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Igbe ime

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Crates ime, nke a na-eji emepụta ezì nke oge a, nke a maara dị ka ugbo ụlọ ọrụ

ugbo ime ime, nke a makwaara dị ka ụlọ nkịta ọhịa, bụ ogige ígwè nke a na-azụ anụ ọhịa a na-eji amụ nwa nwere ike idebe n'oge ime ime. [1] Otu igbe dị mma na-atụle 6.6 ft x 2.0 ft (2 m x 60 cm). [2][3]    

Ụlọ ahịa a na-agha mkpụrụ enweghị ihe eji ehi ụra, kama a na-eji plastik, sink ma ọ bụ ígwè kpara akpa kpuchie ya ka e wee nwee ike ịnakọta ihe mkpofu nke ọma n'okpuru. A na-atụba ihe mkpofu a n'olulu ikuku a na-akpọ ọdọ mmiri.[1][2] Ụbọchị ole na ole tupu a mụọ nwa, a na-ebuga ahịhịa n'ime akpa ebe ha na-enwe ike ịdina ala, na-enwe igbe nwere mmasị na ya nke piglets ha nwere ike isi na-azụ ya.

Enwere ihe ọkụkụ 5.36 nde na United States dị ka nke 2016, n'ime ngụkọta nke ezì 50.1 nde.[1] A na-edobe ọtụtụ ịgha mkpụrụ dị ime na US n'ime oghere ime.[2] Amachibidoro igbe ndị ahụ maka nrụnye ọhụrụ naanị na Austria na Canada, yabụ ọtụtụ ịgha mkpụrụ ka nọ n'ebe ahụ na ebe a na-azụ anụ ezi. Amachibidoro ha na United Kingdom, Canada, Switzerland na Sweden, yana na steeti itoolu na US (Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Maine, Michigan, Ohio, Oregon na Rhode Island).[3] [4] Agbanyeghị, a machibidoghị crates farrowing, nke enwere ike idobe ezì ụmụ nwanyị ruo izu ise, na UK..[4]

Ndị na-emegide igbe ndị ahụ na-ekwu na ha bụ mmetọ anụmanụ, ebe ndị na-akwado ha na-ekwu maka ha iji gbochie ụmụ nwanyị ịlụ ọgụ n'etiti onwe ha.

Ojiji

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ime

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ụmụ ehi eji amụ nwa na 6.6 ft × 2.0 ft (2 m × 60 cm) akpa ime

A na-edebe n'etiti pasent 60 na pasent 70 nke ụmụ ehi n'ime igbe n'oge ime na United States.[5] Ime ime ọ bụla na-ewe ọnwa atọ, izu atọ, na ụbọchị atọ. Ụmụ ga-enwe nkezi nke 2.5 litters kwa afọ maka afọ abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ, nke a na-etinye ọtụtụ n'ime ha n'ime igbe.[6] Ha na-amụ ihe dị n'agbata ụmụ ise na asatọ tupu e wepụ ha n'ìgwè atụrụ ahụ. Ụfọdụ ụmụ ehi ndị toro eto nwere ike iru ogo nke ha ga-ehi ụra n'obi ha, ha enweghị ike idina n'akụkụ ha dịka ezì na-emekarị.[7] A na-eme ka ala dị larịị iji kwe ka nsị na ihe mkpofu ndị ọzọ daa n'ime olulu dị n'okpuru.

Nlekọta ezì n'ime igbe

Ụbọchị ole na ole tupu ha amụọ nwa, a na-ebugharị ụmụ nwanyị n'ime igbe ndị na-eme nri, nke dị ntakịrị obosara ka ha wee nwee ike idina ala iji nye nwa ara. Crates nwere 18-in. (46-cm) "oghere" n'akụkụ nke ọ bụla ebe ụmụ ezì nwere ike idina n'enweghị nsogbu n'enweghị ihe ize ndụ nke okpokoro (mgbe okpokoro dina n'elu obere ezì).

