Tinggi manusia
Penampilan
Ketinggian manusia ialah jarak dari tapak kaki sehingga ke atas kepala dalam kedudukan berdiri secara tegak iaitu berdiri secara menegak.
Ketinggian purata serata dunia
[sunting | sunting sumber]Negara/Kawasan | Ketinggian purata lelaki | Ketinggian purata perempuan | Sampel populasi/ julat umur |
Metodologi | Tahun | Rujukan |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Argentina | 174 cm (5 ka 9 in) | 161 cm (5 ka 3 in) | 19 | Diukur | 1998 - 2001 | [1] |
Australia | 174 cm (5 ka 9 in) | 163 cm (5 ka 4 in) | 18 + | Diukur | 1995 | [2] |
Australia | 178 cm (5 ka 10 in) | 164 cm (5 ka 5 in) | 18 - 24 | Diukur | 1995 | [2] |
Austria | 179 cm (5 ka 10 in) | 167 cm (5 ka 6 in) | 21 - 25 | Laporan sendiri | 1997 - 2002 | [3] |
Azerbaijan | 171 cm (5 ka 7 in) | 165 cm (5 ka 5 in) | 16 + | Diukur | 2005 | [4] |
Bahrain | 165 cm (5 ka 5 in) | 154 cm (5 ka 1 in) | 19 + | Diukur | 2002 | [5] |
Belgium | 179 cm (5 ka 10 in) | 167 cm (5 ka 6 in) | 21 - 25 | Laporan sendiri | 1997 - 2002 | [3] |
Brazil | 169 cm (5 ka 7 in) | 158 cm (5 ka 2 in) | 21 - 65 | Diukur | 2003 | [6][7] |
Bulgaria | 175 cm (5 ka 9 in) | 163 cm (5 ka 4 in) | Diukur | 2010 | ||
Cameroon | 170 cm (5 ka 7 in) | 161 cm (5 ka 3 in) | Dewasa urban | Diukur | 2003 | [9] |
Kanada | 173 cm (5 ka 8 in) | 159 cm (5 ka 3 in) | 25 + | Diukur | 2005 | [10] |
Kanada | 176 cm (5 ka 9 in) | 163 cm (5 ka 4 in) | 25 - 44 | Diukur | 2005 | [10] |
Chile | 169 cm (5 ka 7 in) | 155 cm (5 ka 1 in) | 17 dan selesai | Diukur | 2003 | [11] |
Cina (RRC) | 170 cm (5 ka 7 in) | 158 cm (5 ka 2 in) | Urban, 17 | Diukur | 2002 | [12] |
Cina (RRC) | 166 cm (5 ka 5 in) | 157 cm (5 ka 2 in) | Pedalaman, 17 | Diukur | 2002 | [12] |
Colombia | 170 cm (5 ka 7 in) | 158 cm (5 ka 2 in) | 18 - 22 | Diukur | 2002 | [13] |
Côte d’Ivoire | 170 cm (5 ka 7 in) | 159 cm (5 ka 3 in) | 25 - 29 | Diukur | 1985 - 1987 | [14] |
Denmark | 180 cm (5 ka 11 in) | Askar kerahan, 18 - 19 | Diukur | 2006 | [15] | |
Estonia | 179 cm (5 ka 10 in) | 17 | 2003 | [16] | ||
Finland | 180 cm (5 ka 11 in) | 166 cm (5 ka 5 in) | 25 - 34 | Laporan sendiri | 2004 | [17] |
Perancis | 174 cm (5 ka 9 in) | 161 cm (5 ka 3 in) | 20 + | Diukur | 2001 | [18] |
Perancis | 177 cm (5 ka 10 in) | 164 cm (5 ka 5 in) | 20 - 29 | Diukur | 2001 | [18] |
Ghana | 169 cm (5 ka 7 in) | 158 cm (5 ka 2 in) | 25 - 29 | Diukur | 1987 - 1989 | [14] |
Gambia | 168 cm (5 ka 6 in) | 157 cm (5 ka 2 in) | Pedalaman, 21 - 49 | Diukur | 1950 - 1974 | [19] |
Germany | 178 cm (5 ka 10 in) | 165 cm (5 ka 5 in) | Orang dewasa | Laporan sendiri | 2005 | [20] |
Jerman | 181 cm (5 ka 11 in) | 167 cm (5 ka 6 in) | 18 - 19 | Laporan sendiri | 2005 | [20] |
Greece | 178 cm (5 ka 10 in) | Askar kerahan, 18 - 26 | Diukur | 2006 - 2007 | [21] | |
Hong Kong | 171 cm (5 ka 7 in) | 158 cm (5 ka 2 in) | 18 | Diukur | 2006 | [22] |
