Bruker:KaldeFakta68/sandbox
Mal:User sandbox Mal:Redirect-multi Mal:Use dmy dates Mal:Use British English Mal:Very long Mal:Split portions Mal:Infobox war faction
The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL /ˈaɪsəl/), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS /ˈaɪsɪs/)[1], officially known as the Islamic State (IS) and by its Arabic language acronym Daesh (arabisk: داعش dāʿish, Mal:IPA-ar),[2][3] is a Salafi jihadist terrorist organisation and former unrecognised proto-state that follows a fundamentalist, Salafi doctrine of Sunni Islam.[4][5] ISIL gained global prominence in early 2014 when it drove Iraqi government forces out of key cities in its Western Iraq offensive,[6] followed by its capture of Mosul[7] and the Sinjar massacre.[8]
The group has been designated a terrorist organisation by the United Nations and many individual countries. ISIL is widely known for its videos of beheadings and other types of executions[9] of both soldiers and civilians, including journalists and aid workers, and its destruction of cultural heritage sites.[10] The United Nations holds ISIL responsible for human rights abuses and war crimes. ISIL also committed ethnic cleansing on an historic scale in northern Iraq.[11]
ISIL originated as Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad in 1999, which pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda and participated in the Iraqi insurgency following the 2003 invasion of Iraq by Western forces at the behest of the United States. The group proclaimed itself a worldwide caliphate[12][13] and began referring to itself as the Islamic State (الدولة الإسلامية ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah) or IS[14] in June 2014. As a caliphate, it claims religious, political and military authority over all Muslims worldwide.[15] Its adoption of the name Islamic State and its idea of a caliphate have been widely criticised, with the United Nations, various governments and mainstream Muslim groups rejecting its statehood.[16]
In Syria, the group conducted ground attacks on both government forces and opposition factions and by December 2015 it held a large area in western Iraq and eastern Syria, containing an estimated 2.8 to 8 million people,[17][18] where it enforced its interpretation of sharia law. ISIL is believed to be operational in 18 countries across the world, including Afghanistan and Pakistan, with "aspiring branches" in Mali, Egypt, Somalia, Bangladesh, Indonesia and the Philippines.[19][20][21][22] In 2015, ISIL was estimated to have an annual budget of more than US$1 billion and a force of more than 30,000 fighters.[23]
In July 2017, the group lost control of its largest city, Mosul, to the Iraqi army.[24] Following this major defeat, ISIL continued to lose territory to the various states and other military forces allied against it, until it controlled no meaningful territory by November 2017.[25] U.S. military officials and simultaneous military analyses reported in December 2017 that the group retained a mere 2 percent of the territory they had previously held.[26] On 10 December 2017, Iraq's Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi said that Iraqi forces had driven the last remnants of Islamic State from the country, three years after the militant group captured about a third of Iraq's territory.[27]
Name
[rediger | rediger kilde]Utdypende artikkel: Names of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
In April 2013, having expanded into Syria, the group adopted the name ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah fī 'l-ʿIrāq wa-sh-Shām (Mal:Rtl-lang). As al-Shām is a region often compared with the Levant or Greater Syria, the group's name has been variously translated as "Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham",[28] "Islamic State of Iraq and Syria"[29] (both abbreviated as ISIS), or "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant" (abbreviated as ISIL).[1]
While the use of either one or the other acronym has been the subject of debate,[1][30] the distinction between the two and its relevance has been considered not so great.[1] Of greater relevance is the name Daesh, which is an acronym of ISIL's Arabic name al-Dawlah al-Islamīyah fī l-ʻIrāq wa-sh-Shām. Dāʿish (Mal:Rtl-lang), or Daesh. This name has been widely used by ISIL's Arabic-speaking detractors,Mal:Clarify[31][32] although – and to a certain extent because – it is considered derogatory, as it resembles the Arabic words Daes ("one who crushes, or tramples down, something underfoot") and Dāhis (loosely translated: "one who sows discord").[2][33] Within areas under its control, ISIL considers use of the name Daesh punishable by flogging[34] or cutting out the tongue.[35]
In late June 2014, the group renamed itself ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah (Mal:Literal translation or IS), declaring itself a worldwide caliphate.[13] The name "Islamic State" and the group's claim to be a caliphate have been widely rejected, with the UN, various governments, and mainstream Muslim groups refusing to use the new name.[36][37] The group's declaration of a new caliphate in June 2014 and its adoption of the name "Islamic State" have been criticised and ridiculed by Muslim scholars and rival Islamists both inside and outside the territory it controls.[36][38]
In a speech in September 2014, United States President Barack Obama said that ISIL was neither "Islamic" (on the basis that no religion condones the killing of innocents) nor was it a "state" (in that no government recognises the group as a state),[39] while many object to using the name "Islamic State" owing to the far-reaching religious and political claims to authority which that name implies. The United Nations Security Council,[40] the United States,[39] Canada,[41] Turkey,[42] Australia,[43] Russia,[44] the United Kingdom[45] and other countries generally call the group "ISIL", while much of the Arab world uses the Arabic acronym "Dāʻish" (or "Daesh"). France's Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius said "This is a terrorist group and not a state. I do not recommend using the term Islamic State because it blurs the lines between Islam, Muslims, and Islamists. The Arabs call it 'Daesh' and I will be calling them the 'Daesh cutthroats.'"[46] Retired general John Allen, the U.S. envoy appointed to co-ordinate the coalition; U.S. Army Lieutenant General James Terry, head of operations against the group; and Secretary of State John Kerry had all shifted towards use of the term Daesh by December 2014.[47]
Purpose and strategy
[rediger | rediger kilde]Ideology
[rediger | rediger kilde]Utdypende artikkel: Ideology of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
ISIL is a theocracy, proto-state[48][49][50] and a Salafi or Wahhabi group.Mal:R[51][52] ISIS considers itself being radical Salafi Islam. Salafi Islam is a strict, puritanical form of Sunni Islam.[53] Muslim organisations like Islamic Networks Group (ING) in America have argued against this interpretation of Islam.[54] ISIS promotes religious violence, and regards Muslims who do not agree with its interpretations as infidels or apostates.Mal:R According to Hayder al Khoei, ISIL's philosophy is represented by the symbolism in the Black Standard variant of the legendary battle flag of Prophet Muhammad that it has adopted: the flag shows the Seal of Muhammad within a white circle, with the phrase above it, "There is no god but Allah".[55] Such symbolism has been said to point to ISIL's belief that it represents the restoration of the caliphate of early Islam, with all the political, religious and eschatological ramifications that this would imply.[56]
According to some observers, ISIL emerged from the ideology of the Muslim Brotherhood, the first post-Ottoman Islamist group dating back to the late 1920s in Egypt.[57] It adheres to global jihadist principles and follows the hard-line ideology of al-Qaeda and many other modern-day jihadist groups.Mal:R However, other sources trace the group's roots to Wahhabism.
{{{1}}}
![]()
According to The Economist, dissidents in the former ISIL capital of Raqqa report that "all 12 of the judges who now run its court system ... are Saudis". Saudi practices also followed by the group include the establishment of religious police to root out "vice" and enforce attendance at salat prayers, the widespread use of capital punishment, and the destruction or re-purposing of any non-Sunni religious buildings.[58] Bernard Haykel has described ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi's creed as "a kind of untamed Wahhabism".Mal:R Senior Saudi religious leaders have issued statements condemning ISIL[59] and attempting to distance the group from official Saudi religious beliefs.[60]
ISIL aims to return to the early days of Islam, rejecting all innovations in the religion, which it believes corrupts its original spirit. It condemns later caliphates and the Ottoman Empire for deviating from what it calls pure Islam, and seeks to revive the original Wahhabi project of the restoration of the caliphate governed by strict Salafist doctrine. Following Salafi-Wahhabi tradition, ISIL condemns the followers of secular law as disbelievers, putting the current Saudi Arabian government in that category.[4]
Salafists such as ISIL believe that only a legitimate authority can undertake the leadership of jihad, and that the first priority over other areas of combat, such as fighting non-Muslim countries, is the purification of Islamic society. For example, ISIL regards the Palestinian Sunni group Hamas as apostates who have no legitimate authority to lead jihad and see fighting Hamas as the first step toward confrontation by ISIL with Israel.Mal:R[61]
Islamic eschatology
[rediger | rediger kilde]One difference between ISIL and other Islamist and jihadist movements, including al-Qaeda, is the group's emphasis on eschatology and apocalypticism – that is, a belief in a final Day of Judgment by God, and specifically, a belief that the arrival of one known as Imam Mahdi is near. ISIL believes that it will defeat the army of "Rome" at the town of Dabiq, in fulfilment of prophecy.[62] Following its interpretation of the Hadith of the Twelve Successors, ISIL also believes that after al-Baghdadi there will be only four more legitimate caliphs.[62]
The noted scholar of militant Islamism Will McCants writes:
{{{1}}}
![]()
Goals
[rediger | rediger kilde]Since at least 2004, a significant goal of the group has been the foundation of a Sunni Islamic state.[63][64] Specifically, ISIL has sought to establish itself as a caliphate, an Islamic state led by a group of religious authorities under a supreme leader – the caliph – who is believed to be the successor to Prophet Muhammad.[65] In June 2014, ISIL published a document in which it claimed to have traced the lineage of its leader al-Baghdadi back to Muhammad,[65] and upon proclaiming a new caliphate on 29 June, the group appointed al-Baghdadi as its caliph. As caliph, he demands the allegiance of all devout Muslims worldwide, according to Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh).[66]
ISIL has detailed its goals in its Dabiq magazine, saying it will continue to seize land and take over the entire Earth until its:
{{{1}}}
![]()
According to German journalist Jürgen Todenhöfer, who spent ten days embedded with ISIL in Mosul, the view he kept hearing was that ISIL wants to "conquer the world", and that all who do not believe in the group's interpretation of the Quran will be killed. Todenhöfer was struck by the ISIL fighters' belief that "all religions who agree with democracy have to die",[67] and by their "incredible enthusiasm" – including enthusiasm for killing "hundreds of millions" of people.[68]
When the caliphate was proclaimed, ISIL stated: "The legality of all emirates, groups, states and organisations becomes null by the expansion of the khilafah's [caliphate's] authority and arrival of its troops to their areas."[65] This was a rejection of the political divisions in Southwestern Asia that were established by the UK and France during World War I in the Sykes–Picot Agreement.[69][70][71]
All non-Muslim areas would be targeted for conquest after the Muslim lands were dealt with, according to the Islamist manual Management of Savagery.[72][73][74]
Strategy
[rediger | rediger kilde]Documents found after the death of Samir Abd Muhammad al-Khlifawi, a former colonel in the intelligence service of the Iraqi Air Force before the US invasion who had been described as "the strategic head" of ISIL, detailed planning for the ISIL takeover of northern Syria which made possible "the group's later advances into Iraq". Al-Khlifawi called for the infiltration of areas to be conquered with spies who would find out "as much as possible about the target towns: Who lived there, who was in charge, which families were religious, which Islamic school of religious jurisprudence they belonged to, how many mosques there were, who the imam was, how many wives and children he had and how old they were". Following this surveillance and espionage would come murder and kidnapping – "the elimination of every person who might have been a potential leader or opponent". In Raqqa, after rebel forces drove out the Assad regime and ISIL infiltrated the town, "first dozens and then hundreds of people disappeared".[75]
Security and intelligence expert Martin Reardon has described ISIL's purpose as being to psychologically "break" those under its control, "[...] so as to ensure their absolute allegiance through fear and intimidation," while generating, "[...]outright hate and vengeance" among its enemies.[76] Jason Burke, a journalist writing on Salafi jihadism, has written that ISIL's goal is to "terrorize, mobilize [and] polarize".[77][78] Its efforts to terrorise are intended to intimidate civilian populations and force governments of the target enemy "to make rash decisions that they otherwise would not choose". It aims to mobilise its supporters by motivating them with, for example, spectacular deadly attacks deep in Western territory (such as the November 2015 Paris attacks), to polarise by driving Muslim populations – particularly in the West – away from their governments, thus increasing the appeal of ISIL's self-proclaimed caliphate among them, and to: "Eliminate neutral parties through either absorption or elimination".[77][79] Journalist Rukmini Maria Callimachi also emphasises ISIL's interest in polarization or in eliminating what it calls the "grey zone" between the black (non-Muslims) and white (ISIL). "The gray is moderate Muslims who are living in the West and are happy and feel engaged in the society here."[80]
A work published online in 2004 entitled Management of Savagery[81] (Idarat at Tawahoush), described by several media outlets as influential on ISIL[82][83][84] and intended to provide a strategy to create a new Islamic caliphate,[85] recommended a strategy of attack outside its territory in which fighters would, "Diversify and widen the vexation strikes against the Crusader-Zionist enemy in every place in the Islamic world, and even outside of it if possible, so as to disperse the efforts of the alliance of the enemy and thus drain it to the greatest extent possible."[86]
The group has been accused of attempting to "bolster morale" and distract attention from its loss of territory to enemies by staging terror attacks abroad (such as the 6 June 2017 attacks on Tehran, the 22 May 2017 bombing in Manchester, UK, and the 3 June 2017 attacks in London that ISIL claimed credit for).[87]
Organisation
[rediger | rediger kilde]Raqqa in Syria was under ISIL control since 2013 and in 2014 it became the group's de facto capital city.[88] On 17 October 2017, following a lengthy battle that saw massive destruction to the city, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) announced the full capture of Raqqa from ISIL.
