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Tourism in Russia

Tourism in Russia plummeted in 2022. Only 200,100 foreigners visited Russia in 2022, a drop of 96.1% from pre-pandemic/pre-Russian invasion of Ukraine years.[1] Earlier, Russia had seen rapid growth since the late Soviet times, first domestic tourism and then international tourism as well.[2] Russia had formerly been among the most popular tourist destinations in the world, though it fell off that list in 2022. Not including Crimea, the country contains 23 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, while more are on UNESCO's tentative lists.[3]

St. Basil's Cathedral in Red Square

Tourist routes in Russia include a travel around the Golden Ring of ancient cities, cruises on the rivers including the Volga, and long journeys on the Trans-Siberian Railway. Diverse regions and ethnic cultures of Russia offer different foods and souvenirs, and show a variety of traditions, including Russian Maslenitsa, Tatar Sabantuy, or Siberian shamanist rituals. In 2013, Russia was visited by 33 million tourists, making it the ninth-most visited country in the world and the seventh-most visited in Europe.[4]

History

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After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, several governments, including the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada have issued travel advisories calling on their nationals to avoid travel to Russia.[5] For the same reason, airline routes between Russia and Western countries were closed, and supply of spare parts for some domestic airline traffic inside Russia became a challenge.[6]

Only 200,100 foreigners visited Russia in 2022, a drop of 96.1 percent from the pre-pandemic period.[1] Most of Europe closed its airspace to Russian planes a few days after Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022.[1] Foreign-issued Visa and Mastercard cards no longer work in Russia, further impacting tourism.[1]

Cultural tourism

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Kizhi in north-west Russia
 
Bolshaya Pokrovskaya Street in Nizhny Novgorod

Tourist destinations in Russia include Saint Petersburg (which appeared in the list of top visited cities of Europe in 2010) and Moscow, the current and the former capitals of the country, recognized as World Cities. Moscow and Saint Petersburg museums such as Hermitage and Tretyakov Gallery, theaters including Bolshoi and Mariinsky, churches such as Saint Basil's Cathedral, Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Saint Isaac's Cathedral and Church of the Savior on Blood, fortifications such as Moscow Kremlin and Peter and Paul Fortress, squares such as Red Square and Palace Square, and streets such as Tverskaya and Nevsky Prospect. Palaces and parks are found in the former imperial residences in the suburbs of Moscow (Kolomenskoye, Tsaritsyno) and Saint Petersburg (Peterhof, Strelna, Oranienbaum, Gatchina, Pavlovsk Palace, Tsarskoye Selo). Moscow contains Soviet-era buildings along with modern skyscrapers, while Saint Petersburg has classical architecture, rivers, channels and bridges.[citation needed]

 
Grand Cascade in Peterhof in Saint Petersburg

Nizhny Novgorod is the capital of the Volga region. Nizhny Novgorod is divided into two parts by the Oka River. The Upper City is its historical part. The Lower City is its industrial and commercial part. Here are the Fair, the old Sormovo and Kanavino, GAZ and Sotsgorod (the so-called "city in the city"), the railway terminal, and the airport.[citation needed]

Kazan, the capital of Tatarstan, shows a mix of Christian Russian and Muslim Tatar cultures.[citation needed]

Sakha Republic proposes to use former forced labour camps as a tourist attraction.[7] Poles visit places of Communist crimes, e.g., of the Katyn massacre and Solovetsky Islands.[8][9]

Museums

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Russia is home to museums that include the Tretyakov Gallery, the Kremlin Armoury and the State Historical Museum in Moscow, the Hermitage Museum, and the Russian Museum in St Petersburg, the Kazan Kremlin in Kazan, etc.[citation needed] Russia has museums related to its literary and classical music heritage, such as Yasnaya Polyana associated with Leo Tolstoy, the Mikhaylovskoye Museum Reserve associated with Alexander Pushkin, the Dostoyevsky Museum, the Tchaikovsky State House-Museum, and the Rimsky-Korsakov Apartment and Museum.[citation needed]

Museums related to Russia's military history and military hardware include the Central Museum of the Great Patriotic War on Poklonnaya Hill, the Central Naval Museum in St Petersburg, the Battle of Stalingrad Museum in Volgograd.[citation needed] Museums related to science and technology include the Polytechnic Museum of Moscow, and the Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics.