Hungary | 176 cm (5 ka 9 in) | 164 cm (5 ka 5 in) | Orang dewasa | Diukur | 2000 | [23] |
India | 164 cm (5 ka 5 in) | 152 cm (5 ka 0 in) | 20 | Diukur | 2005 - 2006 | [24][25] |
India | 161 cm (5 ka 3 in) | 152 cm (5 ka 0 in) | Pedalaman, 17 + | Diukur | 2007 | [26] |
Indonesia | 167 cm (5 ka 6 in) | 160 cm (5 ka 3 in) | 17 + | Laporan sendiri | 1997 | [27] |
Indonesia - Jawa Timur | 167 cm (5 ka 6 in) | 161 cm (5 ka 3 in) | Urban, 19 - 23 | Diukur | 1995 | [28] |
Iran | 170 cm (5 ka 7 in) | 157 cm (5 ka 2 in) | 21 + | Diukur | 2005 | [29] |
Iran | 173 cm (5 ka 8 in) | 159 cm (5 ka 3 in) | 21 - 25 | Diukur | 2005 | [29] |
Iraq - Baghdad | 165 cm (5 ka 5 in) | 155 cm (5 ka 1 in) | 18 - 44 | Diukur | 1999 - 2000 | [30] |
Ireland | 177 cm (5 ka 10 in) | 164 cm (5 ka 5 in) | 21 - 25 | Laporan sendiri | 1997 - 2002 | [3] |
Palestine | 175 cm (5 ka 9 in) | 162 cm (5 ka 4 in) | 21 | Diukur | 1980 - 2000 | [31] |
Itali | 180 cm (5 ka 11 in) | 166 cm (5 ka 5 in) | 18 - 24 | 2016 | [32] | |
Jamaica | 171 cm (5 ka 7 in) | 160 cm (5 ka 3 in) | 25 - 74 | Diukur | 1994 - 1996 | |
Jepun | 171 cm (5 ka 7 in) | 158 cm (5 ka 2 in) | 19 | Diukur | 2006 | [34] |
Lithuania | 181 cm (5 ka 11 in) | 167 cm (5 ka 6 in) | 18 | Diukur | 2005 | [35] |
Malaysia | 164 cm (5 ka 5 in) | 153 cm (5 ka 0 in) | 20 + | Diukur | 1996 | [36] |
Malta | 169 cm (5 ka 7 in) | 159 cm (5 ka 3 in) | Orang dewasa | Laporan sendiri | 2003 | [37] |
Malta | 175 cm (5 ka 9 in) | 163 cm (5 ka 4 in) | 25 - 34 | Laporan sendiri | 2003 | [37] |
Malawi | 166 cm (5 ka 5 in) | 155 cm (5 ka 1 in) | Urban, 16 - 60 | Diukur | 2000 | [38] |
Mali | 171 cm (5 ka 7 in) | 160 cm (5 ka 3 in) | Dewasa pedalaman | Diukur | 1992 | [39] |
Mexico - Morelos | 167 cm (5 ka 6 in) | 155 cm (5 ka 1 in) | Orang dewasa | Laporan sendiri | 1998 | [40] |
Mexico | 163 cm (5 ka 4 in) | 151 cm (4 ka 11 in) | 50 + | Diukur | 2001 | [41] |
Mongolia | 168 cm (5 ka 6 in) | 157 cm (5 ka 2 in) | 25 - 34 | Diukur | 2006 | [42] |
Netherlands | 180 cm (5 ka 11 in) | 167 cm (5 ka 6 in) | 20 + | Laporan sendiri | 2008 | [43] |
Netherlands | 184 cm (6 ka 0 in) | 170 cm (5 ka 7 in) | 25 - 34 | Laporan sendiri | 2008 | [43] |
New Zealand | 177 cm (5 ka 10 in) | 165 cm (5 ka 5 in) | 19 - 45 | Estimates | 1993 - 2007 | [44] |
New Zealand | 174 cm (5 ka 9 in) | 163 cm (5 ka 4 in) | 45 - 65 | Estimates | 1993 - 2007 | [44] |
Nigeria | 163 cm (5 ka 4 in) | 157 cm (5 ka 2 in) | 18 - 74 | Diukur | 1994 - 1996 | |
Norway | 179 cm (5 ka 10 in) | 167 cm (5 ka 6 in) | Askar kerahan, 18 - 19 | Diukur | 2008 | [45] |
Peru | 164 cm (5 ka 5 in) | 151 cm (4 ka 11 in) | 20 + | Diukur | 2005 | [46] |
Palestin | 180 cm (5 ka 11 in) | 166 cm (5 ka 5 in) | 25 - 34 | Laporan sendiri | 2004 | [47] |
Filipina | 161 cm (5 ka 3 in) | 150 cm (4 ka 11 in) | 20 + | Diukur | 2003 | [48] |
Filipina | 163 cm (5 ka 4 in) | 151 cm (4 ka 11 in) | 20 - 39 | Diukur | 2003 | [48] |