Leadership and governance
[rediger | rediger kilde]Utdypende artikkel: List of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant members
ISIL is headed and run by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Before their deaths, he had two deputy leaders, Abu Muslim al-Turkmani for Iraq and Abu Ali al-Anbari (also known as Abu Ala al-Afri)[89] for Syria, both ethnic Turkmen. Advising al-Baghdadi is a cabinet of senior leaders, while its operations in Iraq and Syria are controlled by local governors.[90][91] Beneath the leaders are councils on finance, leadership, military matters, legal matters (including decisions on executions) foreign fighters' assistance, security, intelligence and media. In addition, a shura council has the task of ensuring that all decisions made by the governors and councils comply with the group's interpretation of sharia.[92] While al-Baghdadi has told followers to "advise me when I err" in sermons, according to observers "any threat, opposition, or even contradiction is instantly eradicated".[93]
According to Iraqis, Syrians and analysts who study the group, almost all of ISIL's leaders—including the members of its military and security committees and the majority of its emirs and princes—are former Iraqi military and intelligence officers, specifically former members of Saddam Hussein's Ba'ath government who lost their jobs and pensions in the de-Ba'athification process after that regime was overthrown.[94][95][96] The former Chief Strategist in the Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism of the US State Department, David Kilcullen, has said that "There undeniably would be no Isis if we had not invaded Iraq."[97] It has been reported that Iraqis and Syrians have been given greater precedence over other nationalities within ISIL because the group needs the loyalties of the local Sunni populations in both Syria and Iraq in order to be sustainable.[98][99] Other reports, however, have indicated that Syrians are at a disadvantage to foreign members, with some native Syrian fighters resenting "favouritism" allegedly shown towards foreigners over pay and accommodation.[100][101]
In August 2016, media reports based on briefings by Western intelligence agencies suggested that ISIL had a multilevel secret service known in Arabic as Emni, established in 2014, that has become a combination of an internal police force and an external operations directorate complete with regional branches. The unit was believed to be under the overall command of ISIL's most senior Syrian operative, spokesman and propaganda chief Abu Mohammad al-Adnani[102][103] until his death by airstrike in late August 2016.[104]
Civilians in ISIL-controlled areas
[rediger | rediger kilde]Mal:Main page In 2014 The Wall Street Journal estimated that eight million people lived in the Islamic State.[105] The United Nations Commission on Human Rights has stated that ISIL "seeks to subjugate civilians under its control and dominate every aspect of their lives through terror, indoctrination, and the provision of services to those who obey".[106] Civilians, as well as the Islamic State itself, have released footage of some of the human rights abuses.[107][108]
Social control of civilians is by imposition of ISIL's reading of sharia law,[109] enforced by morality police forces known as Al-Hisbah and the all-women Al-Khanssaa Brigade, a general police force, courts, and other entities managing recruitment, tribal relations, and education.[106] Al-Hisbah is led by Abu Muhammad al-Jazrawi.[110]
Military
[rediger | rediger kilde]Utdypende artikler: Military of ISIL og Military equipment of ISIL
Number of combatants
[rediger | rediger kilde]Estimates of the size of ISIL's military have varied widely, from tens of thousands[111] up to 200,000.Mal:R In early 2015, journalist Mary Anne Weaver estimated that half of ISIL fighters were foreigners.[112] A UN report estimated a total of 15,000 fighters from over 80 countries were in ISIL's ranks in November 2014.[113] US intelligence estimated an increase to around 20,000 foreign fighters in February 2015, including 3,400 from the Western world.[114] In September 2015, the CIA estimated that 30,000 foreign fighters had joined ISIL.[115]
According to Abu Hajjar, a former senior leader of ISIL, foreign fighters receive food, petrol and housing, but unlike native Iraqi or Syrian fighters, they do not receive payment in wages.[116]
Conventional weapons
[rediger | rediger kilde]ISIL relies mostly on captured weapons with major sources including Saddam Hussein's Iraqi stockpiles from the 2003–11 Iraq insurgency[117] and weapons from government and opposition forces fighting in the Syrian Civil War and during the post-US withdrawal Iraqi insurgency. The captured weapons, including armour, guns, surface-to-air missiles, and even some aircraft, enabled rapid territorial growth and facilitated the capture of additional equipment.[118] For example, ISIL captured US-made TOW anti-tank missiles supplied by the United States and Saudi Arabia to the Free Syrian Army in Syria.[119][120] Ninety percent of the group's weapons ultimately originated in China, Russia or Eastern Europe according to Conflict Armament Research.[121]
Non-conventional weapons
[rediger | rediger kilde]The group uses truck and car bombs, suicide bombers and IEDs, and has used chemical weapons in Iraq and Syria.[122] ISIL captured nuclear materials from Mosul University in July 2014, but is unlikely to be able to convert them into weapons.[123][124] In September 2015 a US official stated that ISIL was manufacturing and using mustard agent in Syria and Iraq, and had an active chemical weapons research team.[125][126] ISIL has also used water as a weapon of war. The group closed the gates of the smaller Nuaimiyah dam in Fallujah in April 2014, flooding the surrounding regions, while cutting the water supply to the Shia-dominated south. Around 12,000 families lost their homes and 200 km² of villages and fields were either flooded or dried up. The economy of the region also suffered with destruction of cropland and electricity shortages.[127]
During the Battle of Mosul it was reported that commercially available quadcopters and drones were being used by ISIL as surveillance and weapons delivery platforms using extemporised cradles to drop grenades and other explosives.[128] The ISIL drone facility became a target of Royal Air Force strike aircraft.[129]
Non-combatant recruits
[rediger | rediger kilde]Although ISIL attracts followers from different parts of the world by promoting the image of holy war, not all of its recruits end up in combatant roles. There have been several cases of new recruits expecting to be mujahideen who have returned from Syria disappointed by the everyday jobs that were assigned to them, such as drawing water or cleaning toilets, or by the ban imposed on use of mobile phones during military training sessions.[130]
ISIL publishes material directed at women. Although women are not allowed to take up arms, media groups encourage them to play supportive roles within ISIL, such as providing first aid, cooking, nursing and sewing skills, in order to become "good wives of jihad".[131] In a document entitled Women in the Islamic State: Manifesto and Case Study released by the media wing of ISIL's all-female Al-Khanssaa Brigade, emphasis is given to the paramount importance of marriage and motherhood (as early as nine years old). Women should live a life of "sedentariness", fulfilling her "divine duty of motherhood" at home, with a few exceptions like teachers and doctors.[132][133] Equality for women is opposed, as is education on non-religious subjects, the "worthless worldly sciences".[133]
Communications
[rediger | rediger kilde]ISIL is known for its extensive and effective use of propaganda.[134][135] It uses a version of the Muslim Black Standard flag and developed an emblem which has clear symbolic meaning in the Muslim world.[55]
Traditional media
[rediger | rediger kilde]In November 2006, shortly after the group's rebranding as the "Islamic State of Iraq", it established the Al-Furqan Foundation for Media Production, which produces CDs, DVDs, posters, pamphlets, and web-related propaganda products and official statements.[136] It began to expand its media presence in 2013, with the formation of a second media wing, Al-I'tisam Media Foundation, in March[137][138] and the Ajnad Foundation for Media Production, specialising in nasheeds and audio content, in August.[139] In mid-2014, ISIL established the Al-Hayat Media Center, which targets Western audiences and produces material in English, German, Russian and French.[140][141] When ISIL announced its expansion to other countries in November 2014 it established media departments for the new branches, and its media apparatus ensured that the new branches follow the same models it uses in Iraq and Syria.[142] Then FBI Director James Comey said that ISIL's "propaganda is unusually slick," noting that, "They are broadcasting... in something like 23 languages".[143]
In July 2014, al-Hayat began publishing a digital magazine called Dabiq, in a number of different languages including English. According to the magazine, its name is taken from the town of Dabiq in northern Syria, which is mentioned in a hadith about Armageddon.[144] Al-Hayat also began publishing other digital magazines, including the Turkish language Konstantiniyye, the Ottoman word for Istanbul,[145][146] and the French language Dar al-Islam.[147] By late 2016, these magazines had apparently all been discontinued, with Al-Hayat's material being consolidated into a new magazine called Rumiyah (Arabic for Rome).[148]
The group also runs a radio network called Al-Bayan, which airs bulletins in Arabic, Russian and English and provides coverage of its activities in Iraq, Syria and Libya.[149]
Social media
[rediger | rediger kilde]Utdypende artikkel: Use of social media by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
ISIL's use of social media has been described by one expert as "probably more sophisticated than [that of] most US companies".[134][150] It regularly uses social media, particularly Twitter, to distribute its messages.[150][151] The group uses the encrypted instant messaging service Telegram to disseminate images, videos and updates.[152]
The group is known for releasing videos and photographs of executions of prisoners, whether beheadings, shootings, caged prisoners being burnt alive or submerged gradually until drowned.[153] Journalist Abdel Bari Atwan described ISIL's media content as part of a "systematically applied policy". The escalating violence of its killings "guarantees" the attention of the media and public.[93]
Along with images of brutality, ISIL presents itself as "an emotionally attractive place where people 'belong', where everyone is a 'brother' or 'sister'". The "most potent psychological pitch" of ISIL media is the promise of heavenly reward to dead jihadist fighters. Frequently posted in their media are dead jihadists' smiling faces, the ISIL 'salute' of a 'right-hand index finger pointing heavenward', and testimonies of happy widows.[93] ISIL has also attempted to present a more "rational argument" in a series of videos hosted by the kidnapped journalist John Cantlie. In one video, various current and former US officials were quoted, such as the then US President Barack Obama and former CIA Officer Michael Scheuer.[154]
It has encouraged sympathisers to initiate vehicle-ramming and attacks worldwide.[155]
Finances
[rediger | rediger kilde]Utdypende artikkel: Finances of ISIL
According to a 2015 study by the Financial Action Task Force, ISIL's five primary sources of revenue are as follows (listed in order of significance):
- proceeds from the occupation of territory (including control of banks, petroleum reservoirs, taxation, extortion, and robbery of economic assets)
- kidnapping for ransom[156]
- donations from Saudi Arabia and Gulf states, often disguised as meant for "humanitarian charity"
- material support provided by foreign fighters
- fundraising through modern communication networks[157]
Since 2012, ISIL has produced annual reports giving numerical information on its operations, somewhat in the style of corporate reports, seemingly in a bid to encourage potential donors.[134][158]
In 2014, the RAND Corporation analysed ISIL's funding sources from documents captured between 2005 and 2010.[159] It found that outside donations amounted to only 5% of the group's operating budgets,[159] and that cells inside Iraq were required to send up to 20% of the income generated from kidnapping, extortion rackets and other activities to the next level of the group's leadership, which would then redistribute the funds to provincial or local cells that were in difficulties or needed money to conduct attacks.[159] In 2016, RAND estimated that ISIL finances from its largest source of income — oil revenues and the taxes it extracts from people under its control — had fallen from about $1.9 billion in 2014 to $870 million.[160]
In mid-2014, the Iraqi National Intelligence Service obtained information that ISIL had assets worth US$2 billion,[161] making it the richest jihadist group in the world.[162] About three-quarters of this sum was said to looted from Mosul's central bank and commercial banks in the city.[163][164] However, doubt was later cast on whether ISIL was able to retrieve anywhere near that sum from the central bank,[165] and even on whether the looting had actually occurred.[166]
Monetary system
[rediger | rediger kilde]Utdypende artikkel: Modern gold dinar
ISIL attempted to create a modern gold dinar by minting gold, silver, and copper coins, based on the coinage used by the Umayyad Caliphate in the 7th century.[167][168][169][170] Despite a propaganda push for the currency, adoption appeared to have been minimal and its internal economy is effectively dollarized, even with regards to its own fines.[171]
History
[rediger | rediger kilde]Mal:History of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Foundation (1999–2006)
[rediger | rediger kilde]The group was founded in 1999 by Jordanian Salafi jihadist Abu Musab al-Zarqawi under the name Jamāʻat al-Tawḥīd wa-al-Jihād (Mal:Literal translation).[172] In a letter published by the Coalition in February 2004, Zarqawi wrote that jihadis should use bombings to start an open sectarian war so that Sunnis from the Islamic world would mobilize against assassinations carried out by Shia, specifically the Badr Brigade, against Ba'athists and Sunnis.[173] Colonel Derek Harvey told Reuters that "the U.S. military detained Badr assassination teams possessing target lists of Sunni officers and pilots in 2003 and 2004 but did not hold them. Harvey said his superiors told him that 'this stuff had to play itself out' – implying that revenge attacks by returning Shi’ite groups were to be expected.”[174] Jerry Burke, an adviser to the Iraqi Interior Ministry, said that in 2005 a plan from him and several colleagues to surveil and stop suspected Badr Brigade death squads in the special police forces was rejected when it got to an American Flag (General) Officer.[175]
Following the 2003 invasion of Iraq by Western forces, al-Zarqawi and Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad achieved notoriety in the early stages of the Iraqi insurgency for their suicide attacks on Shia mosques, civilians, Iraqi government institutions and Italian soldiers of the US-led 'Multi-National Force'.
In October 2004, when al-Zarqawi swore loyalty to Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda, he renamed the group Tanẓīm Qāʻidat al-Jihād fī Bilād al-Rāfidayn (Mal:Literal translation), commonly known as al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI).[176][177][178][179][180] Although the group never called itself al-Qaeda in Iraq, this remained its informal name for many years.[181] Attacks by the group on civilians, Iraqi government forces, foreign diplomats and soldiers, and American convoys continued with roughly the same intensity. In a letter to al-Zarqawi in July 2005, al-Qaeda's then deputy leader Ayman al-Zawahiri outlined a four-stage plan to expand the Iraq War. The plan included expelling US forces from Iraq, establishing an Islamic authority as a caliphate, spreading the conflict to Iraq's secular neighbours, and clashing with Israel, which the letter said, "[...] was established only to challenge any new Islamic entity".[182]
In January 2006, AQI joined with several smaller Iraqi Sunni insurgent groups under an umbrella organisation called the Mujahideen Shura Council (MSC). According to counterterrorism researcher Brian Fishman, the merger was an attempt to give the group a more Iraqi flavour, and perhaps to distance al-Qaeda from some of al-Zarqawi's tactical errors, such as the 2005 bombings by AQI of three hotels in Amman.[183] On 7 June 2006, a US airstrike killed al-Zarqawi, who was succeeded as leader of the group by the Egyptian militant Abu Ayyub al-Masri.[184][185][186]
Islamic State of Iraq (2006–2013)
[rediger | rediger kilde]On 12 October 2006, MSC united with three smaller groups and six Sunni tribes to form the Mutayibeen Coalition, pledging "To rid Sunnis from the oppression of the rejectionists (Shi'ite Muslims) and the crusader occupiers ... to restore rights even at the price of our own lives ... to make Allah's word supreme in the world, and to restore the glory of Islam".[187][188] A day later, MSC declared the establishment of the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI), comprising Iraq's six mostly Sunni Arab governorates,[189] with Abu Omar al-Baghdadi its emir[190][191] and al-Masri Minister of War within ISI's ten-member cabinet.[192]
According to a study compiled by United States intelligence agencies in early 2007, ISI planned to seize power in the central and western areas of Iraq and turn it into a Sunni caliphate.[193] The group built in strength and at its height enjoyed a significant presence in the Iraqi governorates of Al Anbar, Diyala and Baghdad, claiming Baqubah as a capital city.[194][195][196][197]
The Iraq War troop surge of 2007 supplied the US military with more manpower for operations, and dozens of high-level AQI members being captured or killed.[198] Between July and October 2007, al-Qaeda in Iraq was reported to have lost its secure military bases in Al Anbar province and the Baghdad area.[199] During 2008, a series of US and Iraqi offensives managed to drive out AQI-aligned insurgents from their former safe havens, such as the Diyala and Al Anbar governorates, to the area of the northern city of Mosul.[200]
By 2008, the ISI was describing itself as being in a state of "extraordinary crisis".[201] Its violent attempts to govern territory led to a backlash from Sunni Arab Iraqis and other insurgent groups and a temporary decline in the group, which was attributable to a number of factors,[202] notably the Anbar Awakening.
