thus came into collision with his old allies. He became king of Navarre in 1234 by the death of his maternal uncle, Sancho VII. but by the onerous treaty which he concluded in that year with the queen of Cyprus he was compelled to cede to the king, in return for a large sum of money, the overlordship of the countships of Blois, Chartres and Sancerre, and the viscounty of Châteaudun. In 1239 and 1240 he took part in an expedition to the Holy Land, probably accompanied St Louis in 1242 in the campaign of Saintonge against the English, and died on the 14th of July 1254 at Pampeluna. If the author of the Grandes chroniques de France can be believed, Theobald IV. conceived a passion for Queen Blanche, the mother of St Louis,—a passion which she returned, and which explains the changes in his policy; but this opinion apparently must be relegated to the category of historical fables. The witty and courtly songs he composed place him in the front rank of the poets of that class, in which he showed somewhat more originality than his rivals. In 1254 Theobald V. the Young, eldest son of Theobald IV. and, like his father, king of Navarre, became count of Champagne. He married Isabelle of France, daughter of St Louis, and followed his father-in-law to Tunis to the crusade, dying on his return. In 1270 he was succeeded by Henry III. the Fat, king of Navarre. Henry was succeeded in 1274 by his only daughter, Joan of Navarre, under the tutelage of her mother, Blanche of Artois, and afterwards of Edmund, earl of Lancaster, her mother’s second husband. In 1284 she married the heir-presumptive to the throne of France, Philip the Fair, to whom she brought the countship of Champagne as well as the kingdom of Navarre. She became queen of France in 1285, and died on the 4th of April 1305, when her eldest son by King Philip, Louis Hutin, became count of Champagne. He was the last independent count of the province, which became attached to the French crown on his accession to the throne of France in 1314.
The celebrated fairs of Champagne, which flourished in the 12th and 13th centuries, were attended by merchants from all parts of civilized Europe. They were six in number: two at Troyes, two at Provins, one at Lagny-sur-Marne, and one at Bar-sur-Aube. They formed a kind of continuous market, divided into six periods, and passed in turn from Lagny to Bar, from Bar to Provins, from Provins to Troyes, from Troyes to Provins and from Provins to Troyes, to complete the year. It was, in fact, a perpetual fair, which had at once unity and variety, offering to the different parts of the countship the means of selling successively the special productions of their soil or their industry, and of procuring in exchange riches and comforts. These fairs had special legislation; and special magistrates, called “masters of the fairs,” had control of the police.
For the wine “champagne” see Wine.
Authorities.—H. d’Arbois de Jubainville, Histoire des ducs et des comtes de Champagne (1859–1866); A. Longnon, Documents relatifs au comté de Champagne et de Brie (1901 seq.; vol. i. with map); F. Bourquelot, Études sur les foires de Champagne (1865). (A. Lo.)
CHAMPAGNY, JEAN BAPTISTE NOMPÈRE DE (1756–1834),
French politician, was born at Roanne, and entered the navy in
1774. He fought through the war in America and resigned in
1787. Elected deputy by the noblesse of Forex to the states-general
in 1789, he went over to the third estate on the 21st of
June and collaborated in the work of the Constituent Assembly,
especially occupying himself with the reorganization of the navy.
A political career seems to have attracted him little; he remained
in private life from 1791 to 1799, when Napoleon named him
member of the council of state. From July 1801 to August 1804
he was ambassador of France at Vienna, and directed with great
intelligence the incessant negotiations between the two courts.
In August 1804 Napoleon made him minister of the interior, and
in this position, which he held for three years, he proved an
administrator of the first order. In addition to the ordinary
charges of his office, he had to direct the recruitment of the army,
organize the industrial exhibition of 1808, and to complete the
public works undertaken in Paris and throughout France. He
was devoted to Napoleon, on whom he lavished adulation in his
speeches. In August 1807 the emperor chose him to succeed
Talleyrand as minister for foreign affairs. He directed the
annexation of the Papal States in April 1808, worked to secure the
abdication of Charles IV. of Spain in May 1808, negotiated the
peace of Vienna (1809) and the marriage of Napoleon. In April
1811 a quarrel with the emperor led to his retirement, and he
obtained the sinecure office of intendant general of the crown.
