Dokar kamun kifi
 Dokar kamun kifi | |
|---|---|
area of law (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
corporate law (en) |
Dokar kifi wani yanki ne mai tasowa kuma na musamman na doka. Dokar kifi ita ce nazarin da nazarin hanyoyin gudanar da kifi daban-daban kamar su hannun jari na kamawa misali Quotas na Mutum; TURFs; da sauransu. Nazarin dokar kamun kifi yana da mahimmanci don samar da jagororin manufofi waɗanda ke kara dorewa da tilasta bin doka.[1] Wannan takamaiman yanki na shari'a ba a koyar dashi a makarantun shari'a na duniya, wanda ke barin komai na bayar da shawarwari da bincike. Dokar kamun kifi kuma tana la'akari da Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da ka'idojin masana'antu don nazarin ka'idojen kula da kamun kifin.[2] Bugu da kari, dokar kamun kifi ta haɗa da samun damar yin adalci ga ƙananan kamun kiɗa da al'ummomin bakin teku da na asali da kuma batutuwan aiki kamar dokokin aikin yara, dokar aiki, da dokar iyali.[3]
Wani muhimmin bangare na bincike da aka rufe a cikin dokar kamun kifi shine lafiyar abincin teku. Kowace ƙasa, ko yanki, a duniya tana da matakai daban-daban na tsaron abinci na teku da ka'idoji. Wadannan ka'idoji na iya ƙunsar manyan tsarin kula da kifi ciki har da quota ko tsarin rabon kamawa. Yana da mahimmanci a yi nazarin ka'idojin tsaro na abincin teku a duk duniya don samar da jagororin manufofi daga ƙasashen da suka aiwatar da ingantaccen tsare-tsare. Har ila yau, wannan rukunin bincike na iya gano wuraren ingantawa ga ƙasashen da basi riga sun iya sarrafa ƙa'idodin aminci na abincin teku masu inganci ba.
Dokar kifi ta haɗa da nazarin dokokin Kiwon kifi da ka'idoji. Aquaculture, wanda aka fi sani da aquafarming, shine noma na kwayoyin ruwa, kamar kifi da tsire-tsire na ruwa. Wannan rukunin bincike ya haɗa da ka'idojin ciyar da dabbobi da buƙatu. Yana da mahimmanci a tsara abin da kifi zaici a matsayin abincin sa don hana haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam da aminci
Hakkin Amfani da Yankin don Kifi (TURF)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shirye-shiryen 'Yancin Amfani na Yankin don Kifi (TURF) wani nau'i ne na musamman na dokar kifi wanda ya dace da ƙananan kifi. Wadannan shirye-shiryen da suka danganci al'umma suna bada damar kamun kifi ga kungiyoyi ko mutane tare da burin hana cinyewa da kamun kiɗa mara dorewa. [4]TURFs galibi ana bada su ga al'ummomin dake da al'adun gargajiya na kamun kifi mai ɗorewa kuma masu kamun kiɗa na gida ne ke sarrafa su.[5] Kodayake galibi suna da tushe ga al'umma, ana saita jagororin kiyayewa a matakin tarayya kuma gwamnatoci suna da ikon tilasta TURFs. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in gudanarwa a duk duniya, tare da misalai masu nasara a Chile da Japan, kuma an gyara shi don dacewa da ka'idojin zamantakewa, buƙatu, da burin al'umma.[6]