In late 2009, the commander of US forces in Iraq, General Ray Odierno, stated that ISI "has transformed significantly in the last two years. What once was dominated by foreign individuals has now become more and more dominated by Iraqi citizens".[203] On 18 April 2010, ISI's two top leaders, al-Masri and Omar al-Baghdadi, were killed in a joint US-Iraqi raid near Tikrit.[204] In a press conference in June 2010, General Odierno reported that 80% of ISI's top 42 leaders, including recruiters and financiers, had been killed or captured, with only eight remaining at large. He said that they had been cut off from al-Qaeda's leadership in Pakistan.[205][206][207]
On 16 May 2010, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was appointed the new leader of ISI.[208][209] Al-Baghdadi replenished the group's leadership by appointing former Iraqi military and Intelligence Service officers who had served during Saddam Hussein's rule.[96][210] These men, nearly all of whom had spent time imprisoned by the US military at Camp Bucca, came to make up about one third of Baghdadi's top 25 commanders, including Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi, Abu Ayman al-Iraqi, and Abu Muslim al-Turkmani. One of them, a former colonel called Samir al-Khlifawi, also known as Haji Bakr, became the overall military commander in charge of overseeing the group's operations.[95][211] Al-Khlifawi was instrumental in doing the ground work that led to the growth of ISIL.[212][75]
In July 2012, al-Baghdadi released an audio statement online announcing that the group was returning to former strongholds from which US troops and the Sons of Iraq had driven them in 2007 and 2008.[213] He declared the start of a new offensive in Iraq called Breaking the Walls, aimed at freeing members of the group held in Iraqi prisons.[213] Violence in Iraq had begun to escalate in June 2012, primarily with AQI's car bomb attacks, and by July 2013, monthly fatalities exceeded 1,000 for the first time since April 2008.[214]
Syrian Civil War
[rediger | rediger kilde]In March 2011, protests began in Syria against the Syrian government of Bashar al-Assad. In the following months, violence between demonstrators and security forces led to a gradual militarisation of the conflict.[215] In August 2011, following the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War, al-Baghdadi began sending Syrian and Iraqi ISI members experienced in guerilla warfare across the border into Syria to establish an organisation there. Under the name Jabhat an-Nuṣrah li-Ahli ash-Shām (or al-Nusra Front), it established a large presence in Sunni-majority Raqqa, Idlib, Deir ez-Zor, and Aleppo provinces. Led by a Syrian known as Abu Muhammad al-Julani, this group began to recruit fighters and establish cells throughout the country.[216][217]
On 23 January 2012, the Syrian group called itself Jabhat al-Nusra li Ahl as-Sham,[218] more commonly known as the al-Nusra Front. Al-Nusra grew rapidly into a capable fighting force, with popular support among Syrians opposed to the Assad government.[216]
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (2013–2014)
[rediger | rediger kilde]Utdypende artikler: Timeline of ISIL-related events (2013) og Timeline of ISIL-related events (2014)
On 8 April 2013, al-Baghdadi released an audio statement in which he announced that the al-Nusra Front had been established, financed, and supported by ISI,[219] and that the two groups were merging under the name Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIL, Al-Sham also translates as the Levant).[220] However, Abu Mohammad al-Julani and Ayman al-Zawahiri, the leaders of al-Nusra and al-Qaeda respectively, rejected the merger. Al-Julani issued a statement denying the merger, and complaining that neither he nor anyone else in al-Nusra's leadership had been consulted about it.[221] In June 2013, Al Jazeera reported that it had obtained a letter written by al-Qaeda's leader Ayman al-Zawahiri, addressed to both leaders, in which he ruled against the merger, and appointed an emissary to oversee relations between them to put an end to tensions.[222] That same month, al-Baghdadi released an audio message rejecting al-Zawahiri's ruling and declaring that the merger was going ahead.[223]
Meanwhile, the ISIL campaign to free its imprisoned members culminated in simultaneous raids on Taji and Abu Ghraib prisons in July 2013, freeing more than 500 prisoners, many of them veterans of the Iraqi insurgency.[214][224] In October 2013, al-Zawahiri ordered the disbanding of ISIL, putting al-Nusra Front in charge of jihadist efforts in Syria,[225] but al-Baghdadi rejected al-Zawahiri's order,[223] and his group continued to operate in Syria. In February 2014, after an eight-month power struggle, al-Qaeda publicly disavowed any relations with ISIL.[226]
According to journalist Sarah Birke, there are "significant differences" between al-Nusra Front and ISIL. While al-Nusra actively calls for the overthrow of the Assad government, ISIL "tends to be more focused on establishing its own rule on conquered territory". ISIL is "far more ruthless" in building an Islamic state, "carrying out sectarian attacks and imposing sharia law immediately". While al-Nusra has a "large contingent of foreign fighters", it is seen as a home-grown group by many Syrians; by contrast, ISIL fighters have been described as "foreign 'occupiers'" by many Syrian refugees.[227] Foreign fighters in Syria include Russian-speaking jihadists who were part of Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar (JMA).[228] In November 2013, Abu Omar al-Shishani, leader of the Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar (JMA), swore an oath of allegiance to al-Baghdadi;[229] the group then split between those who followed al-Shishani in joining ISIL and those who continued to operate independently in the JMA under new leadership.[230]
In January 2014, rebels affiliated with the Islamic Front and the US-trained Free Syrian Army[231] launched an offensive against ISIL militants in and around the city of Aleppo, following months of tensions over ISIL's behavior, which included the seizure of property and weapons from rebel groups, and the arrests and killings of activists.[232][233] Months of clashes ensued, causing thousands of casualties, with ISIL withdrawing its forces from Idlib and Latakia provinces and redeploying them to reinforce its strongholds in Raqqa and Aleppo.[234] It also launched an offensive against all other opposition forces active in the eastern province of Deir ez-Zor, on the border with Iraq.[235][236] By June 2014, ISIL had largely defeated its rivals in the province, with many who had not been killed or driven away pledging allegiance to it.[237][238]
In Iraq, ISIL was able to capture most of Fallujah in January 2014,[239] and in June 2014 was able to seize control of Mosul.[7]
After an eight-month power struggle, al-Qaeda cut all ties with ISIL by February 2014, citing its failure to consult and "notorious intransigence".Mal:R[226]
In early 2014, ISIL drove Iraqi government forces out of key cities in its Anbar campaign,[6] which was followed by the capture of Mosul[7] and the Sinjar massacre.[8] The loss of control almost caused a collapse of the Iraqi government and prompted a renewal of US military action in Iraq. In Syria, ISIL has conducted ground attacks on both the Syrian Arab Army and rebel factions.
Islamic State (2014–present)
[rediger | rediger kilde]Utdypende artikler: Timeline of ISIL-related events (2014), Timeline of ISIL-related events (2015) og Timeline of ISIL-related events (2016)
On 29 June 2014, ISIL proclaimed itself to be a worldwide caliphate.[240] Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi – known by his supporters as Amir al-Mu'minin, Caliph Ibrahim – was named its caliph, and the group renamed itself ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah ("Islamic State" (IS)).[13] As a "Caliphate", it claims religious, political and military authority over all Muslims worldwide.[15] The concept of it being a caliphate and the name "Islamic State" have been rejected by governments and Muslim leaders worldwide.[36][37][241][40][41][43][39]
In June and July 2014, Jordan and Saudi Arabia moved troops to their borders with Iraq, after the Iraqi government lost control of (or withdrew from) strategic crossing points that then came under the control of either ISIL or tribes that supported it.[242][243] There was speculation that Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki had ordered a withdrawal of troops from the Iraq–Saudi crossings in order "to increase pressure on Saudi Arabia and bring the threat of ISIS over-running its borders as well".[244]
In July 2014, ISIL recruited more than 6,300 fighters, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, some of whom were thought to have previously fought for the Free Syrian Army.[245] On 23 July 2014, Abu Sayyaf leader Isnilon Totoni Hapilon and some masked men swore loyalty to al-Baghdadi in a video, giving ISIL a presence in the Philippines.[22][246] In September 2014, the group began kidnapping people for ransom.[247]
In 2016, according to the daily, La Stampa, officials from Europol conducted an investigation into the trafficking of fake documents for ISIL. They have identified fake Syrian passports in the refugee camps in Greece that were destined to supposed members of ISIS, in order to avoid Greek government controls and make their way to other parts of Europe.[248] Also, the chief of Europol said that a new task force of 200 counter terrorism officers will be deployed to the Greek islands alongside Greek border guards in order to help Greece thwart a "strategic" level campaign by Islamic State to infiltrate terrorists into Europe.[249]
Capture of territory
[rediger | rediger kilde]On 3 August 2014, ISIL captured the cities of Zumar, Sinjar, and Wana in northern Iraq.[8] Thousands of Yazidis fled up Mount Sinjar, fearful of the approaching hostile ISIL militants. The stranded Yazidis' need for food and water, the threat of genocide to them and to others announced by ISIL, along with the desire to protect US citizens in Iraq and support the Iraqi government in its fight against ISIL, were all reasons given for the 2014 American intervention in Iraq, which began on 7 August.[250] A US aerial bombing campaign began the following day.
At the end of October 2014, 800 militants gained partial control of the Libyan city of Derna and pledged their allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, thus making Derna the first city outside Syria and Iraq to be a part of the "Islamic State Caliphate".[251] On 10 November 2014, a major faction of the Egyptian militant group Ansar Bait al-Maqdis also pledged its allegiance to ISIL.[252] In mid-January 2015, a Yemeni official said that ISIL had "dozens" of members in Yemen, and that they were coming into direct competition with al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula because of their recruitment drive.[253] The same month, Afghan officials confirmed that ISIL had a military presence in Afghanistan.[254] However, by February 2015, 65 of the militants were either captured or killed by the Taliban, and ISIL's top Afghan recruiter, Mullah Abdul Rauf, was killed in a US drone strike.[255][256][257]
In early February 2015, ISIL militants in Libya managed to capture part of the countryside to the west of Sabha, and later, an area encompassing the cities of Sirte, Nofolia, and a military base to the south of both cities. By March, ISIL had captured additional territory, including a city to the west of Derna, additional areas near Sirte, a stretch of land in southern Libya, some areas around Benghazi, and an area to the east of Tripoli.
On 7 March 2015, Boko Haram swore formal allegiance to ISIL, giving ISIL an official presence in Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon.[258][259][260] On 13 March 2015, a group of militants from the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan swore allegiance to ISIL;[261] the group released another video on show of 31 July 2015ing its spiritual leader also pledging allegiance.[262] In June 2015, the US Deputy Secretary of State announced that ISIL had lost more than 10,000 members in airstrikes over the preceding nine months.[263][264]
Loss of territory and declarations of victory by opponents
[rediger | rediger kilde]Since 2015, ISIL lost territory in Iraq and Syria, including Tikrit in March and April 2015,[265] Baiji in October,[266] Sinjar in November 2015,[267][268] Ramadi in December 2015,[269] Fallujah in June 2016[270] and Palmyra in March 2017.[271]
On 10 July 2017, Iraqi Prime Minister Abadi formally declared a local Iraqi victory over ISIL in the recent Iraqi army expulsion of ISIL from the city of Mosul.[24] Since the fall of ISIL in Mosul, the overall extent of ISIL held territory in both Syria and Iraq has significantly diminished.[25] On 17 October 2017, ISIL lost control of Raqqa in the second battle of Raqqa.[272] On 3 November, Deir ez-Zor, ISIL's last major city in Syria, was recaptured,[273] as well as Rawa, the last town held by ISIL in Iraq.[274]
On 21 November 2017, Iranian president Hassan Rouhani declared victory over ISIL.[275] Qasem Soleimani, senior military officer of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution, wrote to Iran's supreme leader Ali Khamenei that ISIL had been defeated.[275] Vladimir Putin, President of Russia, declared victory over ISIL in Syria as well.[276] Iraqi prime minister, Haider al-Abadi, also announced the military defeat of ISIL in Iraq.[277]
Terrorist attacks outside Iraq and Syria
[rediger | rediger kilde]In 2015, 2016 and 2017, ISIL claimed responsibility for a number of high-profile terrorist attacks outside Iraq and Syria, including a mass shooting at a Tunisian tourist resort (38 European tourists killed),[278] the Suruç bombing in Turkey (33 leftist and pro-Kurdish activists killed), the Tunisian National Museum attack (24 foreign tourists and Tunisians killed), the Sana'a mosque bombings (142 Shia civilians killed), the crash of Metrojet Flight 9268 (224 killed, mostly Russian tourists), the bombings in Ankara (102 pro-Kurdish and leftist activists killed), the bombings in Beirut (43 Shia civilians killed), the November 2015 Paris attacks (130 civilians killed), the killing of Jaafar Mohammed Saad, the governor of Aden, the January 2016 Istanbul bombing (11 foreign tourists killed), the 2016 Brussels bombings (32 civilians killed), the 2016 Atatürk Airport attack (48 foreign and Turkish civilians killed), the 2016 Nice attack (86 civilians killed), the July 2016 Kabul bombing (at least 80 civilians killed, mostly Shia Hazaras), the 2016 Berlin attack (12 civilians killed), the 2017 Istanbul nightclub shooting (39 foreigners and Turks killed), the 2017 Saint Petersburg Metro bombing (15 civilians killed), the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing (22 civilians killed) and the 2017 Tehran attacks (18 civilians killed),[279][280][281] 13 July 2018 Pakistan bombings (at least 131 killed).[282] The Saudi Arabian government reports that in one relatively short period—the first 8 months of 2016—there were 25 attacks in the kingdom by ISIL.[283]
Mass killings
[rediger | rediger kilde]On 30 August 2016, a survey conducted by the Associated Press found that around 72 mass graves have been discovered in areas that have been liberated from ISIL control. In total, these mass graves contain the bodies of approximately 15,000 people killed by ISIL. The report stated that the mass graves were evidence of genocides conducted by ISIL in the region, including the genocide of Yazidis. Seventeen graves were discovered in Syria, with the rest being found in Iraq. At least 16 of the graves in Iraq contained remains that were not counted, as they are located in dangerous conflict zones. Instead, the number of dead in these graves has been estimated.[284]
Timeline of events
[rediger | rediger kilde]Utdypende artikkel: Timeline of ISIL related events
- 2013 events.
