- Definition of Embedded Systems
- Characteristics of Embedded Systems
- Embedded Systems vs General-Purpose Systems
- Applications of Embedded Systems
- Consumer Electronics
- Automotive Systems
- Industrial Automation
- Medical Devices
- IoT Devices
- Basic Architecture of Embedded Systems
- Hardware Components
- Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
- Memory (RAM, ROM, Flash)
- Input/Output Devices
- Sensors and Actuators
- Software Components
- Firmware
- Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS)
- Device Drivers
- Middleware
- Microcontroller Basics
- Key Components: CPU, Memory, I/O Ports, Timers
- Common Microcontroller Families (PIC, AVR, ARM Cortex)
- Microprocessor Basics
- Difference between Microcontrollers and Microprocessors
- Applications of Microprocessors
- Selecting a Microcontroller or Microprocessor for a Project
- Definition and Importance of RTOS
- RTOS vs General-Purpose OS
- Key Concepts in RTOS
- Task Management
- Scheduling Algorithms
- Inter-task Communication
- Interrupt Handling
- Popular RTOS (FreeRTOS, VxWorks, RTEMS)
- Embedded Software Development Process
- Requirement Analysis
- System Design
- Implementation
- Testing and Debugging
- Deployment and Maintenance
- Programming Languages for Embedded Systems
- C, C++, Assembly
- Python, Rust (in specific use cases)
- Embedded Software Development Tools
- Integrated Development Environments (IDEs)
- Compilers and Linkers
- Debuggers and Simulators
- Concept of Co-Design
- Partitioning of Tasks between Hardware and Software
- Hardware Description Languages (HDL)
- VHDL
- Verilog
- Co-Verification and Co-Simulation
- Basics of Interfacing
- Digital and Analog Signals
- GPIO
- Communication Protocols
- UART, SPI, I2C
- CAN, LIN (Automotive)
- USB, Ethernet
- Wireless Protocols (Bluetooth, Zigbee, Wi-Fi)
- Importance of Power Management
- Power Consumption Metrics
- Techniques for Power Optimization
- Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS)
- Power Gating
- Low-Power Modes
- Battery Management Systems
- Security Challenges in Embedded Systems
- Security Requirements
- Confidentiality
- Integrity
- Availability
- Common Security Threats
- Physical Attacks
- Software Exploits
- Network Attacks
- Security Measures and Best Practices
- Secure Boot
- Encryption and Authentication
- Secure Firmware Updates
- Role of Embedded Systems in IoT
- IoT Architecture
- Edge Devices
- Gateways
- Cloud
- IoT Communication Protocols
- MQTT
- CoAP
- AMQP
- Security and Privacy in IoT
- Model-Based Design
- Agile Development for Embedded Systems
- Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) Simulation
- Prototyping and Rapid Development
- Case Studies of Embedded System Design
- Importance of Testing in Embedded Systems
- Types of Testing
- Unit Testing
- Integration Testing
- System Testing
- Acceptance Testing
- Debugging Techniques
- In-Circuit Debugging
- Logic Analyzers
- JTAG
- Tools for Testing and Debugging
- Importance of Reliability
- Fault Types and Models
- Transient, Intermittent, Permanent
- Techniques for Fault Detection and Recovery
- Watchdog Timers
- Redundancy
- Error Correction Codes (ECC)
- Designing for Reliability
- Automotive Systems
- Engine Control Units (ECU)
- Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)
- Consumer Electronics
- Smartphones
- Smart Home Devices
- Medical Devices
- Wearable Health Monitors
- Medical Imaging Systems
- Industrial Automation
- Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
- Robotics
- Trends in Embedded Hardware
- Advances in Microcontroller and Microprocessor Technology
- Integration of AI and Machine Learning
- Trends in Embedded Software
- Increasing Use of Open Source
- Advanced RTOS Features
- Emerging Applications
- Autonomous Vehicles
- Smart Cities
- Wearable Technology