Portugal | 172 cm (5 ka 8 in) | Askar kerahan, 21 | Diukur | 1998 - 1999 | [49] | |
Singapura | 170 cm (5 ka 7 in) | 160 cm (5 ka 3 in) | 17 - 25 | 2003 | [50] | |
South Africa | 169 sentimeter (5 ka 7 in) | 159 cm (5 ka 3 in) | 25 - 34 | Diukur | 1998 | [51] |
Korea Selatan | 173 cm (5 ka 8 in) | 161 cm (5 ka 3 in) | 19 | Diukur | 2006 | [52] |
Sepanyol | 180 cm (5 ka 11 in) | 165 cm (5 ka 5 in) | 18 - 24 | 2016 | <> | |
Sepanyol | 178 cm (5 ka 10 in) | 165 cm (5 ka 5 in) | 21 | Diukur | 1998 - 2000 | [53] |
Sweden | 177 cm (5 ka 10 in) | 164 cm (5 ka 5 in) | 20 - 74 | [54] | ||
Sweden | 181 cm (5 ka 11 in) | 166 cm (5 ka 5 in) | 20 - 29 | Diukur | 2008 | [55] |
Switzerland | 175 cm (5 ka 9 in) | 164 cm (5 ka 5 in) | 20 - 74 | [54] | ||
Switzerland | 178 cm (5 ka 10 in) | Askar kerahan, 18 - 21 | Diukur | 2005 | [56] | |
Thailand | 167 cm (5 ka 6 in) | 157 cm (5 ka 2 in) | Penuntut STOU | Laporan sendiri | 1991 - 1995 | [57] |
Turki - Ankara | 174 cm (5 ka 9 in) | 158 cm (5 ka 2 in) | 18 - 59 | Diukur | 2004 - 2006 | [58] |
Turki - Ankara | 176 cm (5 ka 9 in) | 162 cm (5 ka 4 in) | 18 - 29 | Diukur | 2004 - 2006 | [58] |
Turki - Edirne | 173 cm (5 ka 8 in) | 161 cm (5 ka 3 in) | 17 | Diukur | 2001 | [59] |
United Kingdom | 177 cm (5 ka 10 in) | 163 cm (5 ka 4 in) | 25 - 34 | Diukur | 2007 | [60] |
United Kingdom | 175 sentimeter (5 ka 9 in) | 161 cm (5 ka 3 in) | Orang dewasa | Diukur | 2007 | [60] |
USA | 176 cm (5 ka 9 in) | 162 cm (5 ka 4 in) | Keseluruhan, 20+ | Diukur | 2003 - 2006 | [61] |
USA | 177 cm (5 ka 10 in) | 163 cm (5 ka 4 in) | Keseluruhan, 20 - 29 | Diukur | 2003 - 2006 | [61] |
USA | 178 cm (5 ka 10 in) | 163 cm (5 ka 4 in) | Orang kulit putih, 20 - 39 | Diukur | 2003 - 2006 | [61] |
USA | 176 cm (5 ka 9 in) | 163 cm (5 ka 4 in) | Afro-Amerika, 20 - 39 | Diukur | 2003 - 2006 | [61] |
USA | 170 cm (5 ka 7 in) | 158 cm (5 ka 2 in) | Mexico-Amerika, 20 - 39 | Diukur | 2003 - 2006 | [61] |
Vietnam | 165 cm (5 ka 5 in) | 153 cm (5 ka 0 in) | Remaja | Diukur | 2004 | [62] |
Vietnam | 162 cm (5 ka 4 in) | 152 cm (5 ka 0 in) | 25 - 29 | Diukur | 1992 - 1993 | [14] |
Lihat juga
[sunting | sunting sumber]Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ del Pino, Mariana; Bay, Luisa; Lejarraga, Horacio; Kovalskys, Irina; Berner, Enrique; Herscovici, Cecile Rausch (2005). "Peso y estatura de una muestra nacional de 1.971 adolescentes de 10 a 19 años: las referencias argentinas continúan vigentes". Archivos argentinos de pediatría (dalam bahasa Spanish). 103 (4): 323–30.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- ^ a b ABS How Australians Measure Up 1995 data
- ^ a b c http://www.econ.upf.edu/docs/papers/downloads/1002.pdf The Evolution of Adult Height in Europe
- ^ Azerbaijan State Statistics Committee, 2005
- ^ "NATIONAL NUTRITION SURVEY" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2005-11-11. Dicapai pada 2010-07-19.