- Index 2014 events: January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December.
- Index 2015 events: January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December.
- Index 2016 events: January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December.
- Index 2017 events: January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November
Territorial control and claims
[rediger | rediger kilde]
Utdypende artikkel: ISIL territorial claims
As a self-proclaimed worldwide caliphate, ISIL claims religious, political and military authority over all Muslims worldwide,[15] and that "the legality of all emirates, groups, states, and organisations, becomes null by the expansion of the khilāfah's [caliphate's] authority and arrival of its troops to their areas".[65]
Iraq and Syria
[rediger | rediger kilde]Since December 2013, ongoing clashes have occurred throughout western Iraq between tribal militias, Iraqi security forces, and ISIL. In early January 2014, ISIL militants successfully captured the cities of Fallujah and Hīt,[285] bringing much of Anbar Province under their control. In June 2014 ISIL took over the Iraqi city of Mosul. By December 2015, the Islamic State covered a vast landlocked territory in western Iraq and eastern Syria, with a population estimate of 2.8 to 8 million people.[17][286]
In Iraq and Syria, ISIL uses many of those countries' existing governorate boundaries to subdivide its claimed territory; it calls these divisions wilayah or provinces.[287] By June 2015, it had established official "provinces" in Libya, Egypt (Sinai Peninsula), Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Algeria, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nigeria and the North Caucasus.[288] Since then, ISIL has continued to receive pledges of allegiance and publish media releases from groups in countries like Somalia,[289] Bangladesh[290] and the Philippines,[291] but it has not announced any further official branches, instead identifying new affiliates as simply "soldiers of the caliphate".[292]
Libyan Provinces
[rediger | rediger kilde]Utdypende artikkel: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in Libya
ISIL organises its Libyan branch using the country's three historical regions, Cyrenaica in the east, Fezzan in the desert south, and Tripolitania in the west.[293] They have been the most active and successful of all ISIL branches outside Iraq and Syria. It has been active particularly around Derna, and Gaddafi's hometown Sirte.[294][295] The group grew quickly following the allegiance of militant groups like the Shura Council of Islamic Youth.[296][297]
ISIL temporarily controlled part of Derna before being driven out in mid-2015 by a rival militant Islamist group, with support from the Libyan Air Force.[298][299] Libya's Interim Government launched a major offensive against ISIL territory around Sirte in May 2016,[300][301] capturing the city by December 2016.[302] The Libyan National Army, led by Commander General Khalifa Haftar, has also clashed with ISIL, making advances against the group in Benghazi and Ajdabiya.[303][304][305]
Since the Battle of Sirte (12 May – 6 December 2016) ISIL lost most of its territories in Libya to the forces of the Government of National Accord (GNA), backed by the United States.[306] And as of 11 November 2017 the last pockets of the ISIL-affiliated Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries were captured by the LNA after three years of fighting.[307]
Sinai Province
[rediger | rediger kilde]Utdypende artikkel: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Sinai Province
On 10 November 2014, many members of the group Ansar Bait al-Maqdis took an oath of allegiance to al-Baghdadi.[252] Following this, the group assumed the designation Sinai Province (Wilayat Sinai).[296][308][309][310] They are estimated to have 1,000–2,000 fighters.[22][311] A faction of the Sinai group also operates in the Gaza Strip, calling itself the Islamic State in Gaza.[312] It claimed responsibility for the downing of Russian Metrojet Flight 9268, which killed all 224 people on board, although Egyptian officials disputed the claim.[313]
Algerian Province
[rediger | rediger kilde]Utdypende artikkel: Jund al-Khilafah
Members of Jund al-Khilafah swore allegiance to ISIL in September 2014.[314] ISIL in Algeria gained notoriety when it beheaded French tourist Herve Gourdel in September 2014. Since then, the group has largely been silent, with reports that its leader Khalid Abu-Sulayman was killed by Algerian forces in December 2014.[288]
Khorasan Province
[rediger | rediger kilde]Utdypende artikkel: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province
On 26 January 2015, Khorasan Province (Wilayat Khorasan) was established, with Hafiz Saeed Khan named as Wāli (Governor) and Abdul Rauf as his deputy after both swore an oath of allegiance to al-Baghdadi. The name Khorasan refers to a historical region that includes parts of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and "other nearby lands".[315][257][316][317]
On 9 February 2015, Mullah Abdul Rauf was killed by a NATO airstrike,[257] and his replacement, Hafiz Wahidi, was killed by the Afghan Armed Forces on 18 March 2015.[318] Hafiz Saeed Khan, the Emir of ISIL's Khorasan Province, was reportedly killed in a US drone strike in eastern Afghanistan on 25 July 2016.[319]
On 1 August 2018, between 200 to 250 ISIS members surrendered to Afghan government after battle with Taliban. Another 128 surrendered to Taliban. Eight Taliban and six ISIS fighters were reportedly killed in the battle.[320]
Yemen Provinces
[rediger | rediger kilde]Utdypende artikkel: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Yemen Province
On 13 November 2014, unidentified militants in Yemen pledged allegiance to ISIL.[314] By December of that year, ISIL had built an active presence inside Yemen, with its recruitment drive bringing it into direct competition with al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP).[253][321] In February 2015, it was reported that some members of Ansar al-Sharia in Yemen had split from AQAP and pledged allegiance to ISIL.[322] As the Yemeni Civil War escalated in March 2015, at least seven ISIL Wilayat, named after existing provincial boundaries in Yemen, claimed responsibility for attacks against the Houthis, including the Hadhramaut Province, the Shabwah Province, and the Sana'a Province.[323][324]
Zaidiyyah Houthis (organised in the Supreme Revolutionary Committee) are the principal enemies of Yemen's ISIL branch.[325][326] While the US government supports the Saudi-led military intervention in Yemen against the Houthis,[327] many in United States Special Operations Command favour the Houthis, as they have been an effective force in rolling back al-Qaeda and recently ISIL in Yemen, "something that hundreds of U.S. drone strikes and large numbers of advisers to Yemen's military had failed to accomplish".[328] The Guardian reported: "As another 50 civilians die in the forgotten war, only Isis and al-Qaida are gaining from a conflict tearing Yemen apart and leaving 20 million people in need of aid."[329]
West African Province
[rediger | rediger kilde]Utdypende artikkel: Boko Haram
On 7 March 2015, Boko Haram's leader Abubakar Shekau pledged allegiance to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant via an audio message posted on the organisation's Twitter account.[330][331] On 12 March 2015, ISIL's spokesman Abu Mohammad al-Adnani released an audio tape in which he welcomed the pledge of allegiance, and described it as an expansion of the group's caliphate into West Africa.[332] ISIL publications from late March 2015 began referring to members of Boko Haram as part of Wilayat Gharb Afriqiya (West Africa Province).[324] The group suffered a split in 2016, with ISIL appointing 'Abu Musab al-Barnawi' as the group's new leader, due to disagreements with Abubakar Shekau's leadership.[333] This was rejected by Shekau and his supporters, who continued to operate independently.[334]
North Caucasus Province
[rediger | rediger kilde]Utdypende artikkel: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Caucasus Province
Some commanders of the Caucasus Emirate in Chechnya and Dagestan switched their allegiance to ISIL in late 2014 and early 2015.[335] On 23 June 2015, ISIL spokesman Abu Mohammad al-Adnani accepted the pledges of allegiance and announced a new Caucasus Province (Wilayat al-Qawqaz) under the leadership of Rustam Asildarov.[288][336]
Southeast Asia
[rediger | rediger kilde]Utdypende artikler: Abu Sayyaf og Battle of Marawi (2017)
On 23 July 2014, Abu Sayyaf leader Isnilon Totoni Hapilon in the Philippines swore an oath of loyalty to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of ISIL.[246] In September 2014, the group began kidnapping people so they could be held for ransom, in the name of ISIL.[247] In early 2015, members of Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao pledged allegiance to ISIL. At the same time, Ansar Khalifa Philippines was born from a merger of Ansar Khalifah Sarangani with other umbrella groups that are pro-ISIL in nature.[trenger referanse] In May 2017, a pro-ISIL group called the Maute group attacked and seized parts of the southern Philippine city of Marawi on Mindanao island.[337]
On 17 October 2017, Philippine President Duterte declared Marawi was "liberated from terrorist influence".[338] Then on 23 October 2017, Philippine Defense Secretary Delfin Lorenzana announced that the five-month battle against the terrorists in Marawi had finally ended.[339] The recapture of Marawi by the government led to the failure of militants to establish a provincial ISIL territory (wilayat) in the Philippines.
Islamic State in Gaza
[rediger | rediger kilde]Utdypende artikkel: Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade
In February 2014, the Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem declared its support for ISIL.[340] On 2 April 2015, elements of this group, along with members of the Army of Islam and the Gaza faction of Ansar Bait al-Maqdis,[341][342] formed the Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade, also known as Islamic State in Gaza,[343] as it predominantly operates in the Gaza Strip.
Other areas of operation
[rediger | rediger kilde]- Unidentified militants in Saudi Arabia pledged allegiance to ISIL – designated as a province of ISIL.[314]
- The Free Sunnis of Baalbek Brigade (Lebanon) pledged allegiance to ISIL.[22]
- Sons of the Call for Tawhid and Jihad (Jordan) pledged allegiance to ISIL.[344]
- Janood-ul-Khalifa-e-Hind (India) pledged allegiance to ISIL.[345]
- Ansar al-Khilafah (Brazil) pledged allegiance to ISIL.[346]
- Profetens Ummah (Norway) pledged allegiance to ISIL.[347][348]
- Mujahidin Indonesia Timur (Indonesia) pledged allegiance to ISIL.[349]
International reaction
[rediger | rediger kilde]Classification as a terrorist organisation
[rediger | rediger kilde]Many countries and international bodies have officially designated ISIL as a terrorist organisation.
