Sculpture could be found at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in various different places and serving a diverse number of functions. The works displayed in the specially designed sculpture exhibition halls tended to be by the better known artists of the day but the visitors to the Expo did not need to enter the buildings to find sculpture. The grounds, especially around the lagoon areas and decorating the various bridges were liberally sprinkled with sculpture, most of it made out of staff, an impermanent material. Also to be found were a number of fountains. Another form of sculpture at the Fair, also made of staff, was the architectural sculpture that adorned a large number of the buildings.
Architectural sculpture
editBut here it might be well to say something of the material of which they are constructed, the new and wonderful "staff." It has the properties of both common plaster and cement, and can be worked into any required design; in hardening it shows an ivory-like surface, which, however, can be colored in any desired tint. Thus the most ornate architectural effects are produced, and all the buildings, being covered with this decorative substance, present the appearance of veritable palaces. For the designs, etc., it is modeled into plates the required size and joined invisibly, and it is estimated that about 500,000 of these pieces have been used in the large buildings alone.[1]: 452–53
Sixteen bridges spanned the lagoons that meandered through the fairgrounds. Four statues of native American mammals, also made of staff, decorated the piers at each end of a bridge.[1]: 453
The sculptors and their works
editArtist | Works Exhibited | Image | Medium | Year | Current Collection | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Herbert Adams | St. Agnes' Eve | plaster | 1892 | unlocated | ||
Primavera | polychromed marble | 1890-92 | Corcoran Gallery of Art | |||
Portrait Bust of a Lady Adeline Valentine |
marble | 1889 | The Hispanic Society of America | |||
Thomas Ball | Portrait of a Lady | plaster | 1889 | unlocated | ||
Paul Revere | bronze | 1883 | Cincinnati Art Museum | |||
Portrait of a Gentleman | plaster | unlocated | ||||
Colossal Statue of George Washington | bronze | 1889-93 | Forest Lawn Memorial Park | In the Rotunda: | ||
Christ and the Little Child | marble | 1881 | Mary Provincial House Methuen, Massachusetts |
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Paul Wayland Bartlett | Medallion portrait of the Rev. Dr. Thomas H. Skinner | bronze | 1892 | Chrysler Museum of Art Norfolk, Virginia |
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Bust of Mrs. B (Emily Montgomery Skinner Bartlett) |
marble | 1892 | unlocated | |||
Bohemian and Bears | plaster | 1887 | Art Institute of Chicago | Presumed destroyed | ||
The Bohemian Bear Tamer | bronze | 1889 | Metropolitan Museum of Art | |||
The Ghost Dance (study of the nude) |
plaster | 1889 | unlocated | |||
Sundance or Ghost Dance | bronze | 1889 | National Museum of American Art Smithsonian Institution |
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George Edwin Bissell | John Watts, the last Royal Recorder of New York and founder of the Leake and Watts Orphan House |
bronze | 1892 | Trinity Church, New York | ||
Karl Bitter | Administration Building (architectural sculpture): designed by Richard Morris Hunt Growth of Civilization – 28 sculpture groups |
Destroyed in a July 1894 fire | ||||
Liberty | staff | |||||
Religion | ||||||
Science | ||||||
War | ||||||
Fishermaid and Blacksmith | ||||||
Water Uncontrolled and Water Controlled | ||||||
Fire Uncontrolled and Fire Controlled | ||||||
Diligence | ||||||
Patriotism | ||||||
Truth | ||||||
Richard W. Bock | ||||||
Electricity Building (architectural sculpture): Solon Spencer Beman, architect |
staff | Sculpture contracted from the Philipson Company | ||||
Mines and Mining Building (architectural sculpture): Solon Spencer Beman, architect |
staff | Sculpture contracted from the Phillipson Company | ||||
Manufactures Building: Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company pavilion |
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Gutzon Borglum | Indian Scouts | bronze | 1891 | Forest Lawn Memorial Park | ||
John J. Boyle | Tired Out | bronze | 1887 | Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts | ||
Pennsylvania Building (architectural sculpture): | ||||||
Coat of Arms of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (over main entrance) |
