This is a list of estimated global populations of Carnivora species. This list is not comprehensive, as not all carnivorans have had their numbers quantified.
List
editCommon name | Binomial name | Population | Status | Trend | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amur Leopard | Panthera pardus orientalis | 20-30[1] | CR[1] | Numbers have fluctuated in recent censuses.[1] | ||
Iriomote cat | Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis | 100–109[2] | CR[3] | A subspecies of the leopard cat living exclusively on the Japanese island of Iriomote. Population size is declining, and consists of a single subpopulation.[2] | ||
Malabar large-spotted civet | Viverra civettina | 250[4] | CR[4] | Maximum estimate. Previously considered possibly extinct.[4] | ||
Darwin's fox | Pseudalopex fulvipes | 250[5] | EN[5] | Maximum estimate for mature individuals.[5] | ||
Black-footed ferret | Mustela nigripes | 500[6] | EN[6] | Almost became extinct in the 1980s.[6] | ||
Red wolf | Canis rufus | 300[7] | CR[7] | Maximum estimate. No more than 50 mature individuals. Previously extinct in the wild.[7] | ||
Saimaa ringed seal | Pusa hispida saimensis | 380 | EN | The most endangered pinniped. | ||
Cozumel raccoon | Procyon pygmaeus | 323–955[8] | CR[8] | Mature individuals number less than 250. Populations can be severely affected by hurricanes.[8] | ||
Iberian lynx | Lynx pardinus | 1,100 [9] | VU[10] | According to European Union LIFE Nature conservation projects estimates population size tripled from 52 mature individuals in 2002 to 156 in 2012.[10] | ||
Ethiopian wolf | Canis simensis | 500[11] | EN[11] | One of the world's rarest canids, and Africa's most endangered carnivore. | ||
Siberian tiger | Panthera tigris tigris | 560[12] | EN[12] | Siberian tigers have made a comeback from the brink of extinction due to the strict laws of the Russian government. Russian Authorities believe that the number of living Siberian tigers will reach 700 after four years.[12] | ||
Asiatic lion | Panthera leo leo | 674[13] | EN[13] | The population is rapidly growing from 284 in 1990 to 674 in 2020 thanks to the conservation efforts of the government, people and many communities. It is only found in the Gir forest and some other parts of the state of Gujrat, India.[13] | ||
Mediterranean monk seal | Monachus monachus | 700[14] | VU[14] | The second most endangered pinniped.[14] | ||
Marine otter | Lontra felina | 1,000[15] | EN[15] | Maximum estimate from 1991; numbers have probably fallen.[15] | ||
Giant otter | Pteronura brasiliensis | 1,000–5,000[16] | EN[16] | |||
Hawaiian monk seal | Neomonachus schauinslandi | 1,400[17] | EN[17] | Numbered 1448 in 1983.[17] | ||
Giant panda | Ailuropoda melanoleuca | 1,800[18] | VU[18] | Maximum estimate for mature individuals.[18] | ||
Bay cat | Pardofelis badia | 2,200[19] | EN[19] | Maximum estimate.[19] | ||
Dhole | Cuon alpinus | 2,500[20] | EN[20] | Maximum estimate for mature individuals.[20] | ||
Fossa | Cryptoprocta ferox | 2,500[21] | VU[21] | Maximum estimate.[21] | ||
Andean mountain cat | Leopardus jacobita | 2,500[22] | EN[22] | Maximum estimate.[22] | ||
Grandidier's mongoose | Galidictis grandidieri | 2,650–3,540[23] | EN[23] | |||
Snow leopard | Panthera uncia | <8,000[24] | VU[24] | |||
Bengal Tiger | Panthera tigris tigris | 2,967[25] | EN[25] | the population is rapidly growing and it has been doubled from 1,411 to 2,967 in 12 years. According to the census report, the population has been risen 30% from 2,226 in 2014 to 2,967 in 2020 thanks to the strict laws of Indian government.[25] | ||
Tiger | Panthera tigris | 3,900-5,600[26] | EN[26] | 75% of the tigers in the world belongs to India. 13 countries including India, Bangladesh, Myanmmar, Bhutan, China, Russia have taken a misson to double the worldwide tiger population by the year 2022.[26] | ||