International criticism
[rediger | rediger kilde]The group has attracted widespread criticism internationally for its extremism, from governments and international bodies such as the United Nations and Amnesty International. On 24 September 2014, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon stated: "As Muslim leaders around the world have said, groups like ISIL – or Da'ish – have nothing to do with Islam, and they certainly do not represent a state. They should more fittingly be called the 'Un-Islamic Non-State'."[350] ISIL has been classified a terrorist organisation by the United Nations, the European Union and its member states, the United States, Russia, India, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and many other countries (see Mal:See section). Over 60 countries are directly or indirectly waging war against ISIL (see Mal:See section). The group was described as a cult in a Huffington Post column by notable cult authority Steven Hassan.[351]
Islamic criticism
[rediger | rediger kilde]Around the world, Islamic religious leaders have overwhelmingly condemned ISIL's ideology and actions, arguing that the group has strayed from the path of true Islam and that its actions do not reflect the religion's real teachings or virtues.[352]
Extremism within Islam goes back to the 7th century, to the Khawarijes. From their essentially political position, the Kharijites developed extreme doctrines which set them apart from both mainstream Sunni and Shia Muslims. They were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to takfir, whereby they declared other Muslims to be unbelievers and therefore deemed worthy of death.[353][354][355][356] Other scholars have also described the group not as Sunnis, but as Khawarij.[354][357] Sunni critics, including Salafi and jihadist muftis such as Adnan al-Aroor and Abu Basir al-Tartusi, say that ISIL and related terrorist groups are not Sunnis, but are instead modern-day Kharijites (Muslims who have stepped outside the mainstream of Islam) serving an imperial anti-Islamic agenda.[358]
ISIL has received severe criticism from Muslim religious scholars and theologians. In late August 2014, the Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia, Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh, condemned ISIL and al-Qaeda saying, "Extremist and militant ideas and terrorism which spread decay on Earth, destroying human civilization, are not in any way part of Islam, but are enemy number one of Islam, and Muslims are their first victims".[359] In late September 2014, 126 Sunni imams and Islamic scholars—primarily Sufi[360]—from around the Muslim world signed an open letter to the Islamic State's leader al-Baghdadi, explicitly rejecting and refuting his group's interpretations of Islamic scriptures, the Quran and hadith, which it used in order to justify its actions.[361][362] "[You] have misinterpreted Islam into a religion of harshness, brutality, torture and murder ... this is a great wrong and an offence to Islam, to Muslims and to the entire world", the letter states.[363] It rebukes the Islamic State for its killing of prisoners, describing the killings as "heinous war crimes" and its persecution of the Yazidis of Iraq as "abominable". Referring to the "self-described 'Islamic State'", the letter censures the group for carrying out killings and acts of brutality under the guise of jihad—holy struggle—saying that its "sacrifice" without legitimate cause, goals and intention "is not jihad at all, but rather, warmongering and criminality".[363][364] It also accuses the group of instigating fitna—sedition—by instituting slavery under its rule in contravention of the anti-slavery consensus of the Islamic scholarly community.[363]
According to The New York Times, "All of the most influential jihadist theorists are criticising the Islamic State as deviant, calling its self-proclaimed caliphate null and void" and they have denounced it for its beheadings of journalists and aid workers.Mal:R ISIL is widely denounced by a broad range of Islamic clerics, including al-Qaeda-oriented clerics and Saudi clerics.Mal:R Muhammad al-Yaqoubi states, "It is enough of a proof of the extreme ideology of ISIS that the top leaders of Salafi-Jihadism have disclaimed it."[365] Other critics of ISIL's brand of Sunni Islam include Salafists who previously publicly supported jihadist groups such as al-Qaeda: for example, the Saudi government official Saleh Al-Fawzan, known for his extremist views, who claims that ISIL is a creation of "Zionists, Crusaders and Safavids", and the Jordanian-Palestinian writer Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi, the former spiritual mentor to Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, who was released from prison in Jordan in June 2014 and accused ISIL of driving a wedge between Muslims.[358]
The group's declaration of a caliphate has been criticised and its legitimacy has been disputed by Middle Eastern governments, other jihadist groups,[366] and by Sunni Muslim theologians and historians. Qatar-based TV broadcaster and theologian Yusuf al-Qaradawi stated: "[The] declaration issued by the Islamic State is void under sharia and has dangerous consequences for the Sunnis in Iraq and for the revolt in Syria", adding that the title of caliph can "only be given by the entire Muslim nation", not by a single group.[367] The group's execution of Muslims for breach of traditional sharia law while violating it itself (encouraging women to emigrate to its territory, travelling without a Wali—male guardian—and in violation of his wishes) has been criticised;[368] as has its love of archaic imagery (horsemen and swords) while engaging in bid'ah (religious innovation) in establishing female religious police (known as Al-Khansaa Brigade).[369] In a similar vein, the Syrian Islamic scholar Muhammad al-Yaqoubi says, "[t]he followers of ISIS do not want to adhere to Islamic law but rather they want to twist Islamic law to conform to their fantasies. To this end, they pick and choose the evidences that corroborate their misguidance, despite being weak or abrogated."[370]
Two days after the beheading of Hervé Gourdel, hundreds of Muslims gathered in the Grand Mosque of Paris to show solidarity against the beheading. The protest was led by the leader of the French Council of the Muslim Faith, Dalil Boubakeur, and was joined by thousands of other Muslims around the country under the slogan "Not in my name".[371][372] French president François Hollande said Gourdel's beheading was "cowardly" and "cruel", and confirmed that airstrikes would continue against ISIL in Iraq. Hollande also called for three days of national mourning, with flags flown at half-mast throughout the country and said that security would be increased throughout Paris.[371]
An Islamic Front sharia court judge in Aleppo, Mohamed Najeeb Bannan, stated: "The legal reference is the Islamic Sharia. The cases are different, from robberies to drug use, to moral crimes. It's our duty to look at any crime that comes to us. . . After the regime has fallen, we believe that the Muslim majority in Syria will ask for an Islamic state. Of course, it's very important to point out that some say the Islamic Sharia will cut off people's hands and heads, but it only applies to criminals. And to start off by killing, crucifying etc. That is not correct at all." In response to being asked what the difference between the Islamic Front's and ISIL's version of sharia would be, he said, "One of their mistakes is before the regime has fallen, and before they've established what in Sharia is called Tamkeen [having a stable state], they started applying Sharia, thinking God gave them permission to control the land and establish a Caliphate. This goes against the beliefs of religious scholars around the world. This is what [IS] did wrong. This is going to cause a lot of trouble. Anyone who opposes [IS] will be considered against Sharia and will be severely punished."[373][374]
Al-Qaeda and al-Nusra have been trying to take advantage of ISIL's rise, by attempting to present themselves as "moderate" compared to "extremist" ISIL, although it has the same aim of establishing sharia and a caliphate but doing so in a more gradual manner.[375][376][377][378][379] Al-Nusra has criticised the way in which ISIL fully and immediately institutes sharia in the areas that fall under its control, since it alienates people too much. It supports the gradual, slower approach favoured by al-Qaeda, preparing society to accept sharia and indoctrinating people through education before implementing the hudud aspects of sharia, such as throwing gays from the top of buildings, chopping limbs off, and public stoning.[380] Al-Nusra and ISIL are both hostile towards the Druze. However, while al-Nusra has typically destroyed Druze shrines and pressured them to convert to Sunni Islam, ISIL regards the entire Druze community as a valid target for violence, as it does the Yazidis.[381]
Ayman al-Zawahiri, the leader of al-Qaeda, has called for consultation (shura) within the "prophetic method" to be used when establishing the caliphate, criticising al-Baghdadi for not following the required steps. Al-Zawahiri has called upon ISIL members to close ranks and join al-Qaeda in fighting against Assad, the Shia, Russia, Europe, and America and to stop the infighting between jihadist groups. He called upon jihadists to establish Islamic entities in Egypt and the Levant, slowly implementing sharia before establishing a caliphate, and has called for violent assaults against America and the West.[382]
The Jaysh al-Islam group within the Islamic Front criticised ISIL, saying: "They killed the people of Islam and leave the idol worshippers ... They use the verses talking about the disbelievers and implement it on the Muslims".[383] The main criticism of defectors from ISIL has been that the group is fighting and killing other Sunni Muslims,[384] as opposed to just non-Sunnis being brutalised.[385][386] In one case, a supposed defector from ISIL executed two activists of a Syrian opposition group in Turkey who had sheltered them.[387]
The current Grand Imam of al-Azhar and former president of al-Azhar University, Ahmed el-Tayeb, has strongly condemned the Islamic State, stating that it is acting "under the guise of this holy religion and have given themselves the name 'Islamic State' in an attempt to export their false Islam".[388][389] Citing the Quran, he stated: "The punishment for those who wage war against God and his Prophet and who strive to sow corruption on earth is death, crucifixion, the severing of hands and feet on opposite sides or banishment from the land. This is the disgrace for them in this world and in the hereafter they will receive grievous torment." Although el-Tayeb has been criticised for not expressly stating that the Islamic State is heretical,[390][391] the Ash'ari school of Islamic theology, to which el-Tayeb belongs, does not allow calling a person who follows the shahada an apostate.[390] El-Tayeb has strongly come out against the practice of takfirism (declaring a Muslim an apostate) which is used by the Islamic State to "judge and accuse anyone who doesn't tow their line with apostasy and outside the realm of the faith" declaring "Jihad on peaceful Muslims" using "flawed interpretations of some Qur'anic texts, the prophet's Sunna, and the Imams' views believing incorrectly, that they are leaders of Muslim armies fighting infidel peoples, in unbelieving lands".[392]
In late December 2015, nearly 70,000 Indian Muslim clerics associated with the Indian Barelvi movement issued a fatwa condemning ISIL and similar organisations, saying they are "not Islamic organisations". Approximately 1.5 million Sunni Muslim followers of this movement have formally decried violent extremists.[393][394][395]
Mehdi Hasan, a political journalist in the UK, said in the New Statesman,
Whether Sunni or Shia, Salafi or Sufi, conservative or liberal, Muslims – and Muslim leaders – have almost unanimously condemned and denounced ISIL not merely as un-Islamic but actively anti-Islamic.[352]
![]()
Hassan Hassan, an analyst at the Delma Institute, wrote in The Guardian that because the Islamic State "bases its teachings on religious texts that mainstream Muslim clerics do not want to deal with head on, new recruits leave the camp feeling that they have stumbled on the true message of Islam".[51] In mid-February 2015, Graeme Wood, a lecturer in political science at Yale University, said in The Atlantic, "The religion preached by its most ardent followers derives from coherent and even learned interpretations of Islam."[62]
Yusuf al-Qaradawi, an Egyptian Islamic theologian based in Qatar, said in his official website that the "United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the leaders of Daesh (ISIS/ISIL) terrorist group are from one species and they are two sides of the same coin".[396]
Designation as a terrorist organisation
[rediger | rediger kilde]Organisation | Date | Body | References |
---|---|---|---|
Multinational organisations | |||
Mal:Flagu | 18 October 2004 (as al-Qaeda in Iraq) 30 May 2013 (after separation from al‑Qaeda) |
United Nations Security Council | [397][398][399] |
Mal:Flagu | 2004 | EU Council (via adoption of UN al-Qaeda Sanctions List) | [400] |
Nations | |||
Mal:Flagu | March 2001 (as part of al-Qaeda) 20 June 2014 (after separation from al‑Qaeda) |
Home Office | [401] |
Mal:Flagu | 17 December 2004 (as al-Qaeda in Iraq) | United States Department of State | [402] |
Mal:Flagu | 2 March 2005 (as al-Qaeda in Iraq) 14 December 2013 (after separation from al‑Qaeda) |
Attorney-General for Australia | [403] |
Mal:Flagu | 20 August 2012 | Parliament of Canada | [404] |
Mal:Flagu | 30 October 2013 | Grand National Assembly of Turkey | [405][406] |
Mal:Flagu | 7 March 2014 | Royal decree of the King of Saudi Arabia | [407] |
Mal:Flagu | 1 August 2014 | National Counter-terrorism Agency BNPT | [408] |
Mal:Flagu | 20 August 2014 | United Arab Emirates Cabinet | [409] |
Mal:Flagu | 24 September 2014 | Ministry of Foreign Affairs | [410] |
Mal:Flagu | 30 November 2014 | The Cairo Court for Urgent Matters | [411][412] |
Mal:Flagu | 16 December 2014 | Ministry of Home Affairs | [413][414] |
Mal:Flagu | 29 December 2014 | Supreme Court of Russia | [415] |
Mal:Flagu | 25 March 2015 | Kyrgyz State Committee of National Security | [416] |
Mal:Flagu | [417] | ||
Mal:Flagu | [418] | ||
Mal:Flagu | [419][420][421][422] | ||
Mal:Flagu | [423][424] | ||
Mal:Flagu | [425] | ||
Mal:Flagu | 29 August 2015 | Ministry of Interior | [426] |
Mal:Flagu | Public Security Intelligence Agency | [427] | |
Mal:Flagu | 26 November 2015 | National Security Bureau | [428] |
Mal:Flagu | Ministry of Public Security | [429] |
The United Nations Security Council in its Resolution 1267 (1999) described Osama bin Laden and his al-Qaeda associates as operators of a network of terrorist training camps.[430] The UN's Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee first listed ISIL in its Sanctions List under the name "Al-Qaida in Iraq" on 18 October 2004, as an entity/group associated with al-Qaeda. On 2 June 2014, the group was added to its listing under the name "Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant". The European Union adopted the UN Sanctions List in 2002.[400]
Many world leaders and government spokespeople have called ISIL a terrorist group or banned it, without their countries having formally designated it as such. The following are examples:
The Government of Germany banned ISIL in September 2014. Activities banned include donations to the group, recruiting fighters, holding ISIL meetings and distributing its propaganda, flying ISIL flags,[431] wearing ISIL symbols and all ISIL activities. "The terror organisation Islamic State is a threat to public safety in Germany as well", said German politician Thomas de Maizière. He added, "Today's ban is directed solely against terrorists who abuse religion for their criminal goals."[432] Being a member of ISIL is also illegal in accordance with § 129a and § 129b of the German criminal code.[433]
In October 2014, Switzerland banned ISIL's activities in the country, including propaganda and financial support of the fighters, with prison sentences as potential penalties.[434]
In mid-December 2014, India banned ISIL after the arrest of an operator of a pro-ISIL Twitter account.[435]
Pakistan designated ISIL as a banned organisation in late August 2015, under which all elements expressing sympathy for the group would be blacklisted and sanctioned.[426]
Media sources worldwide have described ISIL as a terrorist organisation.[1][95][134][109][408][436]
Militia, territorial authority and other classifications
[rediger | rediger kilde]By 2014, ISIL was increasingly being viewed as a militia rather than just a terrorist group.[437] As major Iraqi cities fell to ISIL in June 2014, Jessica Lewis, a former US Army intelligence officer at the Institute for the Study of War, described ISIL at that time as
{{{1}}}
![]()
Lewis has called ISIL
{{{1}}}
![]()
Former US Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel saw an "imminent threat to every interest we have", but former top counter-terrorism adviser Daniel Benjamin derided such talk as a "farce" that panics the public.[438]