Dokar kifi ta haɗa da nazarin dokokin Kiwon kifi da ka'idoji. Aquaculture, wanda aka fi sani da aquafarming, shine noma na kwayoyin ruwa, kamar kifi da tsire-tsire na ruwa. Wannan rukunin bincike ya haɗa da ka'idojin ciyar da dabbobi da buƙatu. Yana da mahimmanci a tsara abin da kifi zaici a matsayin abincin sa don hana haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam da aminci inganta TURFs a matsayin kayan aiki mai yuwuwa don kiyaye bambancin halittu amma galibi ya dace da nau'in da ba masu ƙaura ba. Koyaya, ana iya sarrafa amfani da nau'ikan ƙaura ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar TURFs makwabta. A Chile akwai sama da 700 TURFs waɗanda ke ƙirƙirar cibiyar sadarwa a kusa da murabba'in kilomita 1100.[7] Yayinda masunta ke dogaro da waɗannan yankuna don rayuwarsu, wannan tsarin yana ƙarfafa su don gudanar da waɗannan kamun kifi yadda ya kamata.[8]
Dokokin Tsaro na Ruwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Labeling na Amurka na Salmon mai ƙwayoyin halitta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 2015, Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ta amince da aikace-aikacen AquaBounty Technologies don sayar da salmon AquAdvantage ga masu amfani da Amurka. Halin da za'a iya gabatar da salmon da aka yi da kwayoyin halitta a cikin kasuwa yana cigaba da tattaunawa da ta shafi ɗabi'a, kariya ga yanayin halitta, dokar cinikayya ta duniya data cikin gida, ayyukan lakabi, abinci mai gina jiki, da batutuwan tsarin mulki. Kamar yadda FDA ta nuna, lakabin abinci mai gina jiki don kayan lambu (ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu), kifi, da samfuran da aka gyara ta hanyar kwayar halitta, na son rai ne.[9] A karkashin sashi na 403 (a) (1) na Dokar Abinci, Magunguna, da Kayan shafawa ("FD&C Act"), abinci ba daidai ba ne idan lakabinsa "ƙaryaci ne ko yaudara a kowane abu".[10] Sashe na 201 (n) na Dokar FD & C ya bada cewa lakabi yana yaudara idan ya kasa bayyana gaskiyar dake da kayan aiki dangane da wakilcin da aka yi ko kuma aka bada shawarar a cikin lakabin.[11] Game da salmon AquAdvantage, FDA ta bayyana cewa:
"Dangane da kimantawarmu game da abincin da aka samo daga AquAdvantage Salmon, mun ƙaddara cewa kalmar nan "Atlantic salmon" ita ce sunan daya dace ko na al'ada don irin wannan abinci a cikin ma'anar sashi na 403 (i) na Dokar FD & C saboda AquAdvantag Salmon ya haɗu da ma'aunin kulawar FDA don salmon Atlantic salmon a ƙarƙashin abincin AquAdvanteged baya bambanta da nau'in nau'in abinci bane daga Atlantic ba tare da GE ba - Salmon Lab Lab ba.[12]
Labarin Kanada na Salmon mai ƙwayoyin halitta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin shekara ta 2014, Kanada ta kasance babbar mai samar da amfanin GM guda biyar a duniya, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa a kasuwar duniya.[13] Lafiya Kanada da Hukumar Kula da Abinci ta Kanada ("CFIA") suna da alhakin hadin gwiwa don manufofin lakabin abinci na tarayya a Kanada a karkashin Dokar Abinci da Magunguna ("F&D Act"). [14] A karkashin Dokar F&D, an bayyana GMOs a matsayin "sababbin abinci". Ana bada izinin sabon abinci ya shiga kasuwar Kanada ne kawai bayan ya wuce wani kimantawa da masu ruwa da tsaki daban-daban suka yi. Lafiya Kanada tana da alhakin yanke shawarar duk manufofin lakabi na kiwon lafiya da aminci don samfuran abinci, kamar buƙatun abinci na musamman ko samfuran GM, da kuma tabbatar da cewa samfuran suna da aminci don amfani.[15] CFIA tana da alhakin cigaban duk ka'idojin lakabin abinci marasa lafiya da aminci da manufofi da kuma aiwatar da dokokin lakabi.[15] CFIA ta kafa ka'idoji don alamun abinci na Kanada su kasance gaskiya kuma ba yaudara.
