World War I (also known as the First World War and the Great War) was a global military conflict that embroiled most of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Entente and the Central Powers.[1] The immediate cause of the war was the June 28, 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, by Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb citizen of Austria-Hungary and member of the Black Hand. The retaliation by Austria-Hungary against Serbia activated a series of alliances that set off a chain reaction of war declarations. Within a month, much of Europe was in a state of open warfare, resulting in the mobilization of more than 65 million European soldiers,[2] and more than 40 million casualties—including approximately 20 million deaths by the end of the war.[3]
When World War I broke out, the United States maintained a policy of isolationism, avoiding conflict while trying to negotiate peace between the warring nations. However, when a German U-boat sank the British liner Lusitania in 1915, with 128 Americans aboard, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships. Germany complied and Wilson unsuccessfully tried to mediate a settlement. He repeatedly warned that the U.S. would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare, in violation of international law.[4]
By the time the United States of America entered the war in 1917—three years after the first shots were fired—several Americans had already gone to fight as pilots by joining the Royal Flying Corps. These pilots reported to Canada, and after flight training were sent to fight as officers in the British military.[5]
The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War and is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented posthumously.[6]
In all some 125 men received the Medal for their actions in World War I (34 of them posthumously): 92 from the Army, to include 4 from the Air Service, 21 from the Navy (including 10 who received the Medal of non-combat actions), and 8 from the Marine Corps. Among the recipients were Alvin York, who later became the basis for the movie Sergeant York, and Edward Rickenbacker, who became a flying ace. Ralph Talbot of the Marine Corps also became a flying ace and was the first Marine aviator to receive the Medal of Honor.[7][8]
Since the Medal of Honor was established, 19 recipients have received it twice, of whom 5 received both awards during World War I.[9] These 5 men were all Marines who received both the Army and Navy versions of the Medal of Honor for the same action. This was made possible by the practice of attaching some units of the U.S. Marine Corps, a part of the Department of the Navy, to larger U.S. Army commands, making marines in such units eligible for both Army and Navy decorations. Of the other three marines who earned the Medal of Honor during World War I, two were awarded only the Navy version and one, Fred W. Stockham, received only the Army version.[10] In February 1919, the criteria for the award were amended to state that no person could receive more than one Medal of Honor, thus precluding any future double recipients.[11]
Recipients
editThis color indicates that the Medal of Honor was awarded posthumously. The addition of the † symbol means that the recipient was killed in action or died during the war.
Image | Name | Service | Rank | Place of action | Date of action | Notes[12] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Joseph B. Adkison | Army | Sergeant | near Bellicourt, France | Sep 29, 1918 | Single-handedly attacked and captured a machine gun position | |
Jake Allex | Army | Corporal | Chipilly Ridge, France | Aug 9, 1918 | Took command of his platoon after all officers had been killed or wounded and single-handedly captured a machine gun nest | |
Edward C. Allworth | Army | Captain | Cléry-le-Petit, France | Nov 5, 1918 | Swam across a canal under fire, encouraging his men to follow, then led his unit in the capture of 100 prisoners | |
Johannes S. Anderson | Army | First Sergeant | Consenvoye, France | Oct 8, 1918 | Single-handedly attacked and captured a machine gun nest | |
Albert E. Baesel † | Army | Second Lieutenant | near Ivoiry, France | Sep 27, 1918 | Killed while trying to rescue a wounded soldier under heavy fire | |
John H. Balch | Navy | Pharmacist's Mate First Class | Vierzy and Somme-Py, France | Jul 19, 1918 and Oct 5, 1918 |