Former British Foreign Secretary David Miliband concluded that the 2003 invasion of Iraq caused the creation of ISIL.[439]
Writing for The Guardian, Pankaj Mishra rejects the idea that the group is a resurgence of medieval Islam, saying instead:
{{{1}}}
![]()
A certain change of attitude occurred following the inauguration of US President Trump. On 28 January 2017, he issued a National Security Presidential Memorandum which called for a comprehensive plan to destroy ISIS to be formulated by the Defense Department within 30 days.[440]
Supporters
[rediger | rediger kilde]According to a June 2015 Reuters report that cited "jihadist ideologues" as a source, 90% of ISIL's fighters in Iraq are Iraqi, and 70% of its fighters in Syria are Syrian. The article stated that the group has 40,000 fighters and 60,000 supporters across its two primary strongholds in Iraq and Syria.[441] According to scholar Fawaz Gerges writing in ISIS: A History, some "30 percent of the senior figures" in ISIL's military command are former army and police officers from the disbanded Iraqi security forces, drawn to ISIL by the US De-Ba'athification policy and turned towards Sunni Islamism, following the US invasion of Iraq.[93]
According to a poll by Pew Research Center, Muslim populations of various countries have overwhelmingly negative views of ISIS with Lebanon having the most unfavorable views.[442][443] In most of these countries, concerns about Islamic extremism have been growing.[444]
Allegations of state support
[rediger | rediger kilde]Saudi Arabia
[rediger | rediger kilde]Although Saudi Arabia's government rejected the claims,[445] former Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki accused Saudi Arabia of funding ISIL.[446] Some media outlets, such as NBC, the BBC and The New York Times, and the US-based think tank Washington Institute for Near East Policy have written about individual Saudi donations to the group and the Saudi state's decade-long sponsorship of Wahhabism around the world, but have concluded that there is no evidence of direct Saudi state support for ISIL.[447][448]
Richard Dearlove, former head of Britain's Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), said that the Saudis were "deeply attracted to any militancy that can effectively challenge Shia-dom [Shia version of Islam]."[449] Dearlove stated that, "For ISIS to be able to surge into the Sunni areas of Iraq in the way that it has done recently has to be the consequence of substantial and sustained funding."[450]
In an August 2014 email, leaked by WikiLeaks, former US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton sent then counselor to Barack Obama John Podesta a memo that states that both Saudi Arabia and Qatar "are providing clandestine financial and logistic support to ISIL and other radical Sunni groups in the region."[451][452][453]
Syria
[rediger | rediger kilde]Utdypende artikkel: Bashar al-Assad#Al-Qaeda and ISIL
Proportion of attacks by ISIL on other groups in Syria, during the period from March 2016 – April 2017 according to IHS Markit.[454]
During the ongoing Syrian Civil War, President Bashar al-Assad, the Syrian Government, and the Syrian Alawite community[455] have been accused by many opposition and anti-Assad parties of collusion with ISIL, despite massacres of Alawite civilians and executions of captured Syrian Army Alawite soldiers.[456][457][458][459][460] Several sources have claimed Islamist prisoners were strategically released from Syrian prisons at the beginning of the Syrian Civil War in 2011.[461]
The Syrian Government has bought oil directly from ISIL,[462] and the Syrian government and ISIL jointly ran a HESCO gas plant in Tabqah. The facility supplies electricity to government-held areas, and government-run power plants supply ISIL-held areas.[463] The Syrian government has tactically avoided ISIL forces in order to weaken opposition such as the Free Syrian Army (FSA),[460] and according to United States Secretary of State John Kerry the Syrian government has purposely ceded territory to ISIL.[464] An IHS Jane's Terrorism and Insurgency Center database analysis confirmed that only 6% of Syrian government forces attacks were targeted at ISIL from January to November 2014, while in the same period only 13% of all ISIL attacks targeted government forces.[465] The National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces has stated that the Syrian government has operatives inside ISIL,[466] as has the leadership of Ahrar ash-Sham.[467] A report on 25 June 2015 said that ISIL kept gas flowing to Assad regime-controlled power stations. Furthermore, ISIL allowed grain to pass from the Kurdish-held north-east to regime controlled areas at the cost of a 25% levy.[468]
On 1 June 2015, the United States embassy in Syria stated that the Syrian government was "making air-strikes in support" of an ISIL advance on Syrian opposition positions north of Aleppo.[469] The president of the Syrian National Coalition, Khaled Koja, accused Assad of acting "as an air force for [ISIL]",[470] with the Defence Minister of the SNC Salim Idris stating that approximately 180 Syrian government officers were serving in ISIL and coordinating the group's attacks with the Syrian Arab Army.[471]
However, in an April 2017 report, IHS Markit, the leading UK security and defense information provider, stated that the Islamic State fought Syrian government forces more than any other opponent between 1 April 2016 and 31 March 2017. According to the report "43 percent of all Islamic State fighting in Syria was directed against President Assad's forces, 17 against the U.S.-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) and the remaining 40 percent involved fighting rival Sunni opposition groups".[454]
Turkey
[rediger | rediger kilde]Utdypende artikkel: Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War#Related criticism of Turkey
Turkey has been accused by experts, Syrian Kurds, and United States Vice-President Joe Biden of supporting or colluding with ISIL.[472][473][474] A raid by US special forces on a compound housing the Islamic State's "chief financial officer", Abu Sayyaf, in July 2015, produced evidence that Turkish officials dealt directly with ranking ISIL members. According to a senior Western official, documents and flash drives seized during the Sayyaf raid revealed links "so clear" and "undeniable" between Turkey and ISIL "that they could end up having profound policy implications for the relationship between us and Ankara".[472]
Journalist Patrick Cockburn wrote in November 2014 of "strong evidence for a degree of collaboration" between the Turkish intelligence services and ISIL, although the "exact nature of the relationship ... remains cloudy".[475] In July 2014, Cockburn stated that "Saudi Arabia has created a Frankenstein's monster over which it is rapidly losing control. The same is true of its allies such as Turkey which has been a vital back-base for Isis and Jabhat al-Nusra by keeping the 820 kilometers-long (510 mi) Turkish-Syrian border open."[449] David L. Phillips of Columbia University's Institute for the Study of Human Rights, who compiled a list of allegations and claims accusing Turkey of assisting ISIL, wrote that these allegations "range from military cooperation and weapons transfers to logistical support, financial assistance, and the provision of medical services".[476] Several ISIL fighters and commanders have claimed that Turkey supports ISIL.[477][478][479] Within Turkey itself, ISIL is believed to have caused increasing political polarisation between secularists and Islamists.[480]
Turkey has been further criticised for allowing individuals from outside the region to enter its territory and join ISIL in Syria.[481][482] With many Islamist fighters passing through Turkey to fight in Syria, Turkey has been accused of becoming a transit country for such fighters and has been labelled the "Gateway to Jihad".[483] Turkish border patrol officers are reported to have deliberately overlooked those entering Syria, upon payment of a small bribe.[483] A report by Sky News exposed documents showing that passports of foreign Islamists wanting to join ISIL by crossing into Syria had been stamped by the Turkish government.[484] An ISIL commander stated that "most of the fighters who joined us in the beginning of the war came via Turkey, and so did our equipment and supplies",[476][479] adding that ISIL fighters received treatment in Turkish hospitals.[479]
Qatar
[rediger | rediger kilde]Qatar has long been accused of acting as a conduit for the flow of funds to ISIL. While there is no proof that the Qatari government is behind the movement of funds from the gas-rich nation to ISIL, it has been criticised for not doing enough to stem the flow of financing. Private donors within Qatar, sympathetic to the aims of radical groups such as al-Nusra Front and ISIL, are believed to be channeling their resources to support these organisations.[485][486] According to the US Treasury Department, a number of terrorist financiers have been operating in Qatar. Qatari citizen Abd Al-Rahman al-Nuaimi has served as an interlocutor between Qatari donors and leaders of al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI). Nuaimi reportedly oversaw the transfer of US$2 million per month to AQI over a period of time. He is also one of several of Qatar-based al-Qaeda financiers sanctioned by the US Treasury in recent years. According to some reports, US officials believe that the largest portion of private donations supporting ISIS and al Qaeda-linked groups now comes from Qatar rather than Saudi Arabia.[487]
In August 2014, German minister Gerd Müller accused Qatar of having links to ISIL, stating: "You have to ask who is arming, who is financing ISIS troops. The keyword there is Qatar." Qatari Foreign Minister Khalid bin Mohammad Al Attiyah rejected this statement, saying: "Qatar does not support extremist groups, including [ISIL], in any way. We are repelled by their views, their violent methods and their ambitions."[488][489][490][491]
United States
[rediger | rediger kilde]Rand Paul, junior U.S. Senator from Kentucky, has accused the U.S. government of indirectly supporting ISIL in the Syrian Civil War, by arming their allies and fighting their enemies in that country. The US has assisted the moderate Syrian opposition (see CIA-led Timber Sycamore operation), but whether that assistance has been commandeered by ISIS allies remains unclear.[492]
On 12 September 2014, several media outlets began reporting that the Free Syrian Army had signed a "non-aggression pact" with ISIS in order to focus their attentions elsewhere.[493][494] These reports later proved to be false, as opposition soldiers and activists on the ground reported continued fighting between the two groups. According to Mohammed Alaa Ghanem, director of government relations for the Syrian American Council, "The only report we have received on anything resembling a ceasefire was that ISIS and Sons of Golan, an FSA brigade outside Damascus, halted fighting for 24 hours to collect bodies before hostilities resumed."[495] "FSA commanders declared that they will continue that fight until ISIS is completely eradicated in Damascus suburbs. No truce or cease fire with ISIS," said Syrian National Coalition spokesman Monzer Abkik.[496]
Foreign nationals
[rediger | rediger kilde]A United Nations report from May 2015[oppdater] showed that 25,000 "foreign terrorist fighters" from 100 countries had joined "Islamist" groups, many of them working for ISIL or al-Qaeda.[497] The US-trained commander of Tajikistan's Interior Ministry OMON police special forces, Gulmurod Khalimov, has been raised to the rank of "Minister of War" within the Islamic State.[498][499]
The commander for the Islamic State in Syria, Abu Omar al-Shishani, served previously as a sergeant in the Georgian Army.[500]
A 2015 report by the Program on Extremism at George Washington University found 71 individuals charged in the United States with supporting ISIL, 250 travelling or attempting to travel to Syria or Iraq from the United States to join ISIL, and about 900 active domestic ISIL-related investigations.[501]
An October 2016 World Bank study found that "ISIL's foreign fighters are surprisingly well-educated."[502] Using the fighters' self-reported educational levels, the study concluded that "69% of recruits reported at least a secondary-level education"[502] of which "a large fraction have gone on to study at university"[503] and also that "only 15% of recruits left school before high school; less than 2% are illiterate."[502][503] The study also found that foreign fighters are often more educated than their countrymen where those "from Europe and in Central Asia have similar levels of education to their countrymen" while those "from the Middle East, North Africa, and South and East Asia are significantly more educated than what is typical in their home nations."[502] The report notes that its conclusions that terrorism is not driven by poverty and low levels of education which conforms with previous research.[502] However, the report did find a strong correlation "between a country's male unemployment rate and the propensity of the country to supply foreign fighters".[502]
Foreign nationals by country
[rediger | rediger kilde]Australia
[rediger | rediger kilde]In August 2018 Australia stripped the Australian citizenship from five terrorists who had travelled to fight with the Islamic State and barred them from entering Australia again. This was only possible because they had double citizenships because international law stops the measure from being used on individuals with only one citizenship. The five brought the total to six.[504]
Belgium
[rediger | rediger kilde]In July 2018, courts announced that Belgium had no obligation to bring children of Islamic State members to Belgium.[505]
Sweden
[rediger | rediger kilde]In March 2018 Kurdish authorities reported they had captured 41 IS supporters with either Swedish citizenship or residence permit in Sweden, of which 5 had key positions in the organisation and one was the head of the ISIL propaganda efforts.[506]
United Kingdom
[rediger | rediger kilde]Cabinet minister William Hague stated in 2014 that up to 400 UK citizens had joined ISIL.[507] The government instituted a practice where if those who had joined had double citizenships were stripped of their UK citizenship to prevent them from arriving back in the UK. By 2017, 150 individuals had been stripped of citizenship and were thus unable to enter the United Kingdom again.[508]
Groups expressing support for ISIL
[rediger | rediger kilde]The Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium (TRAC) has identified 60 jihadist groups in 30 countries that have pledged allegiance to or support for ISIL as of mid-November 2014. That many of these groups were previously affiliated with al-Qaeda suggests a shift in global jihadist leadership towards ISIL.[509]
Members of the following groups have declared support for ISIL, either fully or in part:
- Boko Haram[510]
- Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia)[511][512]
- Jund al-Khilafah[513]
- Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem[340]
- Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid[514] – (pledged support to ISIL; the majority of the group split off after its leader pledged allegiance to ISIL)[514][515]
- Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan[516][517]
- Jundallah (Pakistan)[21]
- Caucasus Emirate (multiple Caucasus Emirate commanders switched allegiance to ISIL)[335][518][519]
- Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade[343]
- Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao
Countries and groups at war with ISIL
[rediger | rediger kilde]Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve
Other state based opponents
Territories held by ISIL at its late 2015 peak
ISIL's claims to territory have brought it into armed conflict with many governments, militias and other armed groups. International rejection of ISIL as a terrorist entity and rejection of its claim to even exist have placed it in conflict with countries around the world.
Global Coalition to Counter the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
[rediger | rediger kilde]The Global Coalition to Counter the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), also referred to as the Counter-ISIL Coalition or Counter-DAESH Coalition,[523] is a US-led group of nations and non-state actors that have committed to "work together under a common, multifaceted, and long-term strategy to degrade and defeat ISIL/Daesh". According to a joint statement issued by 59 national governments and the European Union on 3 December 2014, participants in the Counter-ISIL Coalition are focused on multiple lines of effort:[524]
- Supporting military operations, capacity building, and training;
- Stopping the flow of foreign terrorist fighters;
- Cutting off ISIL/Daesh's access to financing and funding;
- Addressing associated humanitarian relief and crises; and
- Exposing ISIL/Daesh's true nature (ideological delegitimisation).
Operation Inherent Resolve is the operational name given by the US to military operations against ISIL and Syrian al-Qaeda affiliates. Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve (CJTF–OIR) is co-ordinating the military portion of the response.