The GULAG History Museum tells the story about the GULAG camps in Siberia.[10]

 
The State Historical Museum
 
Russian Museum
 
Museum of the Great Patriotic War, Moscow
 
The Hermitage Museum

Nature tourism

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In Russia, Nature Reserves have history and it has its own word of definition Zapovedniks (Russian: заповедник, plural заповедники, ) more than 100 Nature Reserves exist in Russia and more than 50 National Parks. National parks and sanctuaries of Russia include the Baikal Nature Reserve , the Altai Nature Reserve, the Lazovsky Nature Reserve, the Kedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve, the Curonian Spit National Park, the Valdaysky National Park, the Baikal-Lena Nature Reserve, the Ilmen Nature Reserve. The Seven Wonders of Russia include Lake Baikal, Valley of Geysers, Manpupuner rock formations, Kizhi Island, and Mount Elbrus Other areas include Republic of Adygea where Fisht Mountain is located, Chechnya Republic where Lake Kezenoyam is located.[11]

 
The Valley of Geysers in Kamchatka Peninsula
 
Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world and the biggest fresh-water lake by volume
 
Mount Elbrus with its two peaks
 
The Manpupuner rock formations

Health tourism

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Narzan Gallery building in Kislovodsk housing a dozen fountains of both hot and cold mineral-rich water

Mineral spa resorts have been established across Russia in such regions as Kamchatka Krai, Altai Krai, Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Krai, North Caucasus region of Russia.[12] Some cites have natural hot spring water during winter and some of Russian cities are called Russian Spa town, including Pyatigorsk, Yessentuki, Kislovodsk, Zheleznovodsk and Mineralnye Vody; these towns are jointly known as the Caucasian Mineral Waters.

Russia has one of the largest water borders in world, but only the more Southern regions are suitable for resort tourism. The warm subtropical Black Sea coast of Russia is the site for some seaside resorts such as Sochi and Tuapse.[citation needed]

Winter sport

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A vast part of Russian territory is in Subarctic climate and humid continental climate, and that is why it is cold. In addition, Russia is mountainous in regions like Northern Caucasus, Altai Krai and Kamchatka Peninsula. The Highest peak in Europe, Mount Elbrus, is in Russia, which makes Russia a place for Winter sport. Ski resorts are in Russia. A ski resort in Russia is Sochi and its Krasnaya Polyana. Other ski resorts in Russia are Dombay in Karachay–Cherkessia in Northern Caucasus.[citation needed]

 
The Gornaya Karusel in Sochi
 
Dombay
 
The Sheregesh in Kemerovo Oblast
 
Igora ski resort

Medical tourism

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Russia is a destination for medical tourism. A factor in its popularity was the relatively weak ruble post-2014, which saw the industry grow from some 110 thousand clients in 2017[13] to some 728 thousand clients in the first five months of 2020.[14] Stomatology is the most used (44% of patients), genecology and urology follow (25% taken together), the other services are plastic surgery (10%), ophthalmology (10%), and cardiology (5%).[13] Most clients come from the CIS states, where receiving high-tech medical assistance can be problematic, particularly from Central Asia, which amounts for 62% of all patients; but also from Eastern Europe (32%), South and East Asia (5%).[15] In addition to price and accessibility of complex manipulations, the difference in regulations between Russia and the clients' own nations is a driving factor for receiving care in Russia: for instance, in vitro fertilization is illegal in China, but legal in Russia.[14]

Religious tourism

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Religious tourism has two main subtypes: pilgrimage, as travel done for religious or spiritual purposes, and the viewing of religious monuments and artefacts, as a kind of sightseeing. The former is relatively insignificant for the Russian tourism industry, amounting for approximately 100 thousands pilgrims yearly.[16] The latter is more important.[citation needed] Orthodox Christianity being the most common religion in Russia, it also accounts for most religious monuments across the country.[citation needed]

Multiple pieces of Islamic religious architectural art are scattered across the country, from mosques to maqāms. They are mostly clustered in the historically Muslim regions.[citation needed]

Russia has a Buddhist minority.[citation needed]

Foreign travel statistics

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In 2013, 27 million international tourists arrived in Russia, generating US$11.2 billion in international tourism revenue for the country.[17][failed verification] Including domestic and international tourism, the industry directly contributed RUB860 billion to the Russian GDP and supported 966,500 jobs in the country.[18]

However, only 200,100 foreigners visited Russia in 2022, a drop of 96.1 percent.[1]

This section is transcluded from Visa policy of Russia. (edit | history)

According to the Border Service of the Federal Security Service and the Federal State Statistics Service, most visitors arriving to Russia were from the following countries of nationality:[19]