Exposed himself to intense fire in order to treat the wounded and establish a dressing station | |
Charles D. Barger | Army | Private First Class | near Bois-de-Bantheville, France | Oct 31, 1918 | With Jesse N. Funk, entered no man's land and rescued two wounded officers | |
David B. Barkley † | Army | Private | near Pouilly-sur-Meuse, France | Nov 9, 1918 | Swam the Meuse River and reconnoitered German positions under heavy fire, drowned on the return trip | |
John L. Barkley | Army | Private First Class | near Cunel, France | Oct 7, 1918 | Manned a machine gun inside a disabled tank and single-handedly repelled two German counterattacks | |
Frank J. Bart | Army | Private | near Medeah Ferme, France | Oct 3, 1918 | Single-handedly attacked and silenced two machine gun nests | |
Robert L. Blackwell † | Army | Private | near Saint-Souplet, France | Oct 11, 1918 | Killed while trying to carry a message calling for reinforcements through heavy fire | |
Erwin R. Bleckley † | Air Service | Second Lieutenant | near Binarville, France | Oct 6, 1918 | Killed while trying to supply the Lost Battalion by air with Harold Goettler | |
Joel T. Boone | Navy | Lieutenant | near Vierzy, France | Jul 19, 1918 | Exposed himself to intense fire in order to treat the wounded and bring in supplies | |
Willis Winter Bradley, Jr. | Navy | Lieutenant | USS Pittsburgh en route to Buenos Aires, Argentina | Jul 23, 1917 | Entered a room containing explosives and extinguished a fire after an accidental detonation | |
Deming Bronson | Army | First Lieutenant | near Eclisfontaine, France | Sep 26, 1918 – Sep 27, 1918 | Continued to fight although suffering from severe wounds | |
Donald M. Call | Army | Corporal | near Varennes, France | Sep 26, 1918 | Rescued a wounded officer from a disabled tank and carried him to safety under intense fire | |
Tedford H. Cann | Navy | Seaman | USS May | Nov 5, 1917 | Dove into a flooded compartment to find and plug a leak which threatened his ship | |
Marcellus H. Chiles † | Army | Captain | near Le Champy Bas, France | Nov 3, 1918 | Led from the front despite intense machine gun fire until being mortally wounded | |
—
|
Wilbur E. Colyer † | Army | Sergeant | near Verdun, France | Oct 9, 1918 | Single-handedly attacked and silenced three machine gun nests |
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|
Henry G. Costin † | Army | Private | near Bois-de-Consenvoye, France | Oct 8, 1918 | Mortally wounded while attacking a machine gun nest alone after everyone else in his team had become casualties |
Jesse W. Covington | Navy | Ship's Cook Third class | USS Stewart | Apr 17, 1918 | Dove overboard and rescued a man who was surrounded by boxes of explosives | |
Louis Cukela | Marine Corps | Sergeant | near Villers-Cotterêts, France | Jul 18, 1918 | Single-handedly attacked and captured a German strongpoint[n 1] | |
George Dilboy † | Army | Private First Class | near Belleau, France | Jul 18, 1918 | Mortally wounded while single-handedly attacking and silencing a machine gun position | |
Michael A. Donaldson | Army | Sergeant | Sommerance-Landres-et-Saint-Georges Road, France | Oct 14, 1918 | Rescued six wounded men despite intense fire | |
William J. Donovan | Army | Lieutenant Colonel | near Landres-et-Saint-Georges, France | Oct 14, 1918 – Oct 15, 1918 | Exposed himself to fire in order to lead and organize his men, remained with them after being wounded. The only person to have received the four highest awards in the United States: the Medal of Honor, the Distinguished Service Cross, the Distinguished Service Medal, and the National Security Medal. | |
James C. Dozier | Army | First Lieutenant | near Montbrehain, France | Oct 8, 1918 | Continued to lead after being wounded and, with another soldier, silenced a machine gun nest | |
Parker F. Dunn † | Army | Private First Class | near Grandpré, Ardennes, France | Oct 23, 1918 | Killed while carrying a message through intense fire | |
—
|
Daniel R. Edwards | Army | Private First Class | Soissons, France | Jul 18, 1918 | Although severely injured, single-handedly entered a German trench and killed or captured the occupants |
Alan L. Eggers | Army | Sergeant | near Le Catelet, France | Sep 29, 1918 | With J.C. Latham and Thomas E. O'Shea, rescued the crew of a disabled tank and protected them from attack all day | |