Ịdị ndụ nke ezì na-adabere na nrụgide nhọrọ. Ìgwè ezì a zụlitere maka ịdị ndụ dị elu egosighi ihe dị iche na ọnwụ mgbe a na-enye ha ara na igbe na usoro mpụga.[8]

Ọnwụ ezì

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Ọ bụ ezie na ejirila farrowing crates dabere n'echiche ahụ na ha na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ piglet, ọ dị ntakịrị ihe akaebe e bipụtara na-akwado nkwupụta a. The kasị keukwu akwụkwọ ruo taa na isiokwu a kwubiri na ọ dịghị ịrịba mmetụta nke ụlọ na n'ozuzu piglet onwu, ndị dere na-ekwu na "N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na crate usoro e weere iji belata piglet onwu tumadi site na Mbelata nke nchikota, e nwere. abụghị ihe akaebe sayensị maka nke a mgbe ị na-atụle nnukwu nyocha ole na ole na-atụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ n'ime ìgwè ehi azụmahịa." Ntụleghachi a gara n'ihu ịkọwa ọtụtụ nnukwu ọmụmụ sitere na mmalite dị ka 1983, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ha ahụghị ihe dị iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ piglet n'etiti ahịhịa ndị rụrụ arụ na nke crated. Ntụleghachi a kọwakwara arụmụka maka ihe kpatara na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ piglet ji kọọ ka ọ dị ntakịrị karịa na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ọmụmụ, na-ehota ntụpọ usoro.[9]

Ihe mgbochi ojiji

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Europe

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Na European Union, ekwesighi iji igbe ndị ahụ mee ihe mgbe izu nke anọ nke ime na-eso ntuziaka EU nke afọ 2013. Ha megidere iwu n'oge niile na United Kingdom na Sweden. Otú ọ dị, [10] Denmark [11] na Norway [12] bụ ụfọdụ n'ime mba ebe a ka na-eji igbe ime ime eme ihe na ọrụ ugbo ezì.

New Zealand

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A ga-akwụsị iji igbe ime na-esote ịlụ di na nwunye na New Zealand site na 2015.[mkpa mmelite] Otú ọ dị, igbe ndị ahụ ka bụ iwu ruo izu anọ mgbe ha nwesịrị. [13] Nnyocha nke Ministry for Primary Industries duziri, na 2016, chọpụtara na "Kode ọdịmma dị ugbu a na-enye ohere ka ihe ruru 5% nke ụmụ ehi nọgide na crates maka otu izu ọzọ (na-agbaso izu 4 kachasị na crates mgbe ọ na-etolite) dị ka ụmụ nwanyị nọọsụ. Omume a na-eme ka ụlọ ọrụ NA ghara ịnapụ ya nke ọma.

Ebe Ugwu America

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Steeti US nwere ihe mgbochi na ụlọ ezì. A na-ekwe ka ụlọ ezì / igbe ime.   

N'afọ 2014, Canada guzobere mmachibido iwu mba niile maka igbe ime ime ọhụrụ.[14] Otú ọ dị, a na-egbu oge ọzọ afọ 5 ruo 2029 ma ọ gaghị agụnye nrụnye ndị dị ugbu a.[15]

Na United States, a machibidoro ha iwu na Florida kemgbe afọ 2002, Arizona kemgbe afọ 2006, na California kemgbe ngwụcha afọ 2008. [7] Iwu Rhode Island machibidoro igbe ahụ, nke e mere na June 2012, malitere na June 2013. A na-ewepụkwa ha na Colorado, Maine, Michigan, Ohio na Oregon.[16] Ọzọkwa, 2018 California Proposition 12 machibidoro ire anụ ezì site na igbe ime ime na California, ọbụlagodi na emepụtara ha n'ebe ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na a na-anọgide na-echere ikpe ikpe.[17]