Nationality Total (includes all types of purposes of visits)
2020 2019 2018 2017 2016
  Ukraine Decrease  3,648,972 Decrease  8,646,295 Decrease  9,177,272 Increase  9,817,008 Decrease  9,737,405
  Kazakhstan Decrease  1,426,727 Increase  4,324,856 Increase  4,241,244 Decrease  4,137,613 Decrease  4,686,059
  Uzbekistan Decrease  720,041 Increase  2,588,922 Increase  2,354,642 Increase  2,350,007 Decrease  2,116,480
  Abkhazia Decrease  414,927 Increase  600,399 Increase  492,310 Increase  436,368 Decrease  415,606
  Tajikistan Decrease  401,888 Increase  1,557,148 Decrease  1,340,975 Increase  1,350,356 Increase  1,293,270
  Kyrgyzstan Decrease  299,611 Increase  959,130 Increase  859,735 Increase  836,946 Decrease  792,042
  Azerbaijan Decrease  269,807 Increase  1,175,045 Increase  1,145,327 Decrease  1,143,243 Increase  1,156,703
  Armenia Decrease  209,812 Decrease  816,454 Decrease  825,200 Increase  857,212 Decrease  833,577
  Finland Decrease  180,110 Decrease  938,693 Decrease  994,098 Decrease  1,063,348 Decrease  1,376,646
  Belarus Decrease  176,601 Increase  440,438 Increase  403,597 Increase  382,022 Decrease  320,372
  China Decrease  155,594 Increase  2,257,039 Increase  2,030,319 Increase  1,780,200 Increase  1,565,524
  Moldova Decrease  154,766 Decrease  614,043 Decrease  698,027 Increase  803,916 Decrease  699,112
  Philippines Decrease  133,414 Increase  193,031 Increase  179,672 Increase  172,278 Decrease  160,734
  Poland Decrease  133,014 Decrease  680,382 Decrease  728,546 Decrease  765,544 Decrease  1,056,013
  Turkey Decrease  132,372 Decrease  187,612 Increase  196,061 Increase  181,285 Decrease  120,035
  Estonia Decrease  105,584 Increase  540,062 Increase  496,582 Decrease  432,803 Increase  433,926
  Latvia Decrease  93,865 Increase  365,783 Increase  355,641 Decrease  330,266 Increase  360,603
Stateless persons Decrease  74,215 Decrease  303,851 Increase  327,613 Decrease  318,393 Decrease  321,383
  South Ossetia Decrease  70,470 Increase  147,355 Increase  143,501 Increase  137,427 Decrease  115,382
  Germany Decrease  69,456 Increase  744,473 Increase  701,576 Increase  629,082 Increase  613,370
  Lithuania Decrease  57,883 Increase  253,950 Decrease  243,190 Decrease  256,009 Increase  281,168
  Mongolia Decrease  56,625 Decrease  394,994 Decrease  401,485 Decrease  416,293 Increase  542,196
  Georgia Decrease  56,266 Decrease  120,086 Increase  123,732 Increase  117,204 Decrease  65,378
  India Decrease  46,025 Increase  180,567 Increase  159,865 Increase  130,400 Increase  108,498
  South Korea Decrease  42,297 Increase  453,796 Increase  386,413 Increase  276,560 Increase  181,024
  France Decrease  38,391 Increase  249,410 Increase  236,583 Increase  211,673 Increase  201,260
  Israel Decrease  32,402 Increase  260,472 Increase  228,530 Increase  185,426 Increase  182,438
  Italy Decrease  28,432 Increase  251,751 Increase  225,776 Decrease  206,860 Increase  208,689
  Serbia Decrease  26,731 Decrease  84,852 Increase  96,730 Increase  87,899 Increase  79,575
  United Kingdom Decrease  22,471 Decrease  194,956 Increase  216,029 Increase  193,522 Decrease  190,278
  Turkmenistan Decrease  21,680 Increase  92,616 Increase  82,675 Increase  65,749 Increase  56,258
  Vietnam Decrease  19,477 Increase  90,565 Increase  84,612 Increase  77,391 Increase  66,939
  United States Decrease  19,306 Decrease  300,933 Increase  337,395 Increase  293,011 Increase  248,990
  Japan Decrease  16,048 Increase  127,696 Increase  119,240 Increase  114,207 Increase  95,675
  Netherlands Decrease  14,663 Increase  84,651 Increase  80,540 Increase  73,729 Increase  68,017
  Egypt Decrease  13,481 Decrease  28,039 Increase  39,402
  Iran Decrease  12,725 Decrease  54,469 Decrease  61,007 Increase  91,862 Increase  75,203
  Thailand Decrease  12,183 Increase  72,031 Increase  64,898 Increase  52,697 Increase  32,222
  Greece Decrease  11,732 Increase  44,784 Increase  42,967 Decrease  41,205 Increase  46,730
  Bulgaria Decrease  10,255 Increase  41,083 Increase  40,836 Decrease  39,191 Increase  41,290
  Austria Decrease  9,977 Increase  67,429 Increase  64,500 Increase  59,501 Decrease  56,663
  Czech Republic Decrease  9,874 Increase  57,835 Increase  53,739 Increase  49,232 Increase  47,288
  Indonesia Decrease  9,671 Increase  40,284 Increase  31,695 Increase  25,425 Increase  20,211
  Spain Decrease  9,565 Increase  140,181 Increase  123,652 Increase  118,642 Increase  116,032
  Romania Decrease  9,335 Increase  32,779 Increase  29,920 Increase  26,330 Decrease  23,684
  Norway Decrease  8,506 Increase  52,022 Decrease  51,003 Increase  53,197 Decrease  46,631
  Sweden Decrease  8,308 Decrease  43,198 Increase  55,329 Decrease  32,095 Decrease  39,153
  Belgium Decrease  7,534 Decrease  42,473 Increase  48,270 Increase  38,868 Increase  37,492
  Croatia Decrease  7,480 Decrease  19,243 Increase  36,045
   Switzerland Decrease  7,407 Decrease  55,747 Increase  59,828 Increase  53,167 Increase  52,656
  Cuba Decrease  6,631 Increase  29,169 Decrease  27,882 Increase  30,711 Increase  26,667
  Hungary Decrease  5,680 Increase  35,541 Increase  32,998 Increase  25,659 Increase  25,313
  Denmark Decrease  5,016 24,662 Increase  31,308
Total Decrease  n/a Increase  32,866,265 Increase 32,550,677 Increase 32,035,443 Decrease  31,466,538
Visa statistics