- ^ IBGE(2005)
- ^ Folha de SP
- ^ http://www.bnews.bg/article-4821
- ^ Kamadjeu RM, Edwards R, Atanga JS, Kiawi EC, Unwin N, Mbanya JC (2006). "Anthropometry measures and prevalence of obesity in the urban adult population of Cameroon: an update from the Cameroon Burden of Diabetes Baseline Survey". BMC Public Health. 6: 228. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-6-228. PMC 1579217. PMID 16970806.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ a b Methodological Issues in Anthropometry: Laporan sendiri versus Diukur Height and Weight, by Margot Shields, Sarah Connor Gorber, Mark S. Tremblay
- ^ "National Health Survey 2004 (p. 161)" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2009-01-17. Dicapai pada 2010-07-19.
- ^ a b Yang XG, Li YP, Ma GS; dll. (2005). "[Study on weight and height of the Chinese people and the differences between 1992 and 2002]". Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi (dalam bahasa Chinese). 26 (7): 489–93. PMID 16334998. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (bantuan); Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(bantuan)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ A TROPICAL SUCCESS STORY: A CENTURY OF IMPROVEMENTS IN THE BIOLOGICAL STANDARD OF LIVING, COLOMBIA 1910 - 2002 *
- ^ a b c "Productive Benefits of Improving Health: Evidence from Low-Income Countries, T. Paul Schultz*". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2016-03-04. Dicapai pada 2010-07-19.
- ^ DST Statistical Yearbook 2007
- ^ Lintsi M, Kaarma H (2006). "Growth of Estonian seventeen-year-old boys during the last two centuries". Economics and Human Biology. 4 (1): 89–103. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2005.05.007. PMID 15993666. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (bantuan) - ^ "National Public Health Institute (Finland)" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2005-10-29. Dicapai pada 2005-10-29.
- ^ a b La taille des hommes : son incidence sur la vie en couple et la carrière professionnelle - INSEE
- ^ "Rebecca Sear" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2007-06-10. Dicapai pada 2007-06-10.
- ^ a b "Households, families and health - Results of the Microcensus 2005" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2009-04-19. Dicapai pada 2010-07-19.
- ^ Papadimitriou A, Fytanidis G, Douros K, Papadimitriou DT, Nicolaidou P, Fretzayas A (2008). "Greek young men grow taller". Acta Paediatrica. 97 (8): 1105–7. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.00855.x. PMID 18477057. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Secular changes in height, weight and body mass index in Hong Kong Children
- ^ "Average height of men and women (National Geographic, Hungarian)". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2020-03-28. Dicapai pada 2010-07-19.
- ^ Angus Deaton, 2008
- ^ Times of India
- ^ Venkaiah K, Damayanti K, Nayak MU, Vijayaraghavan K (2002). "Diet and nutritional status of rural adolescents in India". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 56 (11): 1119–25. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601457. PMID 12428178. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Indonesia Family Life Survey,1997
- ^ Youth Profile in Some Suburban Areas In East Java (Preliminary Survey of The Indonesian Youth Stature at The Fiftieth Anniversary of Indonesia)
- ^ a b http://diglib.tums.ac.ir/pub/magmng/pdf/6079.pdf Diarkibkan 2012-02-27 di Wayback Machine Secular Trend of Height Variations in Iranian Population Born between 1940 and 1984
- ^ http://www.unu.edu/unupress/food/fnb23-4.pdf Relationship between waist circumference and blood pressure among the population in Baghdad,Iraq,Haifa Tawfeek
- ^ Mandel D, Zimlichman E, Mimouni FB, Grotto I, Kreiss Y (2004). "Height-related changes in body mass index: a reappraisal". Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 23 (1): 51–4. PMID 14963053. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ A century of trends in huan height, anno 2006, 26.7.2016
- ^ a b Okosun IS, Cooper RS, Rotimi CN, Osotimehin B, Forrester T (1998). "Association of waist circumference with risk of hypertension and type 2 diabetes in Nigerians, Jamaicans, and African-Americans". Diabetes Care. 21 (11): 1836–42. doi:10.2337/diacare.21.11.1836. PMID 9802730. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Official Statistics by Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology[pautan mati kekal]
- ^ 136. Sex and gender differences in secular trend of body size and frame indices of Lithuanians. Tutkuviene J.