staff | |||||
William Penn and Benjamin Franklin (flanking main entrance) |
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Mines and Mining (atop corner pavilion) |
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Science, Manufactures and Agriculture (atop corner pavilion) |
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Transportation Building (architectural sculpture): Louis Sullivan, architect |
Boyle was awarded a medal for his architectural sculpture on the Transportation Building.[2] | |||||
Apotheosis of Transportation (tympanum over main entrance) |
staff | |||||
Ancient Transportation (bas-relief panel by main entrance) |
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George Stephenson Dennis Papin James Watt The Brakeman Joseph Michael Montgolfier The Pilot Robert Fulton (on balustrades of side porches): |
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The Genius of the Locomotive | ||||||
Caroline Shawk Brooks | Lady Godiva Returning | marble | Destroyed in San Francisco earthquake of 1906 | |||
La Rosa (Vanderbilt Group) | marble | 1886 | private collection | |||
Lady Godiva | marble | Destroyed in San Francisco earthquake of 1906 | ||||
The Dreaming Iolanthe | marble | unlocated | ||||
Carol Brooks | Enid | plaster | unlocated | |||
Henry Kirke Bush-Brown | The Buffalo Hunter | plaster | 1893 | |||
Alexander Sterling Calder | Cordelia | plaster | 1892 | unlocated | ||
Boy with Ribbon | plaster | unlocated | ||||
Thomas Shields Clarke | The Cider Press | bronze | 1892 | De Young Museum, San Francisco, California |
On the grounds of the De Young Museum: | |
Katherine M. Cohen | Bust of Harry Souther | plaster | 1890 | unlocated | ||
Ellen Rankin Copp | Relief portrait of Miss Harriet Monroe | bronze | 1893 | unlocated | ||
Cyrus Edwin Dallin | Signal of Peace | bronze | 1890 | Lincoln Park, Chicago, Illinois | ||
Portrait bust of Dr. I. | marble | ca. 1892 | unlocated | |||
John Talbott Donoghue | The Young Sophocles Leading the Chorus of Victory after the Battle of Salamis |
bronze | 1885 | Honolulu Museum of Art | ||
Kypros | plaster | ca. 1890 | unlocated | |||
Hunting Nymph | plaster | 1886 | unlocated | |||
Frank Edwin Elwell | Charles Dickens and Little Nell | bronze | 1890 | Clark Park, 43rd Street & Chester Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
Installed in Clark Park, Philadelphia: | |
Intellect Dominating Brute Force or Diana and the Lion |
(foreground, left) |
marble | ca. 1893 | Fabyan Villa, Geneva, New York | ||
Jacob Fjelde | Bas-relief of Bert Harwood | plaster | unlocated | |||
Bust of Judge Nelson | bronze | 1890 | U.S. District Court, St. Paul, Minnesota | |||
Daniel Chester French | Bust of A. Bronson Alcott | plaster | 1889 | National Trust for Historic Preservation Stockbridge, Massachusetts |
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Martin Milmore Memorial | bronze | 1892 | Forest Hills Cemetery, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts |
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Angel of Death and the Sculptor | plaster | 1891 | Art Institute of Chicago | Destroyed 1949 | ||
The Republic | 1893 and 1918 | was placed in Jackson Park, Chicago in 1918: | ||||
French and Potter (French created the human figures and Potter the animals.) |
Columbian Quadriga | staff | c. 1892–1893 | A modified version of this was formed of copper in 1906 as The Progress of the State at the Minnesota State Capitol. | ||
The Cart Horse Group | staff | 1892-93 | destroyed | |||
Teamster and Horse | staff | c. 1892–1893 | destroyed | A rare use of an African-American model | ||
Statues of Plenty orBulls with Maidens or Ceres, grain and the Old World |
staff | c. 1892–1893 | A bronze version was erected in Humboldt Park, Chicago in 1912. | |||
Statues of Plenty or Bulls with Maidens or Native American Corn Goddess |
staff | c. 1892–1893 | A bronze version was erected in Humboldt Park, Chicago in 1912. | |||
Johannes Gelert | The Little Architect[3] | plaster | ca. 1882 | unlocated | ||
The Struggle for Work[4] | plaster | 1892 | ||||
Theseus, Victor over the Minotaur[5] | bronze | 1886 | private collection | |||
Bust of Abraham Lincoln | plaster | ca. 1892 | a bronze version is in a private collection | |||
Charles Grafly | A Bad Omen | plaster | unlocated | |||
Mauvais Présage | plaster | 1891 | Edwin A. Ulrich Museum of Art Wichita State University |
study | ||