Most visas were issued in the following countries:

Location Number of visas issued in
2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015
  Germany 58,953 410,780 360,582 336,423 324,959 299,791
  China 41,280 453,338 406,831 371,489 339,030 357,040
  Turkey 34,162 83,169 81,177 79,898 45,209 33,698
  France 27,059 172,870 146,491 145,576 131,229 119,314
  United Kingdom 20,770 92,573 88,290 96,246 93,169 87,863
  Italy 18,272 162,529 139,797 129,124 129,038 117,123
  United States 16,736 106,250 98,936 95,630 94,682 85,974
  Finland 14,271 110,480 105,157 108,792 116,462 112,655
  Latvia 11,295 78,727 79,082 74,382 77,574 70,328
  Poland 10,535 67,666 62,840 59,187 54,885 43,038
Total 452 161 3,090,538 2,758,893 2,687,146 2,505,457 2,283,850

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e "Tourism collapses in Russia following western sanctions". Al Arabiya English. 9 February 2023.
  2. ^ "Number of inbound tourism visits to Russia from 2014 to 2022", Statista, 27 April 2023
  3. ^ "UNESCO World Heritage Centre – Tentative Lists". UNESCO. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  4. ^ "Tourism Highlights 2014" (PDF). E-unwto.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  5. ^ "Europe: Russia extends flight suspension at multiple southern and central airports until April 19 /update 40". Europe: Russia extends flight suspension at multiple southern and central airports until April 19 /update 40 | Crisis24.
  6. ^ "Sanctions: Russia's commercial airlines face a slow death", Deutsche Welle, 18 November 2022
  7. ^ Luhn, Alec (26 March 2014). "Russia's Sakha Republic proposes 'tourist camps' on former gulag sites". The Guardian.
  8. ^ "Strona domeny katyn.pl". Katyn.pl. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  9. ^ Itaka, Biuro Podróży. "Tajemnice Wysp Sołowieckich – ITAKA". Itaka.pl. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  10. ^ "GULAG History Museum". gmig.ru.
  11. ^ "40 most beautiful places in Russia". Russianblogger.me. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  12. ^ "Hit the spa Russian style: Mineral springs and hot tub substitutes". 2 March 2016.
  13. ^ a b "Медицинский туризм: почему иностранцы лечатся в России, а россияне — за границей" [Medical tourism: why foreigners seek treatment in Russia, and Russians abroad]. forbes.ru (in Russian). 14 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
  14. ^ a b "Какое лечение в России выбирают иностранцы" [What kind of medical treatment do foreigners choose in Russia]. ratanews.ru (in Russian). RATA news. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
  15. ^ Daykhes, Arkady N.; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo; Reshetnikov, Vladimir A.; Kozlov, Vasily V. (2020). "Promises and Hurdles of Medical Tourism Development in the Russian Federation". Frontiers in Psychology. 11: 1380. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01380. PMC 7324547. PMID 32655455.
  16. ^ "Туристов отделят от паломников с 1 ноября" [Starting November 1, tourists will be separated from pilgrims]. atorus.ru (in Russian). Ассоциация Туроператоров. 23 July 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
  17. ^ "Tourism Highlights 2013 edition" (PDF). Dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
  18. ^ "2013 Travel & Tourism Economic Impact Report Russian Federation" (PDF). Wttc.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
  19. ^ "Паспорт набора данных "Визы по странам"" (in Russian). Консульский департамент МИД России. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
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Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Russia.
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