Island fox | Urocyon littoralis | 4,001[27] | NT | |||
Sunda clouded leopard | Neofelis diardi | 4,500[28] | VU[28] | Maximum estimate.[6] | ||
African wild dog | Lycaon pictus | 6,600[29] | EN[29] | |||
Cheetah | Acinonyx jubatus | 7,100[30] | VU[30] | Estimate is for mature individuals only. Number may reach as high as 10,000.[30] | ||
Brown hyena | Parahyaena brunnea | 8,000[31] | NT[31] | |||
Eurasian lynx | Lynx lynx | 8,000(Europe only)[32] | LC[32] | |||
Marbled cat | Pardofelis marmorata | 10,000[33] | NT[33] | Maximum estimate.[33] | ||
Rusty-spotted cat | Prionailurus rubiginosus | 10,000[34] | NT[34] | |||
Clouded leopard | Neofelis nebulosa | 10,000[35] | VU[35] | Maximum estimate for mature individuals.[35] | ||
Red panda | Ailurus fulgens | 10,000[36] | EN[36] | |||
African golden cat | Caracal aurata | 10,000[37] | VU | Minimum estimate for mature individuals.[37] | ||
Kodkod | Leopardus guigna | 18,000[38] | VU[38] | Maximum estimate.[38] | ||
Chinese mountain cat | F. bieti | 10,000[39] | VU[39] | Maximum estimate for mature individuals.[39] | ||
Galápagos fur seal | Arctophoca galapagoensis | 10,000–15,000[40] | EN[40] | Down from 30,000–40,000 in 1978.[40] | ||
New Zealand sea lion | Phocarctos hookeri | 11,855[41] | EN[41] | |||
Juan Fernández fur seal | Arctophoca philippii | 12,000[42] | LC[42] | Estimate is from the early 1990s; numbers appear to be increasing.[42] | ||
Australian sea lion | Neophoca cinerea | 13,790[43] | EN[43] | |||
Striped hyena | Hyaena hyaena | 14,000[44] | NT[44] | |||
Sechuran fox | Lycalopex sechurae | 15,000[45] | NT[45] | Unknown[45] | Maximum estimate for mature individuals.[45] | |
Guadalupe fur seal | Arctophoca townsendi | 15,000–17,000[46] | LC[46] | Numbered 200 – 500 in the 1950s.[46] | ||
Leopard seal | Hydrurga leptonyx | 18,000-35,000[47] | LC[47] | Unknown[47] | ||
Lion | Panthera leo | 20,000[48] | VU[48] | Comprises two subspecies in Africa and Asia. The Asiatic lion numbers an estimated 650.[49] | ||
Sloth bear | Melursus ursinus | 20,000[50] | VU[50] | Maximum estimate.[50] | ||
Asian black bear | Ursus thibetanus | 50,000[51] | VU[52] | Maximum estimate.[52] | ||
Galápagos sea lion | Zalophus wollebaeki | 20,000–40,000[53] | EN[53] | |||
Polar bear | Ursus maritimus | 22,000–31,000[54] | VU[54] | |||
Maned wolf | Chrysocyon brachyurus | 23,600[55] | NT[55] | Unknown[55] | ||
Spotted hyena | Crocuta crocuta | 27,000–47,000[56] | LC[56] | Tentative estimate.[56] | ||
Cougar | Puma concolor | 50,000[57] | LC[57] | |||
Jaguar | Panthera onca | 64,000[58] | NT[58] | |||
Leopard | Panthera pardus | 75,000[59] | VU[59] | |||
Baikal seal | Pusa sibirica | 80,000–100,000[60] | LC[60] | |||
Sea otter | Enhydra lutris | 106,822[61] | EN[61] | |||
Bush dog | Speothos venaticus | 110,000[62] | NT[62] | Considered an overestimate.[62] | ||
Caspian seal | Pusa caspica | 111,000[63] | EN[63] | Once numbered over 1,000,000.[63] | ||
Ross seal | Ommatophoca rossii | 130,000[64] | LC[64] | Unknown[64] | ||
Steller sea lion | Eumetopias jubatus | 143,000[65] | NT[65] | Divided into two subspecies: Western Steller (78,000) and Loughlin's Steller (65,000).[65] | ||
Northern elephant seal | Mirounga angustirostris | 171,000[66] | LC[66] | Numbered 113,000 in 1991.[66] | ||
New Zealand fur seal | Arctophoca forsteri | 200,000[67] | LC[67] | |||
Brown bear | Ursus arctos | 200,000[68] | LC[68] | Minimum estimate. Russia has the largest number of brown bears, believed to exceed 100,000, while estimates in the U.S. are around 33,000 (most in Alaska), Canada 25,000, and Europe (excluding Russia) 14,000.[68] | ||
South American sea lion | Otaria flavescens | 250,000[69] | LC[69] | Minimum estimate.[69] | ||