—
|
Michael B. Ellis | Army | Sergeant | near Exermont, France | Oct 5, 1918 | Single-handedly attacked and captured several German positions |
Arthur J. Forrest | Army | Sergeant | near Remonville, France | Nov 1, 1918 | Single-handedly attacked and silenced a machine gun nest | |
Gary E. Foster | Army | Sergeant | near Montbrehain, France | Oct 8, 1918 | Single-handedly silenced a machine gun nest | |
Jesse N. Funk | Army | Private First Class | near Bois-de-Bantheville, France | Oct 31, 1918 | With Charles D. Barger, entered no man's land and rescued two wounded officers | |
—
|
Harold A. Furlong | Army | First Lieutenant | near Bantheville, France | Nov 1, 1918 | Single-handedly attacked and silenced a series of machine gun nests |
Frank J. Gaffney | Army | Private First Class | near Ronssoy, France | Sep 29, 1918 | Single-handedly captured and held a German position until reinforcements arrived | |
Harold E. Goettler † | Air Service | First Lieutenant | near Binarville, France | Oct 6, 1918 | Killed while trying to supply the Lost Battalion by air with Erwin Bleckley | |
Ora Graves | Navy | Seaman | USS Pittsburgh en route to Buenos Aires, Argentina | Jul 23, 1917 | Extinguished a fire after an accidental explosion | |
Earle D. Gregory | Army | Sergeant | north of Verdun, France | Oct 8, 1918 | Single-handedly attacked and captured three German positions | |
Sydney G. Gumpertz | Army | First Sergeant | Bois-de-Forges, France | Sep 29, 1918 | Single-handedly silenced a machine gun nest | |
—
|
Thomas L. Hall † | Army | Sergeant | near Montbrehain, France | Oct 8, 1918 | Single-handedly attacked and silenced a machine gun nest, killed while attacking a second |
Charles H. Hammann | Naval Reserve | Ensign | off Pula, Austria-Hungary | Aug 21, 1918 | Rescued a fellow pilot who had been shot down | |
M. Waldo Hatler | Army | Sergeant | near Pouilly-sur-Meuse, France | Nov 8, 1918 | Swam the Meuse River and reconnoitered German positions under heavy fire | |
David E. Hayden | Navy | Hospital Apprentice First Class | Thiaucourt, France | Sep 15, 1918 | Reached a wounded man, treated him, and carried him to safety despite intense fire | |
George P. Hays | Army | First Lieutenant | near Greves Farm, France | Jul 14, 1918 – Jul 15, 1918 | Carried messages through heavy fire | |
James D. Heriot † | Army | Corporal | Vaux-Andigny, France | Oct 12, 1918 | Single-handedly attacked and captured a machine gun nest, killed while attacking a second | |
Ralyn M. Hill | Army | Corporal | near Donnevoux, France | Oct 7, 1918 | Ran through heavy fire to rescue a downed French pilot | |
Richmond H. Hilton | Army | Sergeant | Brancourt, France | Oct 11, 1918 | Led an attack which successfully captured a machine gun nest | |
Nelson M. Holderman | Army | Captain | northeast of Binarville, France | Oct 2, 1918 – Oct 8, 1918 | As part of the Lost Battalion, continued to lead despite being repeatedly wounded and rescued two wounded men from under intense fire | |
Osmond K. Ingram † | Navy | Gunner's Mate First Class | USS Cassin, off the coast of Ireland | Oct 15, 1917 | Killed while attempting to release depth charges in the face of an oncoming torpedo | |
Edouard V. M. Izac | Navy | Lieutenant | German submarine U-90 | May 21, 1918 | Gathered intellegience while a prisoner of war, escaped and brought the information to the Allies | |
Ernest A. Janson | Marine Corps | Gunnery Sergeant | near Château-Thierry, France | Jun 6, 1918 | Single-handedly attacked and dispersed a machine gun detachment[n 1][n 2] | |
Harold I. Johnston | Army | Private First Class | near Pouilly-sur-Meuse, France | Nov 9, 1918 | Swam the Meuse River and reconnoitered German positions under heavy fire | |
Henry Johnson | Army | Sergeant | near Argonne Forest, France | May 14, 1918 | Repelled a 24-man German raiding party; suffered 21 wounds. Medal awarded posthumously in 2015. | |
James E. Karnes | Army | Sergeant | near Estrées, France | Oct 8, 1918 | With Calvin Ward, attacked and captured a machine gun nest | |
Phillip C. Katz | Army | Sergeant | near Eclisfontaine, France | Sep 26, 1918 | Rescued a wounded man from under heavy fire | |
Benjamin Kaufman | Army | First Sergeant | Forest of Argonne, France | Oct 4, 1918 | Although wounded, single-handedly attacked and captured a machine gun | |