Daedalus | bronze | 1889 | Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts | |||
Pennsylvania Building: The Genius of Art |
plaster | 1893 | ||||
Jonathan Scott Hartley | Pan | bronze | 1885 | |||
Bust of William Conant | bronze | 1890 | private collection | |||
John Gilbert as Sir Peter Teazle | bronze | 1889 | The Hampden-Booth Theatre Library Players Club, New York |
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Harriet R. Hyatt | Head of Laughing Girl | plaster | unlocated | |||
Edward Kemeys | American Black Bear | bronze | 1886 | Art Institute of Chicago | ||
Battle of the Bulls | bronze | 1890 | unlocated | |||
American Panther and her Cubs | plaster | 1878 | National Museum of American Art Smithsonian Institution |
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At Bay (Female Panther) | ||||||
A Prairie King | ||||||
Old Ephriam (Grizzly Bear) | bronze | 1885 | private collection | |||
Fighting Panther and Deer | bronze | private collection | ||||
After the Feast | bronze | 1878 | private collection | |||
Texan Bull and Jaguars | bronze | 1891 | National Museum of American Art Smithsonian Institution |
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Jaguar and Boa-constrictor | bronze | 1877 | private collection | |||
American Bay Lynx | bronze | unlocated | ||||
Grappling His Game | plaster | before 1885 | private collection | |||
The Still Hunt | bronze | private collection | ||||
Mary Lawrence | Christopher Columbus | staff | 1892 | |||
Edmonia Lewis | Woman's Building: Bust of Hiawatha[6] |
marble | 1868 | Metropolitan Museum of Art | One of the few African-American artists who exhibited at the Exposition. | |
Woman's Building: Statuettes |
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Aloys Loeher | Bust of Jessie Bartlett Davis | marble | unlocated | |||
Frederick MacMonnies | Columbian Fountain aka The Barge of State aka Columbia, Enthroned, is Propelled by the Arts and Sciences and Steered by Father Time. |
staff | 1892 | |||
Philip Martiny | Portrait bust of a child (Blanche Martiny) |
plaster | unlocated | |||
Palace of Fine Arts (frieze figures): Architecture Painting Music Sculpture 2 winged caryatides |
staff limestone (1920s) |
Limestone replicas of the frieze figures were carved in the 1920s, when the building became the Museum of Science and Industry. | ||||
Agricultural Building (architectural sculpture) McKim Mead & White, architects |
Destroyed in a July 1894 fire | |||||
Ceres groups (flanking the north and south porticoes) |
staff | |||||
Cattle and Horses groups (north and south facades) |
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The Four Hemispheres groups (atop the 4 corner pavilions) |
Corner pavilion (left): | |||||
The Four Seasons groups (north and south facades, at the corners) |
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Signs of the Zodiac (13 cornice figures, east and west facades) |
Each figure held a plaque with a Zodiac sign: | |||||
Retta T. Matthews | Indiana | marble | 1893 | Indiana State Capitol, Indianapolis |
Commissioned for the Indiana State Building | |
Larkin Goldsmith Mead | ||||||
Agricultural Building (architectural sculpture): The Triumph of Ceres (pedimental group on north façade) |
staff | Agricultural Building north entrance: Destroyed in a July 1894 fire | ||||
The Return of Proserpine from the Realms of Pluto (pedimental group on south façade) |
Destroyed in a July 1894 fire | |||||
Samuel Murray | Portrait bust of Walt Whitman | bronze | 1892 | Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Smithsonian Institution |
||
Study of a child's head (William Brown) |
bronze | 1892 | unlocated | |||
Study of a child's head (William Brown) |
plaster | 1892 | Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Smithsonian Institution |
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Blanche Nevin | Woman's Building (Gallery of Honor): Maud Muller[7] |
marble | c.1876 | Iris Club, Lancaster, Pennsylvania | ||
Charles Henry Niehaus | Historical Door of Trinity Church | plaster | bronze versions at north door, Trinity Church, New York | |||
Athlete (Caestus)[8] | plaster | 1883-85 | Metropolitan Museum of Art | Cast in bronze, 1901 | ||
William Rudolf O'Donovan | Portrait bust of Thomas Eakins[9] | bronze | unlocated | |||
Portrait bust of Robert Swain Gifford[10] | bronze | unlocated | ||||
Richard Henry Park | Mines and Mining Building (Montana pavilion): Justice |