South American fur seal | Arctophoca australis | 250,000–300,000[70] | LC[70] | |||
California sea lion | Zalophus californianus | 180,000[71] | LC[71] | |||
Subantarctic fur seal | Arctophoca tropicalis | 200,000[72] | LC[72] | [72] | ||
Grey wolf | Canis lupus | 300,000[73] | LC | Unknown | ||
Weddell seal | Leptonychotes weddellii | 300,000[74] | LC[74] | Unknown[74] | [74] | |
Harbor seal | Phoca vitulina | 315,000[75] | LC[75] | Unknown[75] | Founded in the coastal regions of North America, Europe and Asia.[75] | |
Grey seal | Halichoerus grypus | 316,000[76] | LC[76] | |||
Southern elephant seal | Mirounga leonina | 325,000[77] | LC[77] | Unknown[77] | Latest global estimates are from the mid-1990s.[77] | |
Hooded seal | Cystophora cristata | 340,000[78] | VU[78] | One population in the Northwest Atlantic and another in the Northeast. The latter population has declined 85-90% in the past 60 years for unknown reasons.[78] | ||
Northern fur seal | Callorhinus ursinus | 650,000[79] | VU[79] | |||
American black bear | Ursus americanus | 950,000[80] | LC[80] | Numbers are believed to be twice that of all other bears combined.[80] | ||
Brown fur seal | Arctocephalus pusillus | 1,060,000[81] | LC[81] | Divided into two subspecies: Cape and Australian.[81] | ||
Crabeater seal | Lobodon carcinophaga | 4,000,000[82] | LC[82] | Unknown[82] | [82] | |
Harp seal | Pagophilus groenlandicus | 4,500,000[83] | LC[83] | [83] | ||
Red fox | Vulpes vulpes | Unknown[84] | LC | Estimates are uncertain because a coordinated worldwide census has never been conducted.[84] | ||
Cat (domestic) | Felis catus | 600,000,000[85] | Domesticated | 2007 estimate | ||
Dog (domestic) | Canis familiaris | 900,000,000[86] | Domesticated |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d Jackson, P.; Nowell, K. (2008). "Panthera pardus ssp. orientalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T15957A5333757. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T15957A5333757.en.
- ^ a b 環境省. イリオモテヤマネコ生息状況等総合調査(第4次)の結果について(お知らせ) [(Fourth) Survey of the State of the Iriomote Cat's Habitat: Regarding the Results (notice)] (in Japanese). Retrieved 10 June 2012.
- ^ a b Von Arx, M. & Breitenmoser-Wursten, C. (2008). "Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2014-09-12.
- ^ a b c d Mudappa, D.; Helgen, K.; Nandini, R. (2016). "Viverra civettina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T23036A45202281. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T23036A45202281.en.
- ^ a b c d Cuarón, A.D., de Grammont, P.C., Vázquez-Domínguez, E., Valenzuela-Galván, D., García-Vasco, D., Reid, F. & Helgen, K. (2008). "Pseudalopex fulvipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e Belant, J.; Biggins, D.; Garelle, D.; Griebel, R.G.; Hughes, J.P. (2015). "Mustela nigripes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T14020A45200314. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T14020A45200314.en.
- ^ a b c d Kelly, B.T., Beyer, A. & Phillips, M.K. (2008). "Canis rufus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Khan, J.A. & Mukherjee, S. (2008). "Procyon pygmaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
- ^ Lusa (2021). "Pela primeira vez em 20 anos, há mais de 1000 linces-ibéricos". Público.
- ^ a b c Rodríguez, A. (2024). "Lynx pardinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T12520A218695618. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
- ^ a b c Marino, J. & Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2011). "Canis simensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ a b c d "Panthera tigris altaica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011. 2011.
- ^ a b c d "Panthera leo persica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020. 2020. Retrieved 2020-08-07.
