DDG9912

Babel user information

id-N	Pengguna ini merupakan penutur asli bahasa Indonesia.

en-4	This user has near native speaker knowledge of English.

bjn-1	Pamakai ngini baisi ilmu pandal gasan Bahasa Banjar.

This is basically the new account of DanielWhernchend (and now the main account). See also my userpage at English Wikipedia.

I don't know why words for "dandruff" in many languages have obscure etymology. Contrary to the popular belief, colloquial Indonesian is not always very innovative, since it retains old Proto-Malayic final syllable *-eC instead of -aC (malem ~ malam, a conservative feature!).

I think that Indonesian has several de facto dialects. Also, vulgarities > interjections > modal particles.

Regional languages in East and North Kalimantan are much less studied than that of other regions. 😐

My speech

I pronounce terus as /ˈtarus/.
I frequently lower /i/ and /u/ to /e/ and /o/.
kayak gitu → *kéitu or *kétu.
ya → variably yo, yodah, *eudah, *edah, yaudah, *ya(d)dah, and dah (a false cognate of Russian да (da)).
aja → *ai.
jangan → *jan.
I often have liaison, e.g. kulit ubi (/ˈkuli ˈtubi/)

How most Indonesians pronounce English words

Lack of vowel length.
/æ/ → /ɛ/.
/eɪ/, /oʊ/ → /e/, /o/.
Final obstruent devoicing.
Rhotic accent, unlike as in neighbouring Malaysia or Singapore.
Yod coalescence, sometimes occuring before /u/.
/ð/, /θ/ → /d/, /t/.
Confusion of /v/ and /f/, shared with Dutch English and some Dutch dialects (including Afrikaans).
Occasional omission of plurals, including -s (similar to spoken French), likely due to the lack of plurals common in Indonesian.
/iː/, /uː/ → sporadically /e/, /o/ due to written Dutch influence, although no one in the Netherlands pronounce English words this way (these are always pronounced /i, u/).

Spelling variations in Indonesian names

Use of Dutch digraphs, such as ch, sj, oe, and ie, due to the influence of Van Ophuijsen spelling.
Doubled letters, which are actually pronounced as single.
Other silent letters, such as h after consonants or in few other cases, t (as in my name Danisht) or c (as in Priscilla).
Variation between -y- / -w- and -i- / -u-, especially when adjacent to vowels and being word-finally.
Eccentric letters.

Other notes on Indonesian names

Indonesian modern naming customs have more similarities with those in the Mediterranean basin and the Middle East, particularly southern Europe and the Levant. Dutch and English, also influence the naming occasionally.
The reason why there are only few "very popular" names in Indonesia, it is because many of the younger people have irregular spellings on their names (see above), rendered as distinct names.
Southern Romance (incl. Spanish and Italian) name suffixes -iana, -ina and -ita are common in female names.
Note that full names are mostly only stressed on the first name. Indonesian names are in fact treated as a single name.
Muhammad is technically a name prefix in Indonesian, if there is such, then the person is called with the following names onwards.
Azzahra is such a confusing name. Unlike surnames, it is not an inherited name, but it most often placed last (or second) to female names, making it a special case of epithet. Other cases include Ramadhani.

Such names may become proper surnames if it is inherited by their children, similar to the case of Angelina Jolie (the original surname was removed, and her second name became a surname, inherited by her children).

Grammatical notes

I think, the lowercase forms of proper nouns (e.g. bali, madura, india) should be classified as adjectives, since when affixed still remain lowercase (jawa → kejawaan). Please note that these are not used to refer to people, language, nationality, or culture; but instead only for animals, plants, or objects (the example jeruk bali is correct, but orang bali is incorrect).
- In most European and Central Asian languages (exceptions: Turkish, Dutch, English), there are not just consistently lowercase demonyms, but also lowercase month and day names. Turkish and Dutch usually (but not always) have such month-day names.
"No grammatical adjectives in Indonesian" is wrong.
Profanities in Indonesian have increasingly evolved into modal particles. For example anjing (“dog, motherfucker”) → njir, a particle expressing amazement or disgust, the same also occurs in jancok (“damn”) → cok. These are very common in the speech of younger Indonesians.
- Most profanities have only the meaning of either "damn" or "fuck". As in other languages, their usage tends to be highly stigmatized by older people.
Indonesian, just like Malay, have been affected by Southeast Asian linguistic area, and thus becoming increasingly analytic. Tones, however, are non-existent in both languages. However, both are influenced by Chinese, rather than being mutual influences. Tagalog (or Filipino) is unaffected due to its highly conservative grammar relative to other Austronesian languages.

Miscellaneous

Apocopic country names Singapur, Itali, and Australi are from French Singapour, Italie, and Australie; while Amrik is from Arabic أَمْرِيكَا (ʔamrīkā).

Malaysian Malay phonology in the future

This only refers to that of peninsular Malaysia, and not to Indonesian and standard Malay, which have essentially identical phonologies.

/ə/ is drifted towards /o/, especially word-finally through [ɤ], and sporadically elsewhere, as in sodap < sedap. This means that, letters word-final ⟨a⟩, some instances of ⟨e⟩, ⟨o⟩, would be pronounced the same.
/r/ is actually [ɹ] in Malaysian, although it's unclear whether it's an English influence or simply an internal development.
Although it have one silent letter in word-final position, namely ⟨r⟩, other letters ⟨l⟩ and ⟨h⟩ have also increasingly silent.
/s/ sometimes has increasingly shifted towards [s̺] or even merging with /ʃ/.

Tamil phonology in the future

Intervocalic ப (pa) and க (ka) sonorize to வ (va) and ஹ (ha), respectively.
ழ (ḻa), ற (ṟa), and ற்ற (ṟṟa) merge into ள (ḷa), ர (ra), and த்த (tta).
Viramas (்) when word final added with [ʉ] (ு).

Malaysian in Bengali script

Rare, only used in some teaching materials for expatriate Bangladeshis. This is idiosyncratic.

Standalone	আ	ই	উ	এ	ও
Diacritic	া	ি	ু	ে	ো
Latin	a	i	u	e	o

Unlike in Bengali, Malaysian has no inherent vowel (only used for dead consonants). Thus, কা is transliterated as ka, but ক is always k.
As in Latin script, it often lacks distinction between /e/ and /ə/. However, some examples use আ for /ə/ instead.

Bengali	ক	গ	ঙ/ং	চ	ছ	জ	ঞ
Latin	k	g	ng	c	s	j	ny
Bengali	ট/ত	ড/দ	ন	প	ব	ম	র
Latin	t	d	n	p	b	m	r
Bengali	ল	স	হ
Latin	l	sy	h

As in Assamese, both retroflex and dental consonants are pronounced the same. However, the usage rules of both series are still very unclear.

Resources

Some notable ethnic or religious slurs in Indonesia

"Christian":
- oten
"India"
- Prindapan, Vrindavan
"Indonesia" (used as slurs in Malaysia):
- Indog(nesial)
- Indon
- Konoha
"Malaysia":
- Banglasia
- Malaydesh
- Malingsia(l)
- Malon
- Malondesh
"Muslim"
- kadrun (usually referring to radical ones)