The Wars of Survival were a series of wars between the Hittite Empire and its neighbours including Arzawa, Kaška, and Hayasa-Azzi. The wars, which lasted from c. 1400 BC to 1350 BC proved to be an existential period for the Hittites, whose capital city of Ḫattuša was sacked and whose territory was reduced to a small area around Šamuḫa. However, the Hittite general and future king Šuppiluliuma regained all of their lost territory and embarked on punitive expeditions which firmly reestablished the Hittites as a major power.
| Invasions of Hatti | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Kaskian-Hittite Wars | |||||||||
 Hatti before the Invasions | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
| Hittites |
Kaska Arzawa Hayasa-Azzi Isuwa | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Much of the lands of Hatti ravaged and in ruins.[5] | Many taken as war captives to Hatti.[5] | ||||||||
Background
editDuring the reign of Arnuwanda I, the Hittites had been unable to firmly control Western Anatolia. This is evidenced by a document known to modern scholars as the Indictment of Madduwatta, which recounts the repeated betrayals of a nominally pro-Hittite vassal ruler. Despite having sworn fealty to the Hittites, Madduwatta repeatedly stirred up trouble with neighbouring kingdoms including Arzawa, requiring the Hittites to commit troops to the region.[6][7]
War
editThis war would be long, however the exact length is unknown, it is usually dated from sometime during Arnuwanda's reign to early Suppiluliuma's reign.[7][5]
Early Phase
editDuring the reign of Arnuwanda I, the Kaška had raided, seized, and sacked many Hittite holy cities including Tapikka, Šarišša and Šapinuwa, with the Kaška being some 100 km from the capital city of Ḫattuša.[8][5] Arnuwanda saw some limited success in pushing them out, even trying to diplomatically pay the Kaška off, but much of Ḫatti still remained under Kaška control.[5] In this era, the Hittite Kingdom was a fragile structure lacking the resources and manpower to respond effectively to such events.[8]
Concentric invasions
editAround the time Tudḫaliya III took the throne, the situation deteriorated further. Multiple neighbouring groups attacked the Hittites, in what has come to be known as the "concentric invasions". Later Hittite texts portray these attacks as a sudden and coordinated conspiracy, modern Hittitologists suspect that this level of coordination would have been impossible for geographically separated and often illiterate groups.[9]
These new attackers included the Hittites' western rival Arzawa, who conquered an enormous swath of Hittite territory including lands that it had never lost since its founding two centuries earlier.[citation needed][10] To make things even worse, Isuwa attacked and sacked Kizzuwatna.[5]
These attacks were very successful, and the Hittite heartland was overrun. The Hittite capital city of Ḫattuša was either sacked or abandoned, and the royals retreated to the city of Šamuḫa, which became a temporary capital and a base from which to mount counterattacks. The Hittite Kingdom came to the brink of a complete collapse.[8] In addition Masat and Nerik too fell to the Kaška. With a possible reason for the Kaška to have invaded, might have been that the "Kaskans suffer the loss of their grain to locusts so, in search of food, they join up with Hayasa-Azzi and Išuwa, as well as other Hittite enemies".[2][better source needed]
During this time, the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III wrote to the Arzawan Tarḫuntaradu intending to open diplomatic relations. The exchange was complicated by the fact that the Arzawans did not have access to a scribe who could read or write Akkadian, the diplomatic language among the great powers of the time. However, the correspondence was completed in Hittite, a language which the Arzawan royals were familiar with, and which the Egyptian scribes were able to approximate despite some grammatical errors. Two letters from this correspondence survive as part of the Amarna letters found in Egypt.[citation needed][10] In one of the letters, Amenhotep remarks that 'I have heard that everything is finished, and the country of Ḫattuša is paralyzed'.[11]
Re-Conquests
editFrom his base at Šamuḫa, Tudḫaliya launched a campaign to retake all the lost lands. This ended up taking twenty years and was only completed by his successor Šuppiluliuma I.[8]
The first targets of the reconquest were the territories taken by the Kaška to the north and Hayasa-Azzi to the northeast, probably because they were the closest to Šamuḫa. The Kaška in particular were attacked multiple times during this phase.[5] With Hayasa-Azzi had a showdown at Kumaha, that occurred after the defeat of Kaška by Ḫatti. After this showdown Hayasa-Azzi were forced to sign a vassal treaty with the Hittites.[3][better source needed]
Following those reconquests, the Hittites turned to Arzawa. Tudḫaliya was growing increasingly ill at this time and allowed Šuppiluliuma to take the lead of the campaign. Arzawa proved to be a difficult nut to crack and it is believed that the campaign took longer than the ones against Kaška and Hayasa-Azzi, however Arzawa was eventually defeated.[5] The Hittites under Šuppiluliuma started by retaking taking the fort of Sallapare, Tuwanuwa, and Tarḫuntašša. Though towards the end in 1350's BC, Anzapahhadu of Arzawa routed a Hittite general named Himuili, while finally succumbing to another incursion led by Šuppiluliuma himself.[4][better source needed]
Result
editThese wars saw much of the Hittite lands and cities ravaged, with Hittite grain-lands suffering particularly.[8][5] However, these lands were eventually refortified and repopulated.[8]
When Tudḫaliya III died, the throne was intended to pass to the crown prince Tudḫaliya the Younger. However, Šuppiluliuma felt discontented at being passed over, given his role in reconquering the kingdom. Šuppiluliuma assassinated the crown prince with the support of the army, taking the throne for himself.[8]
Aftermath
editḪatti would emerge stronger than ever after these wars and after it had had the chance to recover from the damage the war caused. Suppiluliuma would go on to become one of the greatest military leaders of the Empire.[5]
References
edit- ^ a b c Bryce, Trevor (2007). Hittite Warrior. Osprey Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-84603-081-9.
- ^ a b "Kaskans / Gasga (Kashku) (Bronze Age)".
- ^ a b "Hayasa-Azzi (Bronze Age)".
- ^ a b "Arzawa (Luwia) (South Indo-Europeans) (Bronze Age)".
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bryce, Trevor (2023). Warriors of Anatolia: A Concise history of the Hittites. Bloomsbury. pp. 73–80. ISBN 978-1-3503-4885-1.
- ^ Bryce, Trevor (2019). Warriors of Anatolia. pp. 68–71. ISBN 978-1-3501-4078-3.
- ^ a b Stone, Damien (2023). The Hittites: Lost civilizations. Reaktion Books. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-1-78914-684-4.
- ^ a b c d e f g Stone, Damien (2023). The Hittites: Lost civilizations. Reaktion Books. pp. 36–38. ISBN 978-1-78914-684-4.
- ^ Bryce, Trevor (2023). Warriors of Anatolia: A Concise history of the Hittites. Bloomsbury. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-3503-4885-1.
- ^ a b "Ancient Anatolia A History of Arzawa".
- ^ Stone, Damien (2023). The Hittites: Lost civilizations. Reaktion Books. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-78914-684-4.