- ^ a b c d Aguilar, A. & Lowry, L. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Monachus monachus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Alvarez, R. & Medina-Vogel, G. (2008). "Lontra felina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
- ^ a b c Duplaix, N., Waldemarin, H.F., Groenedijk, J., Evangelista, E., Munis, M., Valesco, M. & Botello, J.C. (2008). "Pteronura brasiliensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Lowry, L. & Aguilar, A. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Monachus schauinslandi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Lü, Z, Wang, D. & Garshelis, D.L. (IUCN SSC Bear Specialist Group) (2008). "Ailuropoda melanoleuca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Hearn, A., Sanderson, J., Ross, J., Wilting, A. & Sunarto, S. (2008). "Pardofelis badia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-16.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Durbin, L.S., Hedges, S., Duckworth, J.W., Tyson, M., Lyenga, A. & Venkataraman, A. (IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group - Dhole Working Group) (2008). "Cuon alpinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Hawkins, A.F.A. & Dollar, L. (2008). "Cryptoprocta ferox". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ a b c d Acosta, G., Cossios, D., Lucherini, M. & Villalba, L. (2008). "Leopardus jacobita". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Hawkins, A.F.A. (2008). "Galidictis grandidieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
- ^ a b c Jackson, R., Mallon, D., McCarthy, T., Chundaway, R.A. & Habib, B (2021). "Panthera uncia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
taking the high and low values of the population ranges provided (Table 1 in the Supporting Information) a range-wide population of 7,367-7,884 is indicated. If the results of the 2014-2016 Bhutan Snow Leopard census are added in (79-112: Thinley et al. 2016), the global population would then be estimated at 7,446 to 7,996.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d "Panthera tigris tigris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020. 2020. Retrieved 2020-08-07.
- ^ a b c d Chundawat, R.S., Habib, B., Karanth, U., Kawanishi, K., Ahmad Khan, J., Lynam, T., Miquelle, D., Nyhus, P., Sunarto, S., Tilson, R. & Sonam Wang (2011). "Panthera tigris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Coonan, T., Ralls, K., Hudgens, B., Cypher, B. & Boser, C (IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group - Island Fox Working Group) (2013). "Urocyon littoralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013. Retrieved 2019-10-24.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Hearn, A., Sanderson, J., Ross, J., Wilting, A. & Sunarto, S. (2008). "Neofelis diardi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Woodroffe, R. & Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2012). "Lycaon pictus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
- ^ a b c d Durant, S., Marker, L., Purchase, N., Belbachir, F., Hunter, L., Packer, C., Breitenmoser-Wursten, C., Sogbohossou, E. & Bauer, H. (2008). "Acinonyx jubatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Wiesel, I., Maude, G., Scott, D. & Mills, G. (2008). "Hyaena brunnea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Breitenmoser, U., Mallon, D.P., von Arx, M. & Breitenmoser-Wursten, C. (2008). "Lynx lynx". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Grassman, L., Sanderson, J., Hearn, A., Ross, J., Wilting, A., Sunarto, S., Khan, J.A. & Mukherjee, S. (2008). "Pardofelis marmorata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Khan, J.A. & Mukherjee, S. (2008). "Prionailurus rubiginosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
- ^ a b c d Anderson, J., Khan, J.A., Grassman, L. & Mallon, D.P. (2008). "Neofelis nebulosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Wang, X., Choudhury, A., Yonzon, P., Wozencraft, C. & Than Zaw (2008). "Ailurus fulgens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Henschel, P., Breitenmoser-Wursten, C.& Sogbohossou, E. (2008). "Caracal aurata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Acosta, G. & Lucherini, M. (2015). "Hydrurga leptonyx". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015. Retrieved 2020-06-13.
- ^ a b c d Sanderson, J., Mallon, D.P. & Driscoll, C. (2010). "F. silvestris bieti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Aurioles, D. & Trillmich, F. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Arctocephalus galapagoensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Gales, N. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Phocarctos hookeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
- ^ a b c d Aurioles, D. & Trillmich, F. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Arctocephalus philippii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Goldsworthy, S. & Gales, N. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Neophoca cinerea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Arumugam, R., Wagner, A. & Mills, G. (2008). "Hyaena hyaena". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Asa, C.S., Cossíos, E.D. & Williams, R. (2008). "Pseudalopex sechurae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Aurioles, D. & Trillmich, F. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Arctocephalus townsendi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Hückstädt, L. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2015). "Hydrurga leptonyx". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015. Retrieved 2020-06-13.