John J. Kelly | Marine Corps | Private | Blanc Mont Ridge, France | Oct 3, 1918 | Single-handedly attacked a machine gun nest under an artillery barrage[n 1] | |
Matej Kocak † | Marine Corps | Sergeant | south of Soissons, France | Jul 18, 1918 | Single-handedly silenced a machine gun nest and led a successful attack on a second nest[n 1] | |
John C. Latham | Army | Sergeant | near Le Catelet, France | Sep 29, 1918 | With Alan L. Eggers and Thomas E. O'Shea, rescued the crew of a disabled tank and protected them from attack all day | |
Milo Lemert † | Army | First Sergeant | near Bellicourt, France | Sep 29, 1918 | Single-handedly silenced three machine guns, killed while attacking a fourth with another man | |
Berger Loman | Army | Private | near Consenvoye, France | Oct 9, 1918 | Single-handedly attacked and captured a machine gun | |
Frank Luke, Jr. † | Air Service | Second Lieutenant | near Murvaux, France | Sep 29, 1918 | Destroyed three observation balloons before being forced to land because of mortal wounds | |
Alexander G. Lyle | Navy | Lieutenant Commander | France | Apr 23, 1918 | Exposed himself to hostile fire to treat a wounded man | |
John MacKenzie | Navy | Chief Boatswain's Mate | USS Remlik (SP-157) in the Bay of Biscay | Dec 17, 1917 | Secured a live depth charge | |
James J. Madison | Naval Reserve | Lieutenant Commander | USS Ticonderoga | Sep 30, 1918 | Continued to lead his ship after being severely wounded during a U-boat attack | |
George H. Mallon | Army | Captain | Bois-de-Forges, France | Sep 26, 1918 | Led a small group in the capture of a series of German positions | |
Sidney E. Manning | Army | Corporal | near Breuvannes, France | Jul 28, 1918 | Took command of his platoon and, although repeatedly wounded, led his men forward | |
Patrick McGunigal | Navy | Shipfitter First class | USS Huntington | Sep 17, 1917 | Rescued the pilot of a crashed observation balloon | |
George G. McMurtry | Army | Captain | Charlevaux, France | Oct 2, 1918 – Oct 8, 1918 | As part of the Lost Battalion, continued to lead and encourage his men despite being repeatedly wounded | |
James I. Mestrovitch † | Army | Sergeant | Fismette, France | Aug 10, 1918 | Rescued a wounded officer from under heavy fire | |
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|
L. Wardlaw Miles | Army | Captain | near Revillon, France | Sep 14, 1918 | Led an attack against a German trench and continued to lead after being severely wounded |
Oscar F. Miller † | Army | Major | near Gesnes, France | Sep 28, 1918 | Continued to lead an attack despite being repeatedly wounded, later died of his wounds | |
—
|
Sterling L. Morelock | Army | Private | near Exermont, France | Oct 4, 1918 | Led a small group in capturing a series of machine gun nests and then treated the wounded |
Thomas C. Neibaur | Army | Private | near Landres-et-Saint-Georges, France | Oct 16, 1918 | Although wounded and cut off from his unit, helped hold off a German counterattack | |
Richard W. O'Neill | Army | Sergeant | on the Ourcq River, France | Jul 30, 1918 | Continued to lead an attack despite being repeatedly wounded | |
—
|
Francis E. Ormsbee, Jr. | Navy | Chief Machinist's Mate | near the Naval Air Station, Pensacola, Florida | Sep 25, 1918 | Rescued the gunner of a downed plane, tried unsuccessfully to rescue the pilot |
Weedon E. Osborne † | Navy | Lieutenant, Junior Grade | Bouresches, France | Jun 6, 1918 | Killed while rescuing wounded men from under heavy fire | |
Thomas E. O'Shea † | Army | Corporal | near Le Catelet, France | Sep 29, 1918 | Killed while attempting to rescue the crew of a disabled tank along with J.C. Latham and Alan L. Eggers | |
Samuel I. Parker | Army | Second Lieutenant | near Soissons, France | Jul 18, 1918 – Jul 19, 1918 | Led an attack which captured a German strong point, continued to lead after being wounded | |
Archie A. Peck | Army | Private | Forest of Argonne, France | Oct 6, 1918 | Rescued two wounded men from under heavy fire | |
Michael J. Perkins † | Army | Private First Class | Belleu Bois, France | Oct 27, 1918 | Single-handedly attacked and captured a pillbox | |
Orlando H. Petty | Naval Reserve | Lieutenant | Bois-de-Belleau, France | Jun 11, 1918 | Tended the wounded despite artillery and gas attacks, even after his gas mask was rendered useless | |