The Arab League, European Union, NATO, and GCC are part of the Counter-ISIL Coalition:[524]
According to the UK-based monitoring group Airwars, the air strikes and artillery of US-led coalition killed as many as 6,000 civilians in Iraq and Syria in 2017.[525][526]
Other state opponents not part of the Counter-ISIL Coalition
[rediger | rediger kilde]Iran[527] – military advisors, training, ground troops, and air power in Iraq and Syria, beside Iranian borders (see Iranian intervention in Iraq)
Russia[528][529] – arms supplier to Iraqi and Syrian governments. In June 2014, the Iraqi army received Russian Sukhoi Su-25 and Sukhoi Su-30 fighter aircraft to combat the ISIL.[530] Security operations within state borders in 2015.[531][532] Airstrikes in Syria (see Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War).[533][534][535]
Azerbaijan[536][537] – security operations within state borders
Pakistan – Military deployment over Saudi Arabia-Iraq border. Arresting ISIL figures in Pakistan.[538][539][540]
Yemen (Supreme Political Council)[541]
Other non-state opponents
[rediger | rediger kilde]al-Nusra Front[542]—with localised truces and co-operation at times
- al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula[253]
- al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb[543]
- Al-Shabaab[544]
Kurdistan Workers' Party—ground troops in Iraqi Kurdistan and in Syrian Kurdistan[548]
Syrian Democratic Forces
Nineveh Plain Protection Units – an Assyrian Christian militia in the Nineveh Plains of Iraq and Syria[549]
[?][550]
[?]—Shia faction in Yemen, fighting for control of the country[551]
Al-Qaeda
[rediger | rediger kilde]Al-Nusra Front is a branch of al-Qaeda operating in Syria. Al-Nusra has launched many attacks and bombings, mostly against targets affiliated with or supportive of the Syrian government.[552] There have been media reports that many of al-Nusra's foreign fighters have left to join al-Baghdadi's ISIL.[553]
In February 2014, after continued tensions, al-Qaeda publicly disavowed any relations with ISIL.[226] However, ISIL and al-Nusra Front still cooperate with each other occasionally when they fight against the Syrian government.[554][555][556]
{{{1}}}
![]()
On 10 September 2015, an audio message was released by al-Qaeda's leader Ayman al-Zawahiri criticising ISIL's self-proclaimed caliphate and accusing it of "sedition". This was described by some media outlets as a "declaration of war".[557] However, although al-Zawahiri denied ISIL's legitimacy, he suggested that there was still room for cooperation against common enemies, and said that if he were in Iraq, he would fight alongside ISIL.[558]
Human rights abuse and war crime findings
[rediger | rediger kilde]Mal:Main page In July 2014, the BBC reported the United Nations' chief investigator as stating: "Fighters from the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) may be added to a list of war crimes suspects in Syria."[559] By June 2014, according to United Nations reports, ISIL had killed hundreds of prisoners of war[560] and over 1,000 civilians.[trenger referanse]
In November 2014, the UN Commission of Inquiry on Syria said that ISIL was committing crimes against humanity.[561][562] A report by Human Rights Watch in November 2014 accused ISIL groups in control of Derna, Libya of war crimes and human rights abuses and of terrorising residents. Human Rights Watch documented three apparent summary executions and at least ten public floggings by the Islamic Youth Shura Council, which joined ISIL in November. It also documented the beheading of three Derna residents and dozens of seemingly politically motivated assassinations of judges, public officials, members of the security forces and others. Sarah Leah Watson, Director of HRW Middle East and North Africa, said: "Commanders should understand that they may face domestic or international prosecution for the grave rights abuses their forces are committing."[563]
Speaking of ISIL's methods, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights has stated that the group "seeks to subjugate civilians under its control and dominate every aspect of their lives through terror, indoctrination, and the provision of services to those who obey".[106]
Religious and minority group persecution
[rediger | rediger kilde]
ISIL compels people in the areas that it controls to live according to its interpretation of sharia law.[109][564] There have been many reports of the group's use of death threats, torture and mutilation to compel conversion to Islam,[109][564] and of clerics being killed for refusal to pledge allegiance to the so-called "Islamic State".[565] ISIL directs violence against Shia Muslims, Alawites, Assyrian, Chaldean, Syriac and Armenian Christians, Yazidis, Druze, Shabaks and Mandeans in particular.[566]
ISIL fighters are targeting Syria's minority Alawite sect.[455][456] The Islamic State and affiliated jihadist groups reportedly took the lead in an offensive on Alawite villages in Latakia Governorate of Syria in August 2013.[457][567]
Amnesty International has held ISIL responsible for the ethnic cleansing of ethnic and religious minority groups in northern Iraq on a "historic scale", putting entire communities "at risk of being wiped off the map of Iraq". In a special report released on 2 September 2014, the organization described how ISIL had "systematically targeted non-Arab and non-Sunni Muslim communities, killing or abducting hundreds, possibly thousands, of individuals and forcing more than 830,000 others to flee the areas it has captured since 10 June 2014". Among these people were Assyrian Christians, Turkmen Shia, Shabak Shia, Kaka'i, Yazidis and Sabean Mandeans, who have lived together for centuries in Nineveh province, large parts of which have come under ISIL's control.[11][568]
Among the known killings of religious and minority group civilians carried out by ISIL are those in the villages and towns of Quiniyeh (70–90 Yazidis killed), Hardan (60 Yazidis killed), Sinjar (500–2,000 Yazidis killed), Ramadi Jabal (60–70 Yazidis killed), Dhola (50 Yazidis killed), Khana Sor (100 Yazidis killed), Hardan (250–300 Yazidis killed), al-Shimal (dozens of Yazidis killed), Khocho (400 Yazidis killed and 1,000 abducted), Jadala (14 Yazidis killed)[569] and Beshir (700 Shia Turkmen killed),[570] and others committed near Mosul (670 Shia inmates of the Badush prison killed),[570] and in Tal Afar prison, Iraq (200 Yazidis killed for refusing conversion).[569] The UN estimated that 5,000 Yazidis were killed by ISIL during the takeover of parts of northern Iraq in August 2014.[571] In late May 2014, 150 Kurdish boys from Kobani aged 14–16 were abducted and subjected to torture and abuse, according to Human Rights Watch.[572] In the Syrian towns of Ghraneij, Abu Haman and Kashkiyeh 700 members of the Sunni Al-Shaitat tribe were killed for attempting an uprising against ISIL control.[573][574] The UN reported that in June 2014 ISIL had killed a number of Sunni Islamic clerics who refused to pledge allegiance to it.[565]
Christians living in areas under ISIL control face four options: converting to Islam, paying a religious levy called the jizya, leaving the "Caliphate", or death.[575][576] "We offer them three choices: Islam; the dhimma contract – involving payment of jizya; if they refuse this they will have nothing but the sword", ISIL said.[577][578] ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi further noted that Christians who do not agree with those terms must "leave the borders of the Islamic Caliphate" within a specified deadline.[577][578] ISIL had already set similar rules for Christians in Raqqa, once one of Syria's more liberal cities.[579][580] However, on 29 March 2016, ISIL issued a decree preventing Christians and Armenians from leaving Raqqa.[581]
On 23 February 2015, in response to a major Kurdish offensive in the Al-Hasakah Governorate, ISIL abducted 150 Assyrian Christians from villages near Tal Tamr (Tell Tamer) in northeastern Syria, after launching a large offensive in the region.[582][583]
Kurdish officials have claimed that ISIL's campaign against Kurdish and Yezidi enclaves, such as Sinjar, are part of an organised Arabization plan.[584]
Treatment of civilians
[rediger | rediger kilde]During the Iraqi conflict in 2014, ISIL released dozens of videos showing its ill treatment of civilians, many of whom had apparently been targeted on the basis of their religion or ethnicity. Navi Pillay, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, warned of war crimes being committed in the Iraqi war zone, and disclosed a UN report of ISIL militants murdering Iraqi Army soldiers and 17 civilians in a single street in Mosul. The UN reported that in the 17 days from 5 to 22 June, ISIL killed more than 1,000 Iraqi civilians and injured more than 1,000.[585][586][587] After ISIL released photographs of its fighters shooting scores of young men, the UN declared that cold-blooded "executions" by militants in northern Iraq almost certainly amounted to war crimes.[588]
ISIL's advance in Iraq in mid-2014 was accompanied by continuing violence in Syria. On 29 May, ISIL raided a village in Syria and at least 15 civilians were killed, including, according to Human Rights Watch, at least six children.[589] A hospital in the area confirmed that it had received 15 bodies on the same day.[590] The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that on 1 June, a 102-year-old man was killed along with his whole family in a village in Hama province.[591] According to Reuters, 1,878 people were killed in Syria by ISIL during the last six months of 2014, most of them civilians.[592]
In Mosul, ISIL has implemented a sharia school curriculum which bans the teaching of art, music, national history, literature and Christianity. Although Charles Darwin's theory of evolution has never been taught in Iraqi schools, the subject has been banned from the school curriculum. Patriotic songs have been declared blasphemous, and orders have been given to remove certain pictures from school textbooks.[593][594][595][596] Iraqi parents have largely boycotted schools in which the new curriculum has been introduced.[597]
After capturing cities in Iraq, ISIL issued guidelines on how to wear clothes and veils. ISIL warned women in the city of Mosul to wear full-face veils or face severe punishment.[598] A cleric told Reuters in Mosul that ISIL gunmen had ordered him to read out the warning in his mosque when worshippers gathered. ISIL ordered the faces of both male and female mannequins to be covered, in an order which also banned the use of naked mannequins.[599] In Raqqa the group uses its two battalions of female fighters in the city to enforce compliance by women with its strict laws on individual conduct.[600]
ISIL released 16 notes labelled "Contract of the City", a set of rules aimed at civilians in Nineveh. One rule stipulated that women should stay at home and not go outside unless necessary. Another rule said that stealing would be punished by amputation.[601][602] In addition to the Muslim custom of banning the sale and use of alcohol, ISIL has banned the sale and use of cigarettes and hookah pipes. It has also banned "music and songs in cars, at parties, in shops and in public, as well as photographs of people in shop windows".[603]
According to The Economist, Saudi practices also followed by the group include the establishment of religious police to root out "vice" and enforce attendance at salat prayers, the widespread use of capital punishment, and the destruction of Christian churches and non-Sunni mosques or their conversion to other uses.[58]
ISIL carried out executions on both men and women who were accused of various acts and found guilty of crimes against Islam such as sodomy,[604] adultery, usage and possession of contraband, rape, blasphemy, witchcraft,[605] renouncing Islam and murder. Before the accused are executed their charges are read to them and the spectators. Executions take various forms, including stoning to death, crucifixions, beheadings, burning people alive, and throwing people from tall buildings.[606][607][608][609] The Islamic State in Iraq frequently carries out mass executions in Mosul and Hawija.
The Islamic State militants were accused of using civilian residents of towns as human shields.[610] The Telegraph reported that "Extremist fighters are deliberately hiding among civilian buildings and residents to try to prevent strikes."[611][612] Civil rights activist told ARA News that "ISIS militants prevent the people of Manbij and Jarablus from leaving their hometowns despite the fierce airstrikes by Russian warplanes".[613] The use of human shields and executions of civilians who tried to flee continued in Iraq right through until the group lost is final major urban territory there after its defeat in the Battle for Mosul in July 2017.[614]
Child soldiers
[rediger | rediger kilde]According to a report by the magazine Foreign Policy, children as young as six are recruited or kidnapped and sent to military and religious training camps, where they practice beheading with dolls and are indoctrinated with the religious views of ISIL.[615] Children are used as human shields on front lines and to provide blood transfusions for Islamic State soldiers,[615] according to Shelly Whitman of the Roméo Dallaire Child Soldiers Initiative. The second instalment of a Vice News documentary about ISIL focused on how the group is specifically grooming children for the future. A spokesman told VICE News that those under the age of 15 go to sharia camp to learn about religion, while those older than 16 can go to military training camp.[615] Children are also used for propaganda. According to a UN report, "In mid-August, ISIL entered a cancer hospital in Mosul, forced at least two sick children to hold the ISIL flag and posted the pictures on the internet." Misty Buswell, a Save the Children representative working with refugees in Jordan, said, "It's not an exaggeration to say we could lose a whole generation of children to trauma."[616] A UN report indicated that at least 89 children, mostly from the ages of 12 to 16 had been killed fighting for the Islamic State in 2015, 39% of which died in suicide bombing attacks.[617] Der Spiegel estimated in 2016 that 1,500 boys were serving as child soldiers for ISIL.[615] It was reported that on 12 March 2017, ISIS used 6 child suicide bombers against the Syrian Army soldiers besieged in Deir Ez-zor.[618]
Sexual violence and slavery
[rediger | rediger kilde]Utdypende artikler: Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency og Slavery in 21st-century Islamism
Sexual violence perpetrated by ISIL includes using rape as a weapon of war;[619] instituting forced marriages to its fighters;[620] and trading women and girls as sex slaves.[621]
There are many reports of sexual abuse and enslavement in ISIL-controlled areas of women and girls, predominantly from the minority Christian and Yazidi communities.[622][623] Fighters are told that they are free to have sex with or rape non-Muslim captive women.[624] Haleh Esfandiari from the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars has highlighted the abuse of local women by ISIL militants after they have captured an area. "They usually take the older women to a makeshift slave market and try to sell them. The younger girls ... are raped or married off to fighters", she said, adding, "It's based on temporary marriages, and once these fighters have had sex with these young girls, they just pass them on to other fighters."[625]
The capture of Iraqi cities by the group in June 2014 was accompanied by an upsurge in crimes against women, including kidnap and rape.[626][627][628] According to Martin Williams in The Citizen, some hard-line Salafists apparently regard extramarital sex with multiple partners as a legitimate form of holy war and it is "difficult to reconcile this with a religion where some adherents insist that women must be covered from head to toe, with only a narrow slit for the eyes".[629]
As of August 2015, the trade in sex slaves appeared to remain restricted to Yazidi women and girls.[621] It has reportedly become a recruiting technique to attract men from conservative Muslim societies, where dating and casual sex are not allowed.[621] Nazand Begikhani said of the Yazidi victims, "These women have been treated like cattle ... They have been subjected to physical and sexual violence, including systematic rape and sex slavery. They've been exposed in markets in Mosul and in Raqqa, Syria, carrying price tags."[630] According to UN Reports the price list for IS sex slaves range from 40 to 160 US dollars. The younger the slave the more expensive. Girls and boys between the age 1–9 are referred to as the most expensive, with the cheapest being women between 40 and 50 years old.[631] According to another source the price of a slave equals the price of an AK-47.[632]