APIS surveys resulted in an estimate of 35,500
- ^ a b c Bauer, H.; Packer, C.; Funston, P.F.; Henschel, P.; Nowell, K. (2016). "Panthera leo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016.
- ^ Kaushik, H. (August 2, 2017). "Lion population roars to 650 in Gujarat forests". The Times of India. Retrieved 2017-11-24.
- ^ a b c d Garshelis, D.L., Ratnayeke S. & Chauhan, N.P.S. (IUCN SSC Bear Specialist Group) (2008). "Melursus ursinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Dickson, B. (November 5, 2013). Endangered Species Threatened Convention. Routledge. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-134-19434-6.
- ^ a b c Garshelis, D.; Steinmetz, R. (2020) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Ursus thibetanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22824A166528664. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22824A166528664.en. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
- ^ a b c Aurioles, D. & Trillmich, F. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Zalophus wollebaeki". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Schliebe, S., Wiig, Ø., Derocher, A. & Lunn, N. (IUCN SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group) (2008). "Ursus maritimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Rodden, M., Rodrigues, F. & Bestelmeyer, S. (2008). "Chrysocyon brachyurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Honer, O., Holekamp, K.E. & Mills, G. (2008). "Crocuta crocuta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c "Puma concolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021. 2021. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
- ^ a b c "Jaguar: The Amazing Amazon Big Cat". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2020-09-21.
- ^ a b c "Panthera pardus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
- ^ a b c Burkanov, V. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Pusa sibirica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
- ^ a b c Doroff, A. & Burdin, A. (2011). "Enhydra lutris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
- ^ a b c d DeMatteo, K., Michalski, F. & Leite-Pitman, M.R.P. (2011). "Speothos venaticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Härkönen, T. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Pusa caspica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
- ^ a b c Southwell, C. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Ommatophoca rossii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
- ^ a b c d Gelatt, T. & Lowry, L. (2012). "Eumetopias jubatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
- ^ a b c d Campagna, C. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Mirounga angustirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
- ^ a b c Goldsworthy, S. & Gales, N. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Arctocephalus forsteri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d McLellan, B.N., Servheen, C. & Huber, D. (IUCN SSC Bear Specialist Group) (2008). "Ursus arctos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Campagna, C. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Otaria flavescens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
- ^ a b c Campagna, C. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Arctocephalus australis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-12.
- ^ a b c Aurioles, D. & Trillmich, F. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2014). "Zalophus californianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014. Retrieved 2020-06-13.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Hofmeyr, G. & Kovacs, K. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2014). "Arctocephalus tropicalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014. Retrieved 2020-06-13.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Coren, Stanley (2012). Do Dogs Dream?: Nearly Everything Your Dog Wants You to Know. Norton, W. W. & Company, Inc.
- ^ a b c d Gelatt, T. & Southwell, C. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2014). "Leptonychotes weddellii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014. Retrieved 2020-06-13.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Thompson, D. & Härkönen, T. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2016). "Phoca vitulina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. Retrieved 2020-06-13.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Thompson, D. & Härkönen, T. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2008). "Halichoerus grypus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2020-06-13.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Campagna, C. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2014). "Mirounga leonina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014. Retrieved 2020-06-13.
- ^ a b c d Kovacs, K. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2015). "Cystophora cristata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015. Retrieved 2020-06-13.
- ^ a b c Gelatt, T. & Lowry, L. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2015). "Callorhinus ursinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015. Retrieved 2020-06-13.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Garshelis, D.L., Crider, D. & van Manen, F. (IUCN SSC Bear Specialist Group) (2008). "Ursus americanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Hofmeyr, G. & Gales, N. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2015). "Arctocephalus pusillus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015. Retrieved 2020-06-13.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Southwell, C. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2014). "Lobodon carcinophaga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014. Retrieved 2020-06-13.
- ^ a b c d Kovacs, K. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) (2015). "Pagophilus groenlandicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015. Retrieved 2020-06-13.
- ^ a b Hoffmann, M. & Sillero-Zubiri, C. "Vulpes vulpes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2017-11-24.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Wade, Nicholas (June 29, 2007). "DNA traces 5 matriarchs of 600 million domestic cats". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-06-12.
- ^ a b Gompper, Matthew E. (2013). "The dog-human-wildlife interface: assessing the scope of the problem". Free-Ranging Dogs and Wildlife Conservation. Oxford University Press. pp. 9–54. ISBN 978-0-19-181018-3.