 May 2011[43] | |
176 | 20 September 2011[43] | |
177 | 25 May 2015[43] | |
178 | 14 February 2018[50] | |
179 | 24 June 2019[43] | |
180 | 5 November 2020[43] | |
181 | 7 July 2022[43] | |
182 | 20 October 2022[43] | |
183 | 8 May 2023[43] | |
184 | 12 June 2023[51] | |
185 | 17 July 2024[43] |
Bulgaria has not established diplomatic relations with Bhutan,
Gambia,
Haiti,
Papua New Guinea,
Saint Kitts and Nevis,
South Sudan, and
Tonga.
Relations by region and country
editMultilateral
editOrganization | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
See 2007 enlargement of the European Union
Bulgaria joined the European Union as a full member on 1 January 2007. | ||
Bulgaria joined NATO as a full member on 29 March 2004. |
Africa
editCountry | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
1962[52] | ||
20 November 1975 | ||
3 February 1926[58] | See Bulgaria–Egypt relations
| |
| ||
| ||
30 June 1963[59] |
| |
1 September 1961[60][full citation needed] |
| |
1964[63] |
| |
2 February 1992 | See Bulgaria–South Africa relations | |
1 July 1956[65] | See Bulgaria–Sudan relations
| |
1956[66] |
Americas
editCountry | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
1931[69] |
| |
15 February 1994[70] |
| |
1934[72] |
| |
30 June 1966[73] | See Bulgaria–Canada relations | |
1935[77] |
| |
8 May 1973[78][full citation needed] | ||
1960[79] |
| |
| ||
1971[81] | ||
6 January 1938[82][full citation needed] | See Bulgaria–Mexico relations
| |
2 December 1992 |
| |
1969 | ||
1903[87] | See Bulgaria–United States relations
Bulgarian-American relations, first formally established in 1903, have moved from missionary activity and American support for Bulgarian independence in the late 19th century to the growth of trade and commerce in the early 20th century, to reluctant hostility during World War I and open war and bombardment in World War II, to ideological confrontation during the Cold War, to partnership with the United States in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and growing political, military and economic ties in the beginning of the 21st century.
| |
| ||
|
Asia
editCountry | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
12 June 1961[88] |
| |
18 January 1992[91] | See Armenia–Bulgaria relations
| |
5 June 1992[94] | See Azerbaijan–Bulgaria relations
| |
3 October 1949[97] | See Bulgaria–China relations
| |
5 June 1992[100] | See Bulgaria–Georgia relations
| |
22 December 1954[103] | See Bulgaria–India relations | |
20 September 1956[106] | See Bulgaria–Indonesia relations | |
1897[108] | ||
14 August 1958[112] | See Bulgaria–Iraq relations
| |
4 December 1948[115] |
| |
12 October 1939[118] | See Bulgaria–Japan relations
| |
5 June 1992[121] |
| |
19 September 1966 |
| |
22 April 1950[125] | See Bulgaria–Mongolia relations
| |
29 November 1948[126] |
| |
15 June 1965[127] | ||
November 1988[129] |
| |
23 March 1990[130] | See Bulgaria–South Korea relations
| |
24 July 1954 | See Bulgaria–Syria relations | |
10 August 1974[137] | ||
18 October 1925[141] | See Bulgaria–Turkey relations
| |
19 October 1991[144] | See Bulgaria–United Arab Emirates relations
| |
12 September 1992[145] | See Bulgaria–Uzbekistan relations
| |
8 February 1950[146] | See Bulgaria–Vietnam relations | |
12 October, 1962[149] | See Bulgaria–Yemen relations
|
Europe
editCountry | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
1922[150] | See Albania–Bulgaria relations | |
14 July 1993[155] |
| |
7 July 1879[157] | See Austria–Bulgaria relations | |
26 March 1992[160] | See Belarus–Bulgaria relations | |
1879[164] | See Belgium–Bulgaria relations
| |
15 January 1992[167] | See Bosnia and Herzegovina–Bulgaria relations
| |
13 August 1992[170] | See Bulgaria–Croatia relations | |
30 October 1960[173] | See Bulgaria–Cyprus relations
| |
27 September 1920[175] | See Bulgaria–Czech Republic relations
| |
17 April 1931[179] | See Bulgaria–Denmark relations
| |
20 May 1921[180] | See Bulgaria–Estonia relations
| |
5 August 1918[181] |
| |
8 July 1879[182] | See Bulgaria–France relations
| |
1879[184] | See Bulgaria–Germany relations
| |
1880[187] | See Bulgaria–Greece relations
Relations between Greece and Bulgaria have been very cordial since the 1950s, due to the strong cultural, political and religious ties between the two nations, preceded in the earlier 20th century by periods of intense mutual hostility. Since Bulgaria's independence in 1876, Greece and Bulgaria faced each other in three major wars: the Second Balkan War, the First World War and the Second World War, in which Bulgaria briefly occupied parts of northern Greece.