- ^ "Distribution of Body Weight, Height and Body Mass Index in a National Sample of Malaysian Orang dewasa" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2004-02-05. Dicapai pada 2004-02-05.
- ^ a b 2003 study Diarkibkan 2013-09-28 di Wayback Machine. A 2007 Eurostat study revealed the same results - the average Maltese person is 164 cm (5 ka 5 in) compared to the EU average of 169 cm (5 ka 7 in).
- ^ Msamati BC, Igbigbi PS (2000). "Anthropometric profile of urban adult black Malawians". East African Medical Journal. 77 (7): 364–8. PMID 12862154. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (bantuan) - ^ Nutritional status of adults in rural Mali,Katherine A. Dettwyler[pautan mati kekal]
- ^ Indice de masa corporal y percepción de la imagen corporal en una población adulta mexicana: la precisión del autorreporte
- ^ "Estudio Nacional de Salud y Envejecimiento en México (ENASEM)" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2005-04-02. Dicapai pada 2005-04-02.
- ^ [1]
- ^ a b Zelfgerapporteerde medische consumptie, gezondheid en leefstijl, Central Bureau of Statistics, 16 March 2009, accessed 6 October 2009
- ^ a b (page 60) Size and Shape of New Zealanders: NZ Norms for Anthropometric Data 1993****. Based on British norms and their relations to New Zealand values
- ^ http://www.ssb.no/english/yearbook/tab/tab-106.html Statistics Norway
- ^ Encuesta Nacional de Indicadores Nutricionales, Bioquímicos, Socioeconómicos y Culturales relacionados con las Enfermedades Crónico Degenerativas 2005
- ^ "National Public Health Institute (Palestine)" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2005-10-29. Dicapai pada 2005-10-29.
- ^ a b "6th National Nutrition Survey" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2011-08-16. Dicapai pada 2010-07-19.
- ^ "Tendências do Peso em Portugal no Final do Século XX" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2007-10-09. Dicapai pada 2007-10-09.
- ^ Deurenberg et al. 2003
- ^ "SADHS(1998)" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2003-08-25. Dicapai pada 2003-08-25.
- ^ Korea.net
- ^ [2]
- ^ a b Cavelaars et al 2000.
- ^ "Dagens Nyheter (2008-02-29)". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2011-06-11. Dicapai pada 2010-07-19.
- ^ Rühli FJ, Henneberg M, Schaer DJ, Imhof A, Schleiffenbaum B, Woitek U (2008). "Determinants of inter-individual cholesterol level variation in an unbiased young male sample". Swiss Medical Weekly. 138 (19–20): 286–91. doi:2008/19/smw-11971 Check
|doi=
value (bantuan). PMID 18491242. Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University-Health Research Project" (PDF). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2006-08-20. Dicapai pada 2006-08-20.
- ^ a b Özer, Basak Koca (2008). "Secular trend in body height and weight of Turkish adults". Anthropological Science. 116: 191. doi:10.1537/ase.061213.
- ^ Oner N, Vatansever U, Sari A; dll. (2004). "Prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity in Turkish adolescents". Swiss Medical Weekly. 134 (35–36): 529–33. doi:2004/35/smw-10740 Check
|doi=
value (bantuan). PMID 15517506. Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (bantuan); Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(bantuan)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Health Survey for England 2007
- ^ a b c d e Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Orang dewasa 2003 - 2006
- ^ http://vietbao.vn/Xa-hoi/Sua-cho-tre-tho/45111173/157/
Pautan luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- CDC National Center for Health Statistics: Growth Charts of American Percentiles
- www.fao.org: Body Weights and Heights by Countries (given in percentiles)
- BMI Calculator Calculate a persons Body Mass Index
- The Height Gap, Article discussing differences in height around the world
- The Western Journal of Medicine: Height, body size, and longevity