Emory Jenison Pike † | Army | Lieutenant Colonel | near Vandières, France | Sep 15, 1918 | Continued to lead after being mortally wounded while aiding an injured soldier | |
Thomas A. Pope | Army | Corporal | Hamel, France | Jul 4, 1918 | Single-handedly attacked and silenced a machine gun nest | |
John H. Pruitt † | Marine Corps | Corporal | Blanc Mont Ridge, France | Oct 3, 1918 | Single-handedly captured two machine guns and forty prisoners[n 1] | |
Patrick Regan | Army | Second Lieutenant | Bois-de-Consenvoye, France | Oct 8, 1918 | Led his platoon in the capture of a machine gun nest and continued to lead after being wounded | |
Edward V. Rickenbacker | Air Service | First Lieutenant | near Billy-sous-les-Côtes, France | Sep 25, 1918 | Attacked seven German planes, shooting down two | |
George S. Robb | Army | First Lieutenant | near Séchault, France | Sep 29, 1918 – Sep 30, 1918 | Continued to lead despite being repeatedly wounded | |
—
|
Harold W. Roberts † | Army | Corporal | Montrebeau Woods, France | Oct 4, 1918 | Drowned after pushing another man to safety when their tank fell into a water-filled shell hole |
Robert G. Robinson | Marine Corps | Gunnery Sergeant | over Pittem, Belgium | Oct 8, 1918 and Oct 14, 1918 |
Continued to fire his weapon after being severely wounded in an aerial battle against twelve German planes | |
Samuel M. Sampler | Army | Corporal | near Saint-Étienne-à-Arnes, France | Oct 8, 1918 | Single-handedly attacked and silenced a machine gun nest | |
Willie Sandlin | Army | Sergeant | Bois-de-Forges, France | Sep 26, 1918 | Single-handedly attacked three machine gun nests | |
William Sawelson † | Army | Sergeant | Grandpré, Ardennes, France | Oct 26, 1918 | Killed while aiding a wounded man under heavy fire | |
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|
Dwite H. Schaffner | Army | First Lieutenant | near St. Hubert's Pavilion, Boureuilles, France | Sep 28, 1918 | Led his men in a defense against German counterattacks, personally captured a German officer and extracted information from him |
Oscar Schmidt, Jr. | Navy | Chief Gunner's Mate | USS Chestnut Hill | Oct 9, 1918 | Rescued a wounded man from the water and attempted to rescue another | |
Lloyd M. Seibert | Army | Sergeant | near Épinonville, France | Sep 26, 1918 | Although ill, led his men in an attack on a machine gun and continued to lead after being wounded | |
William Shemin | Army | Sergeant | Vesle River, southeast of Bazoches, France | Aug 7, 1918 – Aug 9, 1918 | Rescued the wounded from under heavy fire and took command of his platoon after his superiors became casualties. Medal awarded posthumously in 2015. | |
—
|
John O. Siegel | Navy | Boatswain's Mate Second Class | Mohawk (YT-17) | Nov 1, 1918 | Rescued two men from a burning vessel before being trapped and collapsing from the smoke |
Alexander R. Skinker † | Army | Captain | Cheppy, France | Sep 26, 1918 | Killed while leading two other men in an attack on German pillboxes | |
Clayton K. Slack | Army | Private | near Consenvoye, France | Oct 8, 1918 | Single-handedly attacked and captured a group of German soldiers | |
Fred E. Smith † | Army | Lieutenant Colonel | near Binarville, France | Sep 29, 1918 | Drew German fire onto himself so his men could find cover, retrieved a supply of grenades and was mortally wounded while planning a counterattack | |
Fred W. Stockham † | Marine Corps | Gunnery Sergeant | Bois-de-Belleau, France | June 13, 1918 – Jun 14, 1918 | Gave his gas mask to a wounded comrade, later died of poison gas exposure | |
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|
Freddie Stowers † | Army | Corporal | near Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles, France | Sep 28, 1918 | Led an attack on German positions and continued to lead after being mortally wounded |
Daniel A. J. Sullivan | Naval Reserve | Ensign | USS Christabel | May 21, 1918 | Secured a group of live depth charges | |
Ralph Talbot † | Marine Corps | Second Lieutenant | over Pittem, Belgium | Oct 8, 1918 and Oct 14, 1918 |
With gunner Robert G. Robinson, shot down one plane in an aerial battle against twelve German aircraft | |
Edward R. Talley | Army | Sergeant | near Ponchaux, France | Oct 7, 1918 | Single-handedly attacked and silenced a machine gun | |
Joseph H. Thompson | Army | Major | near Apremont, France | Oct 1, 1918 | Guided a tank towards a German machine gun nest on foot, despite intense fire | |