| |
See Holy See–Bulgaria relations
| ||
9 August 1920[189] | See Bulgaria–Hungary relations
| |
27 December 1963[190] | See Bulgaria–Iceland relations
| |
11 July 1990[191] | See Bulgaria–Ireland relations
| |
25 July 1879[194] | See Bulgaria–Italy relations
| |
27 May 2008[49] | See Bulgaria–Kosovo relations
| |
24 May 1922[200] | See Bulgaria–Latvia relations
| |
19 November 1993[203] |
| |
3 November 1924[204] | See Bulgaria–Lithuania relations
| |
1956[207] |
| |
10 September 1971[208] | ||
5 February 1992[211] | See Bulgaria–Moldova relations | |
14 February 2008[213] |
| |
2 August 2006[214] | See Bulgaria–Montenegro relations | |
1909[215] | See Bulgaria–Netherlands relations
| |
15 January 1992[218] | See Bulgaria–North Macedonia relations
| |
20 August 1906[220] | See Bulgaria–Norway relations | |
30 December 1918[222] | See Bulgaria–Poland relations | |
1893[225] | See Bulgaria–Portugal relations | |
See Bulgaria–Romania relations
Bulgarian relations with Romania featured regular official visits by the two presidents. Romanian-Bulgarian relations are developing "very intensively" because of EU accession, since Romania and Bulgaria joined the European Union in 2007. Romania and Bulgaria have never had any serious conflicts, other than a territorial dispute over the Dobruja region in 1913–1940, now largely forgotten. Vidin and Calafat have perhaps the closest relations of any towns along this lower section of the Danube. There is a regular ferry service, so locals here have regular interchange with their neighbors across the border.
| ||
7 July 1879[228] | See Bulgaria–Russia relations
| |
17 April 2000[231] |
| |
18 January 1879[232][full citation needed] | See Bulgaria–Serbia relations | |
1 January 1993[233] | See Bulgaria–Slovakia relations
| |
1992[236] | See Bulgaria–Slovenia relations | |
8 May 1910[239] | See Bulgaria–Spain relations
| |
6 June 1914[242] | See Bulgaria–Sweden relations
| |
14 November 1916[245] | See Bulgaria–Switzerland relations
| |
18 October 1925[141] | See Turkey in Asia Above | |
13 December 1991[248] | See Bulgaria–Ukraine relations
Ukrainian-Bulgarian relations are characterized by a constant active political dialogue at the highest level. Ukraine and Bulgaria actively cooperate and provide mutual support within the framework of regional and international organizations, such as the BSEC, the Central European Initiative, the OSCE, the Council of Europe, the United Nations. Bulgaria, has confirmed readiness to promote the European and Euro-Atlantic integration of Ukraine. It occupies an important place in the Balkan direction of Ukraine's foreign policy interests, which is due to the geopolitical position of the country in the Balkans, the proximity of interests in the Black Sea and the Danube region. Ukraine and Bulgaria are united by ethnic, linguistic and religious components, traditional economic, trade and cultural-historical ties. Bulgaria is an important market for Ukrainian products and the largest trade and economic partner of Ukraine in the Balkan region. In 2017, foreign trade between Ukraine and Bulgaria demonstrated growth dynamics. | |
23 July 1879[251] | See Bulgaria–United Kingdom relations
Bulgaria established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 23 July 1879.[251]
Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, NATO, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.[253] |
Oceania
editCountry | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
5 April 1972[254] | ||
9 October 1984[257] |
|
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Bechev, Dimitar (2020-07-20). "Living on the Periphery: Bulgaria's Geopolitics Reconsidered". Southeastern Europe. 44 (2): 157–176. doi:10.30965/18763332-04402003. ISSN 0094-4467. S2CID 225573088.
- ^ a b Gerasymchuk, Sergiy (2019). "Bucharest Nine: looking for cooperation on NATO's eastern flank?" (PDF). Friedrich Ebert Foundation. pp. 1–10.
- ^ Stephane Lefebvre, "Bulgaria's foreign relations in the post-communist era: a general overview and assessment." East European Quarterly 28.4 (1994): 453-471.