A United Nations report issued on 2 October 2014, based on 500 interviews with witnesses, said that ISIL took 450–500 women and girls to Iraq's Nineveh region in August, where "150 unmarried girls and women, predominantly from the Yazidi and Christian communities, were reportedly transported to Syria, either to be given to ISIL fighters as a reward or to be sold as sex slaves".[623] In mid-October, the UN confirmed that 5,000–7,000 Yazidi women and children had been abducted by ISIL and sold into slavery.[571][633] In November 2014 The New York Times reported on the accounts given by five who escaped ISIL of their captivity and abuse.[634] In December 2014, the Iraqi Ministry of Human Rights announced that ISIL had killed over 150 women and girls in Fallujah who refused to participate in sexual jihad.[635] Non-Muslim women have reportedly been married off to fighters against their will. ISIL claims the women provide the new converts and children necessary to spread ISIL's control.[636]
Shortly after the death of US hostage Kayla Mueller was confirmed on 10 February 2015,[637] several media outlets reported that the US intelligence community believed she may have been given as a wife to an ISIL fighter.[638][639][640] In August 2015 it was confirmed that she had been forced into marriage[641] to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, who raped her repeatedly.[642][641][643] The Mueller family was informed by the US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) that Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi had sexually abused Ms. Mueller, and that Ms. Mueller had also been tortured.[643] Abu Sayyaf's widow, Umm Sayyaf, confirmed that it was her husband who had been Mueller's primary abuser.[644]
In its digital magazine Dabiq, ISIL explicitly claimed religious justification for enslaving Yazidi women.[645][646][647] According to The Wall Street Journal, ISIL appeals to apocalyptic beliefs and claims "justification by a Hadith that they interpret as portraying the revival of slavery as a precursor to the end of the world".[648] ISIL appeals to the hadith and Quran when claiming the right to enslave and rape captive non-Muslim women.[645][649][650] According to Dabiq, "enslaving the families of the kuffar and taking their women as concubines is a firmly established aspect of the Sharia's that if one were to deny or mock, he would be denying or mocking the verses of the Quran and the narration of the Prophet ... and thereby apostatizing from Islam." Captured Yazidi women and children are divided among the fighters who captured them, with one-fifth taken as a tax.[650][651] ISIL has received widespread criticism from Muslim scholars and others in the Muslim world for using part of the Quran to derive a ruling in isolation, rather than considering the entire Quran and hadith.[645][649][650] According to Mona Siddiqui, ISIL's "narrative may well be wrapped up in the familiar language of jihad and 'fighting in the cause of Allah', but it amounts to little more than destruction of anything and anyone who doesn't agree with them"; she describes ISIL as reflecting a "lethal mix of violence and sexual power" and a "deeply flawed view of manhood".[636] Dabiq describes "this large-scale enslavement" of non-Muslims as "probably the first since the abandonment of Shariah law".[650][651]
In late 2014, ISIL released a pamphlet that focused on the treatment of female slaves.[652][653] It claims that the Quran allows fighters to have sex with captives, including adolescent girls, and to beat slaves as discipline. The pamphlet's guidelines also allow fighters to trade slaves, including for sex, as long as they have not been impregnated by their owners.[652][653][654] Charlie Winter, a researcher at the counter-extremist think tank Quilliam, described the pamphlet as "abhorrent".[654][655] In response to this document Abbas Barzegar, a religion professor at Georgia State University, said Muslims around the world find ISIL's "alien interpretation of Islam grotesque and abhorrent".[656] Muslim leaders and scholars from around the world have rejected the validity of ISIL's claims, claiming that the reintroduction of slavery is un-Islamic, that they are required to protect "People of the Scripture" including Christians, Jews, Muslims and Yazidis, and that ISIL's fatwas are invalid due to their lack of religious authority and the fatwas' inconsistency with Islam.[363][361]
The Independent reported in 2015 that the usage of Yazidi sex slaves had created ongoing friction among fighters within ISIL. Sajad Jiyad, a Research Fellow and Associate Member at the Iraqi Institute for Economic Reform, told the newspaper that many ISIL supporters and fighters had been in denial about the trafficking of kidnapped Yazidi women until a Dabiq article justifying the practice was published.[657][658] The New York Times said in August 2015 that "[t]he systematic rape of women and girls from the Yazidi religious minority has become deeply enmeshed in the organization and the radical theology of the Islamic State in the year since the group announced it was reviving slavery as an institution."[621] The article claims that ISIL is not merely exonerating but sacralising rape, and illustrated this with the testimony of escapees. One 15-year-old victim said that, while she was being assaulted, her rapist "kept telling me this is ibadah"; a 12-year-old victim related how her assailant claimed that, "by raping me, he is drawing closer to God";[621] and one adult prisoner told how, when she challenged her captor about repeatedly raping a 12 year old, she was met with the retort, "No, she's not a little girl, she's a slave and she knows exactly how to have sex and having sex with her pleases God."[621]
In July 2016 it was reported by an AP investigation that ISIL was using mobile apps like Telegram to sell their sex slaves and identify the slaves of other ISIL members at checkpoints.[659] In 2016, the Commission for International Justice and Accountability said they had identified 34 senior ISIL members who were instrumental in the systematic sex slave trade and planned to prosecute them after the end of hostilities.[660]
Attacks on members of the press
[rediger | rediger kilde]The Committee to Protect Journalists states: "Without a free press, few other human rights are attainable."[661] ISIL has tortured and murdered local journalists,[662][663] creating what Reporters Without Borders calls "news blackholes" in areas controlled by ISIL. ISIL fighters have reportedly been given written directions to kill or capture journalists.[664]
In December 2013, two suicide bombers stormed the headquarters of TV station Salaheddin and killed five journalists, after accusing the station of "distorting the image of Iraq's Sunni community". Reporters Without Borders reported that on 7 September 2014, ISIL seized and on 11 October publicly beheaded Raad al-Azzawi, a TV Salaheddin cameraman from the village of Samra, east of Tikrit.[665] As of October 2014, according to the Journalistic Freedoms Observatory, ISIL is holding nine journalists and has nine others under close observation in Mosul and Salahuddin province.[664]
During 2013 and part of 2014, an ISIL unit nicknamed the Beatles acquired and held 12 Western journalists hostage, along with aid workers and other foreign hostages, totalling 23 or 24 known hostages. A Polish journalist Marcin Suder was captured in July 2013 but escaped four months later.[666] The unit executed American journalists James Foley and Steven Sotloff and released beheading videos. Eight of the other journalists were released for ransom: Danish journalist Daniel Rye Ottosen, French journalists Didier François, Edouard Elias, Nicolas Hénin, and Pierre Torres, and Spanish journalists Marc Marginedas, Javier Espinosa, and Ricardo García Vilanova. The unit continues to hold hostage British journalist John Cantlie and a female aid worker.[667]
Cyber-security group the Citizen Lab released a report finding a possible link between ISIL and a digital attack on the Syrian citizen media group Raqqa Is Being Slaughtered Silently (RSS). Supporters of the media group received an emailed link to an image of supposed airstrikes, but clicking on the link introduced malware to the user's computer that sends details of the user's IP address and system each time it restarts. That information has been enough to allow ISIL to locate RSS supporters. "The group has been targeted for kidnappings, house raids, and at least one alleged targeted killing. At the time of that writing, ISIL was allegedly holding several citizen journalists in Raqqa", according to the Citizen Lab report.[668]
On 8 January 2015, ISIL members in Libya claimed to have executed Tunisian journalists Sofiene Chourabi and Nadhir Ktari who disappeared in September 2014.[669] Also in January 2015, Japanese journalist Kenji Goto was kidnapped and beheaded, after a demand for a $200 million ransom payment was not met.[670]
Beheadings and mass executions
[rediger | rediger kilde]Utdypende artikkel: ISIL beheading incidents
An unknown number of Syrians and Iraqis, several Lebanese soldiers, male and female Kurdish fighters near Kobanî, two American journalists, one American and two British aid workers, 30 Ethiopian Christians[671] and 21 Egyptian Coptic Christians in Libya[672] have been beheaded by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. ISIL uses beheadings to intimidate local populations and has released a series of propaganda videos aimed at Western countries.[9] ISIL was reported to have beheaded about 100 foreign fighters as deserters who tried to leave Raqqa.[673]
They also engage in public and mass executions of Syrian and Iraqi soldiers and civilians,[455] sometimes forcing prisoners to dig their own graves before shooting lines of prisoners and pushing them in.[674][675] Among the known mass executions of captured soldiers carried out by ISIL are those in Tikrit (ISIS executed up to 1,700 Shia Iraqi Air Force cadets from Camp Speicher near Tikrit on 12 June 2014),[676][677] Al-Thawrah (ISIS executed 250 Syrian soldiers captured at the Al-Tabqa air base between 27 and 28 August 2014),[678] Palmyra (up to 280 Syrian soldiers and government loyalists were shot in the head or beheaded in a public square on 22 May 2015),[679] and Deir ez-Zor (ISIS killed at least 300 Syrian soldiers, pro-government militiamen and their families on 16 January 2016).[680]
ISIS executed 600 Shia prisoners in Mosul in June 2014.[681] In November 2014, there were reports that ISIS fighters massacred more than 630 members of the Albu Nimr tribe in Iraq. Albu Nimr was one of the Sunni Arab tribes that fiercely opposed the Islamic State.[682] On 17 December 2014, it was reported by Turkish media, that the ISIS had executed at least 150 women from the Albu Nimr tribe in Falluja for refusing to marry ISIS militants.[683]
Use of chemical weapons
[rediger | rediger kilde]Utdypende artikler: Use of chemical weapons in the Iraqi civil war og Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war
Kurds in northern Iraq reported being attacked by ISIS with chemical weapons in August 2015,[684] which was later confirmed to be mustard gas.[685] At Kobanî, it is highly likely that ISIS used chlorine gas. These chemical weapons may be from a chemical weapons storage site at Al-Muthanna, which contained 2,500 chemical rockets. Although the rockets' chemical contents were deteriorated, ISIS may have used them in a concentrated manner.[686]
Destruction of cultural and religious heritage
[rediger | rediger kilde]Utdypende artikkel: Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL
UNESCO's Director-General Irina Bokova has warned that ISIL is destroying Iraq's cultural heritage, in what she has called "cultural cleansing". "We don't have time to lose because extremists are trying to erase the identity, because they know that if there is no identity, there is no memory, there is no history", she said. Referring to the ancient cultures of Christians, Yazidis and other minorities, she said, "This is a way to destroy identity. You deprive them of their culture, you deprive them of their history, their heritage, and that is why it goes hand in hand with genocide. Along with the physical persecution they want to eliminate – to delete – the memory of these different cultures ... we think this is appalling, and this is not acceptable."[687] Saad Eskander, head of Iraq's National Archives said, "For the first time you have cultural cleansing... For the Yazidis, religion is oral, nothing is written. By destroying their places of worship... you are killing cultural memory. It is the same with the Christians – it really is a threat beyond belief."[688]
To finance its activities, ISIL is stealing artefacts from Syria[689] and Iraq and sending them to Europe to be sold. UNESCO has asked for United Nations Security Council controls on the sale of antiquities, similar to those imposed after the 2003 Iraq War. UNESCO is working with Interpol, national customs authorities, museums, and major auction houses in attempts to prevent looted items from being sold.[688] ISIL occupied Mosul Museum, the second most important museum in Iraq, as it was about to reopen after years of rebuilding following the Iraq War, saying that the statues were against Islam and threatening to destroy the museum's contents.[690][691]
ISIL considers worshipping at graves tantamount to idolatry, and seeks to purify the community of unbelievers. It has used bulldozers to crush buildings and archaeological sites.[691] Bernard Haykel has described al-Baghdadi's creed as "a kind of untamed Wahhabism", saying, "For Al Qaeda, violence is a means to an ends [sic]; for ISIS, it is an end in itself".Mal:R The destruction by ISIL in July 2014 of the tomb and shrine of the prophet Yunus – Jonah in Christianity – the 13th-century mosque of Imam Yahya Abu al-Qassimin, the 14th-century shrine of prophet Jerjis – St George to Christians – and the attempted destruction of the Hadba minaret at the 12th-century Great Mosque of Al-Nuri have been described as "an unchecked outburst of extreme Wahhabism".[692] "There were explosions that destroyed buildings dating back to the Assyrian era", said National Museum of Iraq director Qais Rashid, referring to the destruction of the shrine of Yunus. He cited another case where "Daesh (ISIL) gathered over 1,500 manuscripts from convents and other holy places and burnt all of them in the middle of the city square".[693] In March 2015, ISIL reportedly bulldozed the 13th-century BC Assyrian city of Nimrud, believing its sculptures to be idolatrous. UNESCO head, Irina Bokova, deemed this to be a war crime.[694]
ISIL has burned or stolen collections of books and papers from the various locations including the Central Library of Mosul (which they rigged with explosives and burned down),[695] the library at the University of Mosul, a Sunni Muslim library, a 265-year-old Latin Church and Monastery of the Dominican Fathers, and the Mosul Museum Library. Some destroyed or stolen works date back to 5000 BCE and include "Iraq newspapers dating to the early 20th century, maps and books from the Ottoman Empire, and book collections contributed by about 100 of Mosul's establishment families." The stated goal is to destroy all non-Islamic books.
See also
[rediger | rediger kilde]Portaler: Arab World | Iraq | Syria | Syrian Civil War | Terrorism
- Violent extremism
- List of armed groups in the Iraqi Civil War
- List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War
- List of wars and battles involving ISIL
- Operation Inherent Resolve
- Islamic Military Alliance
- Rape during the Syrian Civil War
References
[rediger | rediger kilde]- ^ a b c d e Tharoor, Ishaan (18 June 2014). «ISIS or ISIL? The debate over what to call Iraq's terror group». The Washington Post. Besøkt 21 June 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Schwartz, Felica (23 December 2014). «One More Name for Islamic State: Daesh». The Wall Street Journal. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Guthrie, Alice (19 February 2015). «Decoding Daesh: Why is the new name for ISIS so hard to understand?». Free Word Centre. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Fouad al-Ibrahim (22 August 2014). «Why ISIS is a threat to Saudi Arabia: Wahhabism's deferred promise». Al Akhbar English. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Dolgov, Boris (23 September 2014). «Islamic State and the policy of the West». Oriental Review. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) Wilson, Rodney (2015). Islam and Economic Policy. Edinburgh University Press. s. 178. ISBN 978-0-7486-8389-5. Cockburn, Patrick (3 March 2016). End Times for the Caliphate?. London Review of Books. 38. s. 29–30. Sjekk datoverdier i|dato=
(hjelp) Pastukhov, Dmitry; Greenwold, Nathaniel. «Does Islamic State have the economic and political institutions for future development?» (PDF). Pedler, John (