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2013 New Jersey nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ezì nke ihe dị ka 9,000 [18] nke ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla, dị ka Humane Society si kwuo, a na-edebe ya na igbe ime. [19] Na nyocha e mere na 2013, 90% nke ndị na-eme ntụli aka na New Jersey kwadoro mmachibido iwu nke igbe ahụ. N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2013, Gọvanọ Christie kwadoro S1921, iwu iji machibido igbe ezì ime ime. [20][21][22] nke gafere na Nzukọ Ezumezu na votu nke 60-5 na Senate 29-4. Mgbalị iji wepụ veto ahụ abịaghị na ntuli aka.[23] N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2014, ndị omeiwu New Jersey nabatara S998 site na ịtụ vootu na Senate nke 32-1 na Nzukọ 53-13 (nke 9 na-anọghị) Na 27 Nọvemba n'afọ 2014 Christie kwadoro iwu ahụ.[24][25][26] E webatara iwu ọhụrụ na 2020.[27]

Iwu ụlọ ọrụ

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Ihe karịrị ụlọ ọrụ nri 60 nwere iwu iji wepụ ojiji ha.

Smithfield Foods, onye na-emepụta anụ ezì kachasị na United States, kwuru na Jenụwarị 2007 na ọ ga-ewepụ igbe ime site na ụlọ ezì 187 ya n'ime afọ iri na-esote n'ihi nchegbu sitere n'aka ndị ahịa ya. N'afọ 2009, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwuru na ọ gaghịzi enwe ike iwepụ ha n'ime afọ iri n'ihi ahịa dị ala na nso nso a, [7] mana ọ gbanwere mkpebi ahụ na 2011 mgbe nrụgide siri ike sitere na Human Society nke United States. [28]

N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2012, McDonald's kwupụtara na ọ ga-amalite iso ndị na-eweta ihe na-arụ ọrụ iji kwụsị iji igbe ime eme ihe n'ihi nrụgide sitere na Humane Society nke United States na ndị ọzọ na-akwado anụmanụ. McDonald's na-azụta ihe dị ka otu pasent nke anụ ezì niile na United States.[29]

N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2022, onye na-etinye ego na ọtụtụ ijeri mmadụ bụ Carl Icahn manyere ndị nduzi McDonald ka ha mee ka ọsọ nke iwepụ igbe ime ime.[30]

Nsogbu ọdịmma

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ezigbo ga-anọ n'ime igbe ime maka ọnwa anọ nke ime ya.

Ndị na-akwado ọdịmma anụmanụ na-ele ojiji nke igbe ime ime anya dị ka otu n'ime ihe ndị na-adịghị mma nke mmepụta anụmanụ siri ike.[7] Temple Grandin nke Ngalaba Sayensị Anụmanụ nke Mahadum Steeti Colorado kwuru na 2007: "... n'ụzọ bụ isi ị na-arịọ ezì ka ọ biri n'oche ụgbọelu. "[31]

Ndị na-emepụta anụ ezi na-arụ ụka na a chọrọ igbe ime ime n'ihi na ịgha mkpụrụ na-ejikọta ọnụ na pensụl ga-alụ ọgụ, na-emerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ gbuo ndị ibe ha. Enwere ike nweta otu mmetụta ahụ site na nnukwu pensụl ndị na-eme ka ụmụ anụmanụ dị iche iche, ma nye ha ohere ịmegharị. E nwekwara ụzọ ndị ọzọ e si ebelata, ma ọ bụghị ikpochapụ, iwe iwe ma e wezụga oghere ime ime. Ndị a na-agụnye ikpochapụ oke mmadụ, ịghara ịgwakọta ezì site na nsị dị iche iche, inye ahịhịa ma ọ bụ ihe eji ehi ụra ọzọ, na inye nri zuru oke nke na-abụghị nanị na-egbo mkpa nri ma na-emeju agụụ.[1] Ụzọ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa iji belata mkpasu iwe n'etiti mkpụrụ osisi na-adabere na ụzọ nri ọzọ, n'ihi na ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ga-asọrịta mpi maka nri. Ndị a na-agụnye usoro inye nri aghụghọ, ụlọ ahịa nri nke onye ọ bụla, na ngwá ọrụ ịgha mkpụrụ eletrọnịkị, bụ́ ndị na-edozi asọmpi nri n'etiti ezi.[32]

Nnyocha mbụ nke anụmanụ yiri ka ọ na-akwado ojiji nke igbe ime ime. Dị ka U.S. National Pork Producers Council, nke na-akwalite anụ ezì dị ka ihe oriri ma bụrụ onye na-akwado igbe ime ime, American Veterinary Medical Association "na-amata ụlọ ime ime na usoro ụlọ otu dị ka ihe kwesịrị ekwesị maka inye ọdịmma nke ụmụ nwanyị n'oge ime ime". [7] Ọ bụ ezie na omume nke immobilizing ụmụ anụmanụ na crates na-egbochi ọgụ, ọ na-eme ka nrụgide ụmụ anụmanụ dịkwuo elu, na-akpata nsogbu ahụike ndị ọzọ.[s] American Association of Swine Veterinarians nakweere nkwupụta ọnọdụ na 2002 na-akọwa ụkpụrụ ise nke ọdịmma anụ ọhịa ma na-emechi, "Akwụkwọ sayensị dị ugbu a na-egosi na ụlọ ọrụ ime ime onwe onye na-ezute nke ọ bụla n'ime ndị a kpọtụrụ aha, ọ bụrụhaala na a na-elekọta ọkwa kwesịrị ekwesị nke ịkpa anụ. "[33]   The Washington Post kọrọ na 2001 na ndị na-eme nchọpụta achọtaghị ụmụ nwanyị n'ime igbe ime nwere oke hormone nrụgide. Akwụkwọ ahụ na-ekwu na nke a na-egosi na ahụike ha n'ozuzu ya adịghị njọ. Ụfọdụ ndị na-emepụta ihe na Europe na-eji usoro mkpịsị akwụkwọ ịmụ nwa "n'efu" nke ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ime mkpịsị aka n'otu n'otu maka izu anọ mbụ nke ime ime ma nwee ike "ịmeghe" ụlọ ahụ site na ịlaghachi ma banye n'otu ebe. Ndị na-emepụta ihe chọpụtara na ezì dị ime ga-anọ n'ime ebe obibi ihe karịrị pasent 90 nke oge, ma laghachi n'otu ebe ihe karịrị pasenta 90 nke oge.[34]

Agbanyeghị, ọmụmụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ na-emegide ọmụmụ ndị mbụ. Akụkọ 1997 nke Kọmitii Sayensị nke Ụmụ Anụmanụ nke European Union, ebe mmachibido iwu nke igbe ime malitere na 2013, kwuru na n'ihi na "ọdịmma zuru oke yiri ka ọ ka mma mgbe ụmụ anụmanụ na-anọghị n'ime ime, a ga-ahọrọ idebe ụmụ anụmanụ n'ìgwè. " [35] N'otu aka ahụ na 2008, Pew Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production, mgbe afọ 2.5 nke nyocha gasịrị, tụrụ aro "ịpụ, n'ime afọ 10, nke usoro mgbochi niile nke na-egbochi mmegharị okike na omume dị mma, gụnyere igbe ime ezì". [36]

Ọtụtụ nnyocha egosila na ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ime igbe na-egosipụta omume dị ka ịta ụtarị, ịkpa isi, na ịpịgharị ire, na-egosi nkụda mmụọ na-adịghị ala ala. Mgbe e nyere ha nhọrọ, ezì ga-ewepụ onwe ha n'ebe dị anya site n'ebe ha na-ehi ụra ma na-eri nri.[37] Ụmụ ahụhụ nọ n'ime igbe na-ata mmanya, na-ata ọbụna mgbe ha na-enweghị nri, ma na-agbanye karama mmiri ha nke ukwuu, a na-akọ na ha niile bụ ihe na-egosi ike ọgwụgwụ. The Post (uncited reference) dere na akụkọ sitere n'aka ndị dọkịta anụmanụ maka European Union kwubiri na omume na-adịghị mma n'ime ụmụ nwanyị "na-etolite mgbe anụmanụ ahụ nwere nkụda mmụọ siri ike ma ọ bụ na-aga n'ihu. N'ihi ya, mmepe ha na-egosi na anụmanụ ahụ na-enwe ihe isi ike ịnagide na ọdịmma ya adịghị mma. " Omume a, dị ka ịta ụfụ site na ịta ụta ụfị na ịta.[s][6][38] Ha na-egosikwa omume nke na-egosi enweghị enyemaka, dị ka Morris si kwuo, dị ka ịnọ n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma mgbe a na-agba ha ma ọ bụ mgbe a na'atụfu bọket mmiri n'elu ha. Nnyocha nke Kansụl Na-ahụ Maka Ụmụ anụmanụ nke European Commission na-ekwu na achọtawo omume "nke a na-ahụkarị" ugboro ugboro na "nnyocha zuru ezu" nke ezì n'ime igbe ime, mana ọ bụghị na usoro ụlọ ọ bụla ọzọ a nyochara.[39] Nnyocha akwụkwọ nke afọ 2004 nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị anụmanụ chọpụtara na ụmụ anụmanụ nọ n'ụlọ na-egosipụta omume "dị mma" karịa ụmụ anụmanụ n'ụlọ otu, mana na ụmụ anụ ọhịa ndị nọ n'ebe obibi nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmerụ ahụ dị ala na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu.[40] Nnyocha ụfọdụ egosila na "omume mkpụrụ osisi egosila dị iche n'etiti usoro ụlọ; mgbe mgbe ọ yiri ka ọ bụ akụkụ na-abụghị ụlọ (ya bụ, ntụziaka nke mmanya, ihe ndị ọzọ dị) nke usoro ahụ nke na-ahụ maka omume nke ezì gosipụtara".[41]

A ga-ahụ ọtụtụ nsogbu ndị ọzọ metụtara ahụike n'etiti ezì ndị nọ n'ime igbe ime ime karịa usoro ụlọ otu. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a gụnyere ọrịa na-emetụta usoro nsị, ọrịa iku ume, [42] mmerụ ahụ akpụkpọ ahụ (dịka ọnyá nrụgide), [43] oke okpomọkụ, [5] ịdị arọ nke ọkpụkpụ, [44] ahụike uru ahụ, [44] ahụ ike obi, [45] mmerụ ahụ ụkwụ, [46] mmebi nkwonkwo, [47] na ọbụna nkwarụ. [44]

Dị ka John Webster, onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Veterinary School na Mahadum Bristol na United Kingdom, si kwuo, "Akwà a na-akụ n'elu simenti n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na-ata ahụhụ dịka Nnwere Onwe Ise niile si dị". Ndị a gụnyere nnwere onwe pụọ n'agụụ, obi erughị ala, ihe mgbu, nchegbu, na nnwere onwe igosipụta omume dị mma. Mkpụrụ osisi ndị ga n'ala simenti nwere ike ịnwe oke okpomọkụ na nsogbu anụ ahụ na-adịghị ala ala, [48] ebe otu ala simenti a nwere ike inye aka na mmerụ ahụ ụkwụ, [46] mgbu nkwonkwo, [47] na mmerụ akpụkpọ ahụ [5] - n'ihi mmetụ ezì na-adịte aka na elu siri ike na enweghị ọrụ. 