—
|
Harold L. Turner | Army | Corporal | near Saint-Étienne-à-Arnes, France | Oct 8, 1918 | Single-handedly attacked and captured a German strong point |
William B. Turner † | Army | First Lieutenant | near Ronssoy, France | Sep 27, 1918 | Killed while leading his men in a series of attacks despite being wounded | |
—
|
Frank M. Upton | Navy | Ensign | USS Stewart | Apr 17, 1918 | Dove overboard and rescued a man who was surrounded by boxes of explosives |
Michael Valente | Army | Private | east of Ronssoy, France | Sep 29, 1918 | With another man, silenced two machine gun nests and attacked a German trench | |
Ludovicus M. M. Van Iersel | Army | Sergeant | Mouzon, France | Nov 9, 1918 | Under heavy fire, reconnoitered a damaged bridge and swam the river to investigate German positions | |
John C. Villepigue | Army | Corporal | Vaux-Andigny, France | Oct 15, 1918 | Single-handedly attacked a dugout and captured a machine gun nest | |
Reidar Waaler | Army | Sergeant | near Ronssoy, France | Sep 27, 1918 | Rescued two men from a burning tank under heavy fire | |
Calvin J. Ward | Army | Private | near Estrées, France | Oct 8, 1918 | With James Karnes, attacked and captured a machine gun nest | |
—
|
Chester H. West | Army | First Sergeant | near Bois-de-Cheppy, France | Sep 26, 1918 | Single-handedly attacked a machine gun nest |
Charles W. Whittlesey | Army | Major | northeast of Binarville, France | Oct 2, 1918 – Oct 7, 1918 |
As commander of the Lost Battalion, led his unit in holding their position and refused to surrender | |
J. Hunter Wickersham † | Army | Second Lieutenant | near Limey, France | Sep 12, 1918 | Continued to lead and fight after being mortally wounded | |
—
|
Nels Wold † | Army | Private | near Cheppy, France | Sep 26, 1918 | With another soldier, silenced four machine gun nests, killed while attacking a fifth |
Samuel Woodfill | Army | First Lieutenant | Cunel, France | Oct 12, 1918 | Supported by his company, attacked and silenced three machine gun nests | |
Alvin C. York | Army | Corporal | near Chatel-Chéhéry, France | Oct 8, 1918 | Took command of his platoon and led an attack on a machine gun nest |
See also
editFootnotes
editReferences
editThis article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army Center of Military History.
- General
- "Who's Who list of Marines". Who's Who in Marine Corps History. History Division, United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on February 19, 2007. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
- Willmott, H.P. (2003). World War I. New York: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-0-7894-9627-0. OCLC 52541937.
- Brands, Henry William (1997). T. R.: The Last Romantic. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-06958-3. OCLC 36954615.
- Owens, Ron (October 2004). Medal of Honor: Historical Facts & Figures. Paducah, Kentucky: Turner Publishing Company. pp. 92–98. ISBN 978-1-56311-995-8. Retrieved August 11, 2009.
- Inline
- ^ Willmott 2003, p. 10
- ^ Willmott 2003, p. 307
- ^ Spencer Tucker; Laura Matysek Wood; Justin D. Murphy (1999). The European powers in the First World War: an encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-8153-3351-7. Retrieved August 21, 2009.
- ^ Brands 1997, p. 756
- ^ Barker, Ralph (2002). The Royal Flying Corps in World War I. Robinson. ISBN 978-1-84119-470-7.
- ^ "A Brief History — The Medal of Honor". Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ). Department of Defense. August 8, 2006. Archived from the original on May 19, 2009. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
- ^ Owens 2004, pp. 95–98
- ^ "Medal of Honor statistics". United States Army Center of Military History. June 8, 2009. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
- ^ "Double Recipients". Congressional Medal of Honor Society. 2009. Archived from the original on 2012-02-28. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
- ^ Owens 2004, p. 94
- ^ "History of the Medal of Honor". Congressional Medal of Honor Society. 2009. Archived from the original on 2011-08-28. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
- ^ "Medal of Honor recipients: World War I". United States Army Center of Military History. June 8, 2009. Archived from the original on October 18, 2008. Retrieved July 2, 2009.