Sashe na 5 (1) na Dokar F&D ya bayyana cewa "babu wani mutum da zai yi lakabi, kunshin, magani, tsari, siyarwa ko tallata duk wani abinci a hanyar da bata gaskiya ba, ko yaudara ko kuma mai yiwuwa ya haifar da kuskuren ra'ayi game da halayensa, darajar, yawa, abun dake ciki, cancanta ko aminci". Dole ne a lakafta abinci ne kawai idan akwai canje-canje a cikin abinci kamar su allergens masu matsala ko mahimman abubuwan gina jiki ko canjin abun dake ciki. Lafiya Kanada ba ta fitar da wata sanarwa ta hukuma game da salmon AquAdvantage ba, amma ta bayyana a shafin yanar gizon ta: "bayan shekaru goma sha biyu na sake nazarin lafiyar sabbin abinci, Lafiya Kanada tasan duk wata shaidar kimiyya da aka buga da ke nuna cewa sabbin abinci basu da aminci fiye da abinci na gargajiya. Tsarin da gwamnatin tarayya ta sanya ya tabbatar da cewa za a iya gabatar da sabbin abinci da aka gyara cikin aminci a cikin abincin Kanada".[16]
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Dukkanin Kifi a cikin Tekun: Matsakaicin Amfani mai dorewa da Rashin Gudanar da Kifi
- Cibiyar Shari'ar Kifi
- Gudanar da kamun kifi
- Kimiyya ta kamun kifi
- Kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba, ba tare da rahoto ba kuma ba tare da tsari ba
- Kifi da yawa
- Abinci mai dorewa
Bayanan da aka ambata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Fisheries Service, aboutus.htm
- ↑ Kevern L. Cochrane, A Fishery Manager’s Guidebook: Management Measures and their Application, Fisheries Technical Paper 424, available at ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/004/y3427e/y3427e00.pdf
- ↑ Stewart, Robert (16 April 2009). "Fisheries Issues". Oceanography in the 21st Century – An Online Textbook. OceanWorld. Archived from the original on Apr 28, 2016.
- ↑ "Territorial Use Rights for Fishing (TURF) Programs". Fishery Solutions Center (in Turanci). 2013-09-27. Archived from the original on 2022-05-12. Retrieved 2022-05-28.
- ↑ Villena, Mauricio G.; Chávez, Carlos A. (2005). "On the Enforcement of Territorial Use Rights Regulations: A Game Theoretic Approach". Economia. Economia. - Associação dos Centros de Pós-Graduação em Economia - ANPEC, ISSN 1517-7580. - Vol. 6.2005, 1, p. 1-44. 6 (1).
- ↑ Cancino, José P.; Uchida, Hirotsugu; Wilen, James E. (2007-01-01). "TURFs and ITQs: Collective vs. Individual Decision Making". Marine Resource Economics. 22 (4): 391–406. doi:10.1086/mre.22.4.42629569. ISSN 0738-1360. S2CID 150785480.
- ↑ Gelcich, Stefan; Donlan, C. Josh (2015-03-03). "Incentivizing biodiversity conservation in artisanal fishing communities through territorial user rights and business model innovation". Conservation Biology (in Turanci). 29 (4): 1076–1085. doi:10.1111/cobi.12477. ISSN 0888-8892. PMID 25737027. S2CID 4978509.
- ↑ Nguyen Thi Quynh, Chi; Schilizzi, Steven; Hailu, Atakelty; Iftekhar, Sayed (2017-01-01). "Territorial Use Rights for Fisheries (TURFs): State of the art and the road ahead". Marine Policy (in Turanci). 75: 41–52. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2016.10.004. ISSN 0308-597X. S2CID 157899226.
- ↑ FDA, Labeling & Nutrition, online: U.S. Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov .
- ↑ 21 U.S.C. § 343(a)(1).
- ↑ 21 U.S.C. § 321(n).
- ↑ "Draft Guidance for Industry: Voluntary Labeling Indicating Whether Food Has or Has Not Been Derived From Genetically Engineered Atlantic Salmon". Food. US FDA. November 19, 2015.
- ↑ ISAAA, Beyond Promises: Top 10 Facts about Biotech/GM Crops in 2014, online: ISAA http://www.isaaa.org .
- ↑ RSC 1985, c. F-27.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Government of Canada, Labelling of Genetically Engineered Foods in Canada, online: Canadian Food Inspection Agency http://www.inspection.gc.ca "Archived copy". Archived from the original on April 3, 2004. Retrieved May 22, 2017.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link).
- ↑ Health Canada, Frequently Asked Questions – Biotechnology and Genetically Modified Foods, online: Food and Nutrition http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca .