Senat Amerika Syarikat: Perbezaan antara semakan
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| Baris 26: | Baris 26: | ||
| leader4_type = [[Ketua parti Senat Amerika Syarikat|Ketua Minoriti Senat]] |
| leader4_type = [[Ketua parti Senat Amerika Syarikat|Ketua Minoriti Senat]] |
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| leader4 = [[Mitch McConnell]] |
| leader4 = [[Mitch McConnell]] |
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| party4 = |
| party4 =([[Parti Republikan (Amerika Syarikat)|R]]) |
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| election4 = 20 Januari 2021 |
| election4 = 20 Januari 2021 |
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| party4 = ([[Parti Republikan (Amerika Syarikat)|R]]) |
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| election6 = 20 Januari 2021 |
| election6 = 20 Januari 2021 |
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| leader6_type = Ketua Pengelola Majoriti |
| leader6_type = Ketua Pengelola Majoriti |
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| leader6 = [[Dick Durbin]] |
| leader6 = [[Dick Durbin]] |
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| party6 = ([[Parti Demokrat (Amerika Syarikat)|D]]) |
| party6 = ([[Parti Demokrat (Amerika Syarikat)|D]]) |
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| election6 = 20 Januari 2021 |
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| leader7_type = Ketua Pengelola Minoriti |
| leader7_type = Ketua Pengelola Minoriti |
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| leader7 = [[John Thune]] |
| leader7 = [[John Thune]] |
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| Baris 63: | Baris 61: | ||
|constitution=[[Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat]] |
|constitution=[[Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat]] |
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| website = {{URL|https://www.senate.gov|senate.gov}} |
| website = {{URL|https://www.senate.gov|senate.gov}} |
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'''Senat Amerika Syarikat''' ([[Bahasa Inggeris|Inggeris]]: ''United States Senate''; {{Jawi|'''سنات اميريك شريكت'''}}) merupakan salah satu daripada dua dewan perundangan [[Kongres Amerika Syarikat]], |
'''Senat Amerika Syarikat''' ([[Bahasa Inggeris|Inggeris]]: ''United States Senate''; {{Jawi|'''سنات اميريك شريكت'''}}) merupakan salah satu daripada dua dewan perundangan [[Kongres Amerika Syarikat]], satu lagi menjadi [[Dewan Perwakilan Amerika Syarikat|Dewan Perwakilan]]. |
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Semakan pada 04:03, 7 Februari 2021
| Senat Amerika Syarikat | |
|---|---|
 Jata Dewan Senat Amerika Syarikat | |
 Bendera Senat Amerika Syarikat | |
| Kongres Amerika Syarikat ke-117 | |
| Jenis | |
| Jenis | |
Tempoh menjawat | Tiada |
Sesi baru bermula | 3 Januari 2021 |
| Kepimpinan | |
Ketua Pengelola Majoriti | |
Ketua Pengelola Minoriti | |
| Struktur | |
| Ahli | 100 51 (atau 50 tambah Naib Presiden) untuk mencapai majoriti mudah |
 | |
Kumpulan politik | Majoriti (50)[a]
Minoriti (50)
|
Tempoh penggal | 6 tahun |
| Pilihan raya | |
Sistem pengundian | Merangkumi 5 pilihan raya peringkat negeri Memperoleh undi majoriti dalam ke semua 45 negeri |
Pilihan raya terakhir | 3 November 2020 (35 kerusi) |
Pilihan raya seterusnya | 8 November 2022 (34 kerusi) |
| Tempat persidangan | |
 | |
| Kamar Senat Kapitol Amerika Syarikat Washington D.C. Amerika Syarikat | |
| senate.gov | |
| Perlembagaan | |
| Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat | |
sunting  | |
Senat Amerika Syarikat (Inggeris: United States Senate; Jawi: سنات اميريك شريكت) merupakan salah satu daripada dua dewan perundangan Kongres Amerika Syarikat, satu lagi menjadi Dewan Perwakilan.
Dalam Senat, setiap negeri secara saksama diwakili oleh dua ahli; hasilnya, jumlah keahlian badan berkenaan hingga kini ialah 100. Para Senator berkhidmat tempoh selama enam tahun diatur supaya pilihan-pilihan raya diadakan bagi kira-kira sepertiga kerusi daripada kerusi-kerusi dewan (satu "kumpulan") setiap tahun kedua. Naib Presiden Amerika Syarikat merupakan Presiden Senat dan berkhidmat sebagai pegawai yang mengetuai, tetapi ia bukan seorang senator dan tidak boleh mengundi kecuali pemecah undi. Timbalan Presiden jarang bertindak sebagai Presiden Senat kecuali membuang undi pemecah atau semasa majlis upacara atau istiadat, maka tanggungjawab mempengerusikan biasanya jatuh kepada Presiden Pro Tempore, secara adat merupakan senator yang paling senior daripada parti majoriti. Paling biasa, Presiden Pro Tempore akan merangka satu ahli daripada parti beliau untuk berkhidmat sebagai pegawai pengerusi pada hari tersebut.
Komposisi dan kuasa Senat diwujudkan melalui artikel 1 di dalam Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat. Dewan Senat terdiri daripada ahli senator, setiap satunya mewakili satu negeri secara keseluruhannya. Setiap negeri, tanpa mengira saiz penduduknya, adalah sama diwakili oleh dua Senator yang berkhidmat dalam tempoh enam tahun. Pada masa ini terdapat 50 negeri bersekutu, kini terdapat 100 Senator. Dari 1789 hingga 1913, Senator telah dilantik oleh badan perundangan Negeri yang mereka wakili; mereka kini dipilih oleh undi popular, berikutan penggubalan ratifikasi Pindaan 17 tahun 1913.
Komposisi terkini
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Keahlian
Sumpah masuk jawatan diangkat
I, ___ ___, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. So help me God.[1]
Pendapatan dan kelebihan
Gaji tahunan setiap senator, sejak 2009, ialah USD $174,000; Presiden Pro tempore dan pemimpin parti menerima USD $193,400. Pada bulan Jun 2003, sekurang-kurangnya 40 Senator bergelar jutawan; pada tahun 2018, lebih 50 Senator bergelar jutawan. Bersama-sama dengan gaji pendapatan, seorang senator menerima manfaat persaraan dan kesihatan yang sama dengan penjawat awam yang lain, dan diberi hak sepenuhnya selepas lima tahun berkhidmat. Senator dilindungi oleh skim persaraan penjawat awam atau skim persaraan perkhidmatan awam. Skim pertama persaraan Senat sejak 1 Januari 1987, manakala skim kedua hanya terpakai bagi ahli-ahli Dewan Senat yang berkhidmat dari 31 Disember 1986 dan sebelumnya. Bagi penjawat awam, persaraan ahli kongres dibiayai melalui cukai dan sumbangan peserta. Di bawah skim persaraan pertama, senator perlu menyumbang 1.3% daripada gaji mereka ke dalam rancangan persaraan skim tersebut dan membayar 6.2% daripada gaji mereka dalam cukai keselamatan sosial. Jumlah pencen ahli senator bergantung kepada tempoh perkhidmatan dan purata tiga tahun yang tertinggi gaji mereka. Jumlah permulaan anuiti persaraan senator mungkin tidak melebihi 80% daripada gaji akhir mereka. Pada tahun 2006, purata pencen tahunan bagi senator dan wakil yang telah bersara di bawah skim kedua adalah USD $60,972, manakala mereka yang bersara di bawah skim pertama, atau gabungan dengan skim kedua, berjumlah USD $35,952
Senarai ahli senat Amerika Syarikat
Pemimpin tertinggi
| Jawatan | Parti | Penyandang | Negeri | Sejak | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Presiden Senat | Demokrat |
|
Kamala Harris | California | 20 Januari 2021 |
| Presiden pro tempore Senat | Demokrat | Patrick Leahy | Senator Vermont | 20 Januari 2021 | |
 | Tolong bantu menterjemahkan sebahagian rencana ini. Rencana ini memerlukan kemaskini dalam Bahasa Melayu piawai Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Sila membantu, bahan-bahan boleh didapati di Senat Amerika Syarikat (Inggeris). Jika anda ingin menilai rencana ini, anda mungkin mahu menyemak di terjemahan Google. Walau bagaimanapun, jangan menambah terjemahan automatik kepada rencana, kerana ini biasanya mempunyai kualiti yang sangat teruk. Sumber-sumber bantuan: Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. |
Pimpinan Majoriti
Pimpinan Minoriti
| Office | Officer | State | Since |
|---|---|---|---|
| Senate Minority Leader | Mitch McConnell | Kentucky | January 20, 2021
Party leader since January 3, 2007 |
| Senate Minority Whip | John Thune | South Dakota | January 20, 2021 Party whip since January 3, 2019 |
| Chair, Senate Republican Conference | John Barrasso | Wyoming | January 20, 2021 |
| Chair, Senate Republican Policy Committee | Roy Blunt | Missouri | January 20, 2021 |
| Vice Chair, Senate Republican Conference | Joni Ernst | Iowa | January 20, 2021 |
| Chair, National Republican Senatorial Committee | Rick Scott | Florida | January 20, 2021 |
| Chair, Senate Republican Steering Committee | Mike Lee | Utah | January 20, 2021 |
| Senate Republican Chief Deputy Whip | Mike Crapo | Idaho | January 20, 2021 |
| President pro tempore emeritus | Chuck Grassley | Iowa | January 20, 2021 Party dean since January 3, 2019 |
Senarai Senator A.S.
Galeri
Nota
- ^ Demokrat menguasai majoriti—kiraan 50 senator Demokrat termasuk Naib Presiden Kamala Harris—jumlah 51
- ^ Senator bebas–Angus King dan Bernie Sanders
- ^ Appointed to the seat following the resignation of her father Frank Murkowski, who had become Governor of Alaska.
- ^ Elected to the seat to succeed Martha McSally, who had been appointed to the seat following the death of John McCain and the resignation of Jon Kyl.[8][9]
- ^ Elected to the seat to succeed John Seymour, who had been appointed to the seat after Pete Wilson elected Governor of California.
- ^ Appointed to the seat following the resignation of Kamala Harris, who had become Vice President of the United States.
- ^ Appointed to the seat following the resignation of Ken Salazar, who had become Secretary of the Interior.
- ^ Elected to the seat to succeed Ted Kaufman, who had been appointed to the seat following the resignation of Joe Biden, who had become Vice President of the United States.
- ^ Inauguration delayed in order to finish his term as Governor of Florida.
- ^ Elected to the seat to succeed Kelly Loeffler, who had been appointed to the seat following Johnny Isakson's resignation.
- ^ Appointed to the seat following the death of Daniel Inouye.
- ^ a b Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaKingSanders - ^ Elected to the seat to succeed Mo Cowan, who had been appointed to replace John Kerry, who had become Secretary of State.[31]
- ^ Appointed to the seat after Al Franken's resignation.[34]
- ^ Appointed to the seat following the resignation of Trent Lott.
- ^ Appointed to the seat after Thad Cochran's resignation.
- ^ Appointed to the seat following the resignation of Jon Corzine, who had become Governor of New Jersey.
- ^ Elected to the seat to succeed Jeffrey Chiesa, who had been appointed to the seat following the death of Frank Lautenberg.[40]
- ^ Appointed to the seat following the resignation of Hillary Clinton, who had become Secretary of State.
- ^ Elected to the seat following the resignation of David Boren.
- ^ Elected to the seat to succeed Tom Coburn, who had to resign at the eve of 113th Congress.
- ^ Elected to the seat following the resignation of Bob Packwood.
- ^ Appointed to the seat following the resignation of Jim DeMint.
- ^ Elected to the seat to succeed Carte Goodwin, who had been appointed to the seat following the death of Robert Byrd.
- ^ Appointed to the seat following the death of Craig L. Thomas.
Rujukan
- ^ See: 5 U.S.C. § 3331; see also: U.S. Senate Oath of Office
- ^ United States Constitution, Article VI
- ^ Until 1994, Richard Shelby won election as a member of the Democratic Party.
- ^ "States in the Senate – AL Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ "U.S. Senate: States in the Senate | Alaska". www.senate.gov. Dicapai pada 2021-01-04.
- ^ "States in the Senate – AK Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ "State Sen. Kyrsten Sinema pursues House seat". The Arizona State Press. Dicapai pada February 5, 2019.
- ^ Edmondson, Catie (4 November 2020). "Mark Kelly Defeats Martha McSally in Crucial Arizona Senate Race". The New York Times. Dicapai pada 2 December 2020.
- ^ Pathé, Simone (18 December 2018). "Arizona Governor to Appoint Martha McSally to McCain's Senate Seat". Roll Call (dalam bahasa Inggeris). FiscalNote. Dicapai pada 2 December 2020.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate – AR Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ "States in the Senate – CA Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ "U.S. Senate: States in the Senate | California". www.senate.gov. Dicapai pada 2021-01-21.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate – CO Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate – CT Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate – DE Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ "Meet Governor Scott". Flgov.com. Dicapai pada February 5, 2019.
- ^ "U.S. Senate: States in the Senate | Georgia". www.senate.gov. Dicapai pada 2021-01-21.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate – HI Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate – ID Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate – IL Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ Davey, Monica (November 28, 2008). "The New Team: Tammy Duckworth". The New York Times. New York, NY.
- ^ "U.S. Senate: States in the Senate | Indiana". www.senate.gov. Dicapai pada 2021-01-04.
- ^ "About". Mike Braun for Indiana. Dicapai pada February 5, 2019.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate – IA Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ "U.S. Senate: States in the Senate | Kansas". www.senate.gov. Dicapai pada 2021-01-04.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate – KY Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate – LA Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ "States in the Senate – ME Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate – MD Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate – MA Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ "Democrat Wins Special Election for Kerry's Senate Seat". The New York Times. Dicapai pada May 21, 2020.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate – MI Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate – MN Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ "Franken to make announcement Thursday as chorus grows for his resignation". ABC7 Chicago. December 6, 2017. Dicapai pada December 9, 2017.
- ^ "States in the Senate – MS Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ "U.S. Senate: States in the Senate | Missouri". www.senate.gov. Dicapai pada 2021-01-04.
- ^ a b "Congressional candidate Jacky Rosen a newcomer, unknown to most Southern Nevadans". Reviewjournal.com. July 5, 2016. Dicapai pada February 5, 2019.
- ^ "About Congresswoman Jacky Rosen". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada Disember 21, 2018. Dicapai pada Januari 3, 2019.
- ^ "U.S. Senate: States in the Senate | New Jersey". www.senate.gov. Dicapai pada 2021-01-04.
- ^ "Booker Wins New Jersey Senate Seat". Politico. Dicapai pada May 21, 2020.
- ^ "U.S. Senate: States in the Senate | New York". www.senate.gov. Dicapai pada 2021-01-04.
- ^ "RollCall.com – Member Profile – Sen. Kevin Cramer, R-N.D." Media.cq.com. Dicapai pada February 5, 2019.
- ^ "U.S. Senate: States in the Senate | Ohio". www.senate.gov. Dicapai pada 2021-01-04.
- ^ "U.S. Senate: States in the Senate | South Carolina". www.senate.gov. Dicapai pada 2021-01-04.
- ^ "Biography Martha Blackburn". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada Disember 26, 2018. Dicapai pada Januari 3, 2019.
- ^ "U.S. Senate: States in the Senate | Tennessee". www.senate.gov. Dicapai pada 2021-01-04.
- ^ "About Mitt". Romney For Utah. Dicapai pada February 5, 2019.
- ^ "U.S. Senate: States in the Senate | Washington". www.senate.gov. Dicapai pada 2021-01-04.
Bibliografi
- Baker, Richard A. The Senate of the United States: A Bicentennial History Krieger, 1988.
- Baker, Richard A., ed., First Among Equals: Outstanding Senate Leaders of the Twentieth Century Congressional Quarterly, 1991.
- Barone, Michael, and Grant Ujifusa, The Almanac of American Politics 1976: The Senators, the Representatives and the Governors: Their Records and Election Results, Their States and Districts (1975); new edition every 2 years
- David W. Brady and Mathew D. McCubbins. Party, Process, and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress (2002)
- Caro, Robert A. The Years of Lyndon Johnson. Vol. 3: Master of the Senate. Knopf, 2002.
- Comiskey, Michael. Seeking Justices: The Judging of Supreme Court Nominees U. Press of Kansas, 2004.
- Congressional Quarterly Congress and the Nation XII: 2005–2008: Politics and Policy in the 109th and 110th Congresses (2010); massive, highly detailed summary of Congressional activity, as well as major executive and judicial decisions; based on Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report and the annual CQ almanac. The Congress and the Nation 2009–2012 vol XIII has been announced for September 2014 publication.
- Congressional Quarterly Congress and the Nation: 2001–2004 (2005);
- Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1997–2001 (2002)
- Congressional Quarterly. Congress and the Nation: 1993–1996 (1998)
- Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1989–1992 (1993)
- Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1985–1988 (1989)
- Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1981–1984 (1985)
- Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1977–1980 (1981)
- Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1973–1976 (1977)
- Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1969–1972 (1973)
- Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1965–1968 (1969)
- Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1945–1964 (1965), the first of the series
- Cooper, John Milton, Jr. Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations. Cambridge U. Press, 2001.