- ^ "Former French leader Sarkozy held over Libyan funding inquiry". Reuters. 20 March 2018. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
- ^ "Gaddafi, Sarkozy Involved N-Plant Deal in Rescue of Bulgarian Medics – Report". Novinite. 30 April 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
- ^ "The Bulgaria 2010 Review: Diplomacy and Foreign Policy - Novinite.com - Sofia News Agency".
- ^ "Bulgaria drops nuclear power plant plans". Euractiv. 28 March 2012.
- ^ a b c Gotev, Georgi (16 June 2016). "Bulgaria refuses to join NATO Black Sea fleet against Russia". EURACTIV MEDIA NETWORK BV.
- ^ "Bulgaria suspends South Stream gas pipeline project". BBC. 14 August 2014.
- ^ "Bulgaria Suspends Work On South Stream Pipeline". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 8 June 2014.
- ^ Synovitz, Ron; Paunova, Polina (3 September 2020). "Bulgarian Survivor Of Suspected Russian Poison Attack Condemns Suspension Of Probe". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
- ^ Grozev, Christo; Lehberger, Roman; Schmid, Fidelius (23 November 2019). "Mutmaßlicher Geheimdienstanschlag in Sofia. Auftrag: Mord". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
- ^ a b c d dos Santos, Nina (24 March 2021). "How an alleged Russian spy ring stole NATO and EU secrets from Bulgaria". Cable News Network.
- ^ "Bilateral visit of President of Romania, Mr. Klaus Iohannis, in the Republic of Poland and his participation in the High Level Meeting of the Bucharest Format (B9), on 7-8 June 2018". President of Romania. 5 June 2018.
- ^ Rotaru, Vasile; Umland, Andreas (10 November 2017). "How Romania and Poland can strengthen NATO and the EU". Foreign Affairs.
- ^ "Dutch minister 'Bloks' Bulgaria's Schengen accession". Euractiv. 6 June 2019. Archived from the original on 30 September 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
- ^ "Bulgarian far right parade in Macedonia's capital Skopje". Macedonia Times. 17 January 2022.
- ^ a b "Bulgarian Delegation To Visit Kyiv In Effort To Break Coalition Deadlock Over Arms Deliveries". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 27 April 2022.
- ^ Dimitrov, Martin (5 March 2019). "New Bulgarian Pipeline Risks Repeating South Stream Fiasco". Balkan Insight. Balkan Investigative Reporting Network BIRN 2007.
- ^ a b Jirušek, Martin (19 February 2020). "TurkStream is South Stream 2.0—has the EU done its homework this time?". Atlantic Council.
- ^ "Russia begins TurkStream gas flows to Greece, North Macedonia". Reuters. 5 January 2020.
- ^ "Russia's Putin accuses Bulgaria of holding up TurkStream pipeline". Reuters. 4 December 2019.
- ^ Gotev, Georgi (30 October 2020). "How Bulgaria gave Gazprom the keys to the Balkans". EURACTIV MEDIA NETWORK BV.
- ^ a b c Kramer, Mark (1 April 2021). "A Weak Link in NATO? Bulgaria, Russia, and the Lure of Espionage". President and Fellows of Harvard College. Davis Center.
- ^ a b c Naydenov, Mihail (19 April 2021). "Bulgaria in the Black Sea: Defending against Russian hybrid warfare". Middle East Institute.
- ^ a b c d e GERASYMCHUK, SERGIY (7 May 2022). "Bulgaria: Hard Choice between Weapons for Ukraine and Unity of the Coalition". European Pravda. European Union and the International Renaissance Foundation.
- ^ "Bulgarian Politicians Discuss First Democratic Elections 20y After". Novinite. 5 July 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
- ^ "Bulgaria approves repairs to Ukrainian military equipment, not military aid". Reuters. 4 May 2022.
- ^ Todorov, Svetoslav (7 June 2022). "'We Have Done Enough': Bulgaria Rejects Ukraine's Plea for Heavy Weapons". BIRN 2007. Balkan Insight.
- ^ Fung, Katherine (7 June 2022). "Bulgaria Won't Send Weapons to Ukraine as Zelensky Faces Calls to End War". Newsweek.
- ^ "Hungary again slams Bulgaria gas transit levy, says 'clear breach' of EU rules". 20 October 2023.
- ^ "Bulgaria to suspend transit tax for Russian gas". 12 December 2023.
- ^ Lembke, Johan; Voinescu, Sever (2006). "Enlarging the European Union to the Black Sea: Strategic Implications and Prospects". Studia Diplomatica. 59 (4): 57–75. JSTOR 44839506.
- ^ a b "Bulgaria says will not join any NATO Black Sea fleet after Russian warning". Reuters. 16 June 2016.
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External links
edit- Bulgarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archived 2006-12-07 at the Wayback Machine