Ahụike obi na akwara na-adịghị mma, nsogbu ọkpụkpụ, na ahụike uru ahụ adịghị mma niile bụ n'ihi enweghị mmega ahụ.[44][45] Mbelata nke ịdị arọ nke uru ahụ na-eme ka ọbụna mmegharị dị mfe sie ike, [44] ebe otu nnyocha chọpụtara na ụmụ nwanyị nwere okpukpu abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ọkpụkpụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na-abụghị nke a na-etinye, na ndị nchọpụta kwubiri na ọkpụkpụ na-adịghị ike dugara n'ọtụtụ ọkpụkpụ gbajiri agbaji ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ [1] na nnyocha ọzọ chọpụtara na ihe a na-ahụkarị na ọnwụ bụ adịghị ike ụkwụ. [49][50] Ịdị ike nke na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ ndị a na-adịghị ike bụkwa n'otu akụkụ n'ihi ike nke ala simenti, nke na-eduga na mmerụ ahụ dị elu na ụkwụ na ma ọ bụ ụkwụ, ka anyị ghara ikwu maka ọnyá ubu na abrasions na akpụkpọ ahụ site na nkume, ọnụ dị nkọ, na bolts na-ejikọta igbe n'ebe ahụ. [51][52][53] A na-eche na otu ala a na-enye aka na mmerụ ahụ mkpịsị ụkwụ, na ụfọdụ akụkọ na-azọrọ na ihe ruru 80% nke ụmụ nwanyị nwere crated na-arịa ọrịa a. [46][42] N'ihi enweghị mmega ahụ, ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịzụlite ọtụtụ ọnọdụ anụ ahụ ndị ọzọ nke na-emebi ọdịmma ha n'ozuzu. Ọrịa na-efe n'ime mmiri nwere ike ịmalite n'ihi enweghị ike ịkwaga ezì, nke na-eme ka ha ghara ịṅụ mmanya ugboro ugboro ma si otú a mepụta nje bacteria n'ime ụzọ mmiri.[42] Ọ bụ ezie na otu ọrịa a na aka n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na a na-amanye ụmụ nwanyị ka ha dinaa, ma ọ bụ nọdụ ala, n'ime nsị ha - ihe ọzọ mere ụfọdụ ji chee na enwere ọrịa iku ume dị elu n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ndị nọ n'ime igbe ime. [51][42] 

N'otu nnọkọ e nwere n'afọ 2002 maka ụlọ ezì na ọdịmma, Edmond A. Pajor, onye osote prọfesọ na Mahadum Purdue, gwara ndị na-ege ntị na "N'ụlọ ime ime, a na-egbochi ụmụ ehi ịrụ ọtụtụ n'ime omume omume ndị ezì ga-eme n'ọnọdụ okike ma ọ bụ nke na-akparaghị ókè nke na-eme ka ọdịmma ezì ghara ịdị mma" [54]

Paul Sundberg, onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ anụmanụ na osote onye isi oche nke U.S. National Pork Board, onye na'ihu na-akwado igbe ime, gwara The Washington Post, sị: "Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-emeso ụmụ anụmanụ ha nke ọma n'ihi na nke ahụ bụ ezigbo azụmahịa. Isi ihe iji kụọ ọdịmma abụghị ma a na-edebe ha na igbe onwe onye ma ọ bụ ụlọ otu, mana ma a na usoro eji eme ihe nke ọma. "S. "Science gwara anyị na ọ [otu ntabi anya mara na ọ maghị na ọ pụghị ịgbanwe ... Otú ọ dị na ọ dị na ụlọ ọrụ sayensị ọ dị na-eme ka ọ dị na Sundberg nwere ike ime ihe dị.[6][6]

Hụkwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  • Ụkpụrụ Omume Banyere Ụmụ Anụmanụ

Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ Wilson G. Pond, Fuller W. Bazer, Bernard E. Rollin (eds.), Animal Welfare in Animal Agriculture, CRC Press, 2011, p. 151ff.
  2. ↑ Reun (1992). "Breeding and gestation facilities for swine: matching biology to facility design". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 8 (3): 475–502. DOI:10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30699-x. PMID 1446265. 
  3. ↑ "An HSUS Report: Welfare Issues with Gestation Crates for Pregnant Sows", Humane Society of the United States, 2008, p. 1.
  4. ↑ Oliver Thring, "Is Red Tractor pork really 'high welfare'?", The Guardian, 26 January 2012.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 J. Webster, Animal Welfare: A Cool Eye Towards Eden, Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd, cited in An HSUS Report: Welfare Issues with Gestation Crates for Pregnant Sows, Humane Society of the United States.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Marc Kaufmann, "In Pig Farming, Growing Concern, Raising Sows in Crates Is Questioned", The Washington Post, 18 June 2001.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Marc Kaufmann, "Largest Pork Processor to Phase Out Crates", The Washington Post, 26 January 2007.
  8. ↑ E. M. Baxter, et al., "Breeding for improved pre-weaning piglet survival in alternative farrowing systems," Proceedings of the 41st congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology (F. Galindo and L. Alvarez, eds.), 2007, Merida, Mexico.
  9. ↑ L.J. Pedersen, http://www.wageningenacademic.com/doi/pdf/10.3920/978-90-8686-771-4_05 "Housing of sows during farrowing: a review on pen design, welfare and productivity", retrieved January 2017.
  10. ↑ Andrew Wasley. "Row erupts between Italy's Parma ham makers and activists over pig welfare", The Guardian. Retrieved on 6 October 2018.
  11. ↑ Produktion af grise i Danmark (from the Danish agricultural trade organisation 'Landbrug & Fødevarer). (Accessed 2019-20-06)
  12. ↑ Brennpunkt (NRK Documentary on animal welfare of conventional pigs in Norway). Accessed 2019-20-06.)
  13. ↑ "Sow crates to be phased out by 2015 - National - NZ Herald News", The New Zealand Herald, NZPA, 1 December 2010. Retrieved on 1 December 2010.
  14. ↑ Alexis Croswell (7 March 2014). Victory for Pigs! Canada Bans Gestation Crates. Retrieved on 2 March 2015.
  15. ↑ Ellen Tennenhouse (21 Jan 2021). What A Delay On Canada's Gestation Crate Ban Will Mean For Pig Welfare. Forbes.
  16. ↑ Centner, TJ (2009) Limitations on the confinement of food animals in the United States. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics online first
  17. ↑ California judge delays enforcement of part of new bacon law (en). KGTV (2022-01-26). Retrieved on 2022-02-20.
  18. ↑ Matt Arco. "Clock ticking for Chris Christie to act on controversial N.J. pig bill with 2016 implications", The Star-Ledger, 26 November 2014.
  19. ↑ Melissa Hayes. "Humane Society urges ban in N.J. on gestational crates in pig breeding", The Record, 27 October 2014.
  20. ↑ "SENATE, No. 1921", New Jersey Legislature, 13 May 2012. Retrieved on 30 November 2014.
  21. ↑ "\Chris Christie Vetoes NJ Pork Gestation Crate Ban".
  22. ↑ P. J. Huffstuutter. "New Jersey governor vetoes ban on gestation crate use", Reuters, 27 January 2013.
  23. ↑ Portnoy. "N.J. Senate to attempt to override Christie's veto on pig crates bill Gov. Chris Christie vetoed a bill in June that would have prohibited the farm practice of placing pregnant pigs in gestation cages", The Star-Ledger, 11 November 2013. Retrieved on 30 November 2014.
  24. ↑ "SENATE, No. 998", New Jersey Legislature, 27 January 2014. Retrieved on 30 November 2014.
  25. ↑ "S998 Sca (1R)", New Jersey Legislature. Retrieved on 30 November 2014.
  26. ↑ Brodesser-Akner. "Christie vetoes pig crate ban, accuses sponsors of partisan politicking", The Star-Ledger, 28 November 2014. Retrieved on 30 November 2014.
  27. ↑ Help may be on the way for New Jersey's suffering pigs | Opinion (21 January 2021).
  28. ↑ Walzer, Philip. "Smithfield to end use of gestation crates by 2017", 9 December 2012. Retrieved on 31 July 2012.
  29. ↑ Strom. "McDonald's Vows to Help End Use of Sow Crates", The New York Times, 13 February 2012.
  30. ↑ "McDonald's pig policy fight escalates with board nominations", BBC News, 2022-02-21. Retrieved on 2022-02-21. (in en-GB)
  31. ↑ Shapiro, Paul. Pork industry should phase out gestation crates (Guest View), Globe Gazette, 10 January 2007.
  32. ↑ Gonyou (2003). "Group housing: alternative systems, alternative management". Advances in Pork Production 14: 101–7. 