In 1814, after the abdication, the empress sent him on a fruitless
mission to the emperor of Austria. Then he went over to the
Bourbons. During the Hundred Days he again joined Napoleon.
This led to his exclusion by Louis XVIII., but in 1819 he recovered
his dignity of peer. He died in Paris in 1834. He had
three sons who became men of distinction. François (1804–1882)
was a well-known author, who was made a member of the
French Academy in 1869. His great work was a history of the
Roman empire, in three parts, (1) Les Césars (1841–1843, 4 vols.),
(2) Les Antonins (1863, 3 vols.), (3) Les Césars du III e siècle
(1870, 3 vols.). Napoléon (1806–1872) published a Traité de la
police municipale in 4 volumes (1844–1861), and was a deputy in
the Corps Législatif from 1852 to 1870. Jérome Paul (1809–1886)
was also deputy in the Corps Législatif from 1853 to 1870,
and was made honorary chamberlain in 1859. He worked at the
official publication of the correspondence of Napoleon I.
CHAMPAIGN, a city of Champaign county, Illinois, U.S.A.,
about 125 m. S. by W. of Chicago, on the head-waters of the
Vermilion river. Pop. (1890) 5839; (1900) 9098, of whom 973
were foreign-born; (1910 census) 12,421. It is served by the
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis, the Wabash, and
the Illinois Central railways (the last having repair shops here),
and by the Illinois (electric) Traction System from Danville,
Illinois, to St Louis, Missouri. In 1906 the city covered 3.5 sq. m.;
it is situated in a rich agricultural region, and has small manufacturing
interests. Immediately east of Champaign is the city
of Urbana, the county-seat of Champaign county, served by
the Wabash and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis
railways, with repair shops of the latter. In 1890 the population
of Urbana was 3511; in 1900, 5728 (300 foreign-born); in 1910,
8245. Partly in Urbana and partly in Champaign is the University
of Illinois (see Illinois); immediately south of its
campus is the 400-acre farm of the university. Each city has a
public library, and in Champaign are the Burnham Athenaeum,
the Burnham hospital, the Garwood home for old ladies, and
several parks, all gifts of former citizens. Champaign was
founded in 1855, incorporated as a city in 1860, and re-chartered
in 1883. Urbana secured a city charter in 1855.
CHAMPAIGNE, PHILIPPE DE (1602–1674), Belgian painter
of the French school, was born at Brussels of a poor family. He
was a pupil of J. Fouquières; and, going to Paris in 1621, was
employed by N. Du Chesne to paint along with Nicholas Poussin
in the palace of the Luxembourg. His best works are to be
found at Vincennes, and in the church of the Carmelites at Paris,
where is his celebrated Crucifix, a signal perspective success, on
one of the vaultings. After the death of Du Chesne, Philippe
became first painter to the queen of France, and ultimately
rector of the Academy of Paris. As his age advanced and his
health failed, he retired to Port Royal, where he had a daughter
cloistered as a nun, of whom (along with Catherine Agnès Arnauld)
he painted a celebrated picture, now in the Louvre, highly remarkable
for its solid unaffected truth. This, indeed, is the general
character of his work,—grave reality, without special elevation or
depth of character, or charm of warm or stately colour. He produced
an immense number of paintings, religious and other
subjects as well as portraits, dispersed over various parts of
France, and now over the galleries of Europe. Philippe was a
good man, indefatigable, earnest and scrupulously religious.
He died on the 12th of August 1674.
CHAMPARAN, or Chumparun, a district of British India,
in the Patna division of Bengal, occupying the north-west
corner of Behar, between the two rivers Gandak and Baghmati
and the Nepal hills. It has an area of 3531 sq. m. In 1901 the
population was 1,790,463, showing a decrease of 4% in the
decade. A broad grass-covered road or embankment defines the
Nepal frontier, except where rivers or streams form a natural