- Davidson, Roger H., and Walter J. Oleszek, eds. (1998). Congress and Its Members, 6th ed. Washington DC: Congressional Quarterly. (Legislative procedure, informal practices, and member information)
- Gould, Lewis L. The Most Exclusive Club: A History Of The Modern United States Senate (2005)
- Hernon, Joseph Martin. Profiles in Character: Hubris and Heroism in the U.S. Senate, 1789–1990 Sharpe, 1997.
- Hoebeke, C. H. The Road to Mass Democracy: Original Intent and the Seventeenth Amendment. Transaction Books, 1995. (Popular elections of senators)
- Lee, Frances E. and Oppenheimer, Bruce I. Sizing Up the Senate: The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation. U. of Chicago Press 1999. 304 pp.
- MacNeil, Neil and Richard A. Baker. The American Senate: An Insider's History. Oxford University Press, 2013. 455 pp.
- McFarland, Ernest W. The Ernest W. McFarland Papers: The United States Senate Years, 1940–1952. Prescott, Ariz.: Sharlot Hall Museum, 1995 (Democratic majority leader 1950–52)
- Malsberger, John W. From Obstruction to Moderation: The Transformation of Senate Conservatism, 1938–1952. Susquehanna U. Press 2000
- Mann, Robert. The Walls of Jericho: Lyndon Johnson, Hubert Humphrey, Richard Russell and the Struggle for Civil Rights. Harcourt Brace, 1996
- Ritchie, Donald A. (1991). Press Gallery: Congress and the Washington Correspondents. Harvard University Press.
- Ritchie, Donald A. (2001). The Congress of the United States: A Student Companion (ed. 2nd). Oxford University Press.
- Ritchie, Donald A. (2010). The U.S. Congress: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press.
- Rothman, David. Politics and Power the United States Senate 1869–1901 (1966)
- Swift, Elaine K. The Making of an American Senate: Reconstitutive Change in Congress, 1787–1841. U. of Michigan Press, 1996
- Valeo, Frank. Mike Mansfield, Majority Leader: A Different Kind of Senate, 1961–1976 Sharpe, 1999 (Senate Democratic leader)
- VanBeek, Stephen D. Post-Passage Politics: Bicameral Resolution in Congress. U. of Pittsburgh Press 1995
- Weller, Cecil Edward, Jr. Joe T. Robinson: Always a Loyal Democrat. U. of Arkansas Press, 1998. (Arkansas Democrat who was Majority leader in 1930s)
- Wilson, Woodrow. Congressional Government. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1885; also 15th ed. 1900, repr. by photoreprint, Transaction books, 2002.
- Wirls, Daniel and Wirls, Stephen. The Invention of the United States Senate Johns Hopkins U. Press, 2004. (Early history)
- Zelizer, Julian E. On Capitol Hill : The Struggle to Reform Congress and its Consequences, 1948–2000 (2006)
- Zelizer, Julian E., ed. The American Congress: The Building of Democracy (2004) (overview)
Sejarah rasmi senat
The following are published by the Senate Historical Office.
- Robert Byrd. The Senate, 1789–1989. Four volumes.
- Vol. I, a chronological series of addresses on the history of the Senate
- Vol. II, a topical series of addresses on various aspects of the Senate's operation and powers
- Vol. III, Classic Speeches, 1830–1993
- Vol. IV, Historical Statistics, 1789–1992
- Dole, Bob. Historical Almanac of the United States Senate
- Hatfield, Mark O., with the Senate Historical Office. Vice Presidents of the United States, 1789–1993 (essays reprinted online)
- Frumin, Alan S. Riddick's Senate Procedure. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1992.
Pautan luar
Fail audio dicipta daripada semakan semasa bertarikh August 4, 2006, dan tidak membayangkan penyuntingan rencana yang selepasnya bagi rencana ini. (Bantuan audio)
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Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan: Senat Amerika Syarikat. |
- The United States Senate Official Website
- List of Senators who died in office, via PoliticalGraveyard.com
- Chart of all U.S. Senate seat-holders, by state, 1978–present, via Texas Tech University
- A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825, via Tufts University
- Bill Hammons' American Politics Guide – Members of Congress by Committee and State with Partisan Voting Index
- Karya oleh atau tentang Senat Amerika Syarikat di Internet Archive
- First U.S. Senate session aired by C-SPAN via C-SPAN
- Senate Manual via govinfo.gov (U.S. Government Publishing Office)
- United States Senate Calendars and Schedules
- Information about U.S. Bills and Resolutions
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