Silver | The work was cast out of pure silver. The model for the figure was Ada Rehan.[11] | |||
William Ordway Partridge | William Shakespeare | plaster | Bronze version in Lincoln Park, Chicago:[12] | |||
A Dream (Midsummer Night's Dream) | marble | |||||
Madonna (Madonna in Her Maturity) | plaster | Dayton Art Institute, Dayton, Ohio |
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Bela Pratt | Genius of Navigation | staff | c. 1892–1893 | Two copies of this work were made, placed at the front and back of the Peristyle. They were destroyed by the 1894 fire. | ||
Genius of Discovery | staff | c. 1892–1893 | Two copies of this work were made, placed at the front and back of the Peristyle | |||
Vinnie Ream (Lavinia Ellen Ream Hoxie) |
Woman's Building (Rotunda): The West aka The Virgin West |
marble | Wisconsin State Capitol Madison, Wisconsin |
also displayed at the Centennial International Exhibition of 1876 | ||
Woman's Building (Rotunda): America[13] |
marble | 1870 | State Historical Society of Iowa, Des Moines |
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Woman's Building (Rotunda): Miriam[14] |
marble | Private collection | ||||
David Richards | Near Woman's Building: Hide and Seek |
1893 | ||||
Alice M. Rideout | Woman's Building (architectural sculpture): Pediment |
staff | The pediment was 7 ft tall and 45 ft long | |||
Winged figures: Woman's Virtues Woman as the Spirit of Civilization Woman's Place in History |
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Seated figures | ||||||
Carl Rohl-Smith | Mato Wanartaka (Kicking Bear), Chief of the Sioux[15] | plaster | ||||
Portrait bust of Henry Watterson[16] | bronze | |||||
Electricity Building (main entrance): The Pioneer of Electric Science— Benjamin Franklin and His Kite |
staff | 1892-93 | The Electricity Building at Night by Charles Graham: Presumed lost in a July 1894 fire | |||
Augustus Saint-Gaudens | Diana finial of McKim, Mead and White's Agriculture Building |
copper | 1892-93 | original destroyed, various smaller versions are listed in Diana | ||
Anne Whitney | Roma | plaster | 1893 | bronze cast version (1890) in Davis Museum at Wellesley College | ||
Woman's Building:[17] Leif Ericson[18] |
bronzed plaster | 1889 | National Museum of Women in the Arts, Washington, D.C. |
The original bronze (1885–87) is in Boston, Massachusetts. A bronze replica (1887) is in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. | ||
Woman's Building: Bust of Lucy Stone[19] |
marble | 1893 | Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts |
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Woman's Building (Library): Bust of Harriet Beecher Stowe[20] |
marble | 1892 | Harriet Beecher Stowe Center, Hartford, Connecticut |
Beside the bust (at far left in the photo) was a cabinet containing copies of Uncle Tom's Cabin in 42 languages.[21] | ||
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Benjamin C. Truman, History of the World's Fair, Being a Complete Description of the World's Columbian Exposition from Its Inception (Chicago & Philadelphia: Mammoth Publishing Company, 1893).[1]
- ^ A.B. Farquhar, Catalogue of the Exhibits of the State of Pennsylvania and of Pennsylvanians at the World's Columbian Exposition (Clarence M. Busch, State Printer of Pennsylvania, July 1893), p. 267.[2]
- ^ The Little Architect, from SIRIS.
- ^ The Struggle for Work, from SIRIS.
- ^ Theseus, from SIRIS.
- ^ Bust of Hiawatha, from MMA.
- ^ Maude Muller, from SIRIS.
- ^ Caestus, from MMA.
- ^ Bust of Thomas Eakins, from SIRIS.
- ^ Bust of R. S. Gifford, from SIRIS.
- ^ Photographs of the World's Fair: An elaborate collection of photographs of the buildings grounds and exhibits of the World's Columbian Exposition with a special description of The Famous Midway Plaisance, The Werner Company. Chicago, 1893, p. 97.
- ^ William Shakespeare, from SIRIS.
- ^ America, from SIRIS.
- ^ Miriam, from SIRIS.
- ^ Mato Wanartaka, Chief of the Sioux, from SIRIS.
- ^ Bust of Henry Watterson, from SIRIS.
- ^ The Cosmopolitan (magazine), vol. 15, no. 5 (September 1893), p. 561.
- ^ Leif Ericson, from SIRIS.
- ^ Bust of Lucy Stone, from SIRIS.
- ^ Bust of Harriet Beecher Stowe, from SIRIS.
- ^ Rossiter Johnson, ed., A History of the World's Columbian Exposition (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1897), p. 249.
- Carr, Carolyn Kinder, et al., Revisiting the White City: American Art at the 1893 World's Fair, National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C. 1993 pp. 356–383