  33. ↑ "AASV Position Statement: Pregnant Sow Housing." Accessed 31 July 2012.
  34. ↑ Salek-Johnson. "Individual pens for sows' safety", The Gazette, 30 September 2012. Retrieved on 10 January 2014.
  35. ↑ The Welfare Of Intensively Kept Pigs (Sep 30, 1997). Retrieved on December 3, 2020.
  36. ↑ Tim Carman, "Pork industry gives sows room to move", The Washington Post, 29 May 2012.
  37. ↑ (2005) "Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare on a request from the Commission related to welfare of weaners and rearing pigs: effects of different space allowances and floor types". EFSA Journal 3. DOI:10.2903/j.efsa.2005.268. 
  38. ↑ Mendl MT. 1991. The effects of alternative forms of intensive pig husbandry on measures of pig welfare. In: Bradley A and Sckofield WL (eds.), Proceedings of the First Association of Veterinary Students Animal Welfare Symposium (Cambridge, U.K.: Association of Veterinary Students).
  39. ↑ SVC (Scientific Veterinary Committee) (1997). The welfare of intensively kept pigs. Commission of the European Communities, Directorate-General for Agriculture, Brussels..
  40. ↑ McGlone, J.J. et al. "Compilation of the Scientific Literature Comparing Housing Systems for Gestating Sows and Gilts Using Measures of Physiology, Behavior, Performance, and Health," Professional Animal Scientist April 2004 vol. 20 no. 2 105-117.
  41. ↑ Salak-Johnson. The Reality of Sow Stalls. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved on 10 January 2014.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 Tillon (1984). "Diseases affecting confined sows: data from epidemiological observations". Annales de Recherches Vétérinaires (Annals of Veterinary Research) 15 (2): 195–9. PMID 6486691.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Tillon1" defined multiple times with different content
  43. ↑ Broom (1995). "A comparison of the welfare of sows in different housing conditions". Animal Science 61 (2): 369–85. DOI:10.1017/s1357729800013928. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.4 Marchant (1996). "Effects of dry sow housing conditions on muscle weight and bone strength". Animal Science 62: 105–13. DOI:10.1017/s1357729800014387.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Marchant1" defined multiple times with different content
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Commission of the European Communities. 2001. COM(2001) 20 final 2001/0021 (CNS) Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the welfare of intensively kept pigs in particularly taking into account the welfare of sows reared in varying degrees of confinement and in groups. Proposal for a Council Directive amending Directive 91/630/EEC laying down minimum standards for the protection of pigs.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Kornegay ET, Bryant KL, and Notter DR. 1990. Toe lesion development in gilts and sows housed in confinement as influenced by toe size and toe location. Applied Agricultural Research 5(4):327-34.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Fredeen (1978). "Joint damage in pigs reared under confinement". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 58 (4): 759–73. DOI:10.4141/cjas78-095.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Fredeen1" defined multiple times with different content
  48. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Webster1
  49. ↑ Marchant JN, Broom DM. 1993. The effects of dry sow housing conditions on lying behaviour of sows. [In] Nichelmann M, Wierenga HK, Braun S, editors. Proceedings of the International Congress on Applied Ethology; Darmstadt: KTBL; p 455-58.
  50. ↑ Christensen (1995). "Causes of mortality among sows in Danish pig herds". Veterinary Record 137 (16): 395–399. DOI:10.1136/vr.137.16.395. PMID 8545936. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Sather AP and Fredeen HT. 1982. "The effect of confinement housing upon the incidence of leg weakness in swine". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 62:1119-28.
  52. ↑ Miller D. 2004. Sows flourish in pen gestation. National Hog Farmer, 15 March.
  53. ↑ Stalder K and Baas T. 2005. Screen gilts for feet and leg disorders. National Hog Farmer, 15 February.
  54. ↑ Pajor EA. 2002. Group housing of sows in small pens: advantages, disadvantages and recent research. In: Reynells R (ed.), Symposium on Swine Housing and Well-being (Beltsville, MD: U.S. Department of Agriculture, pp. 37-44). www.ces.purdue.edu/pork/sowhousing/swine_02.pdf. Accessed 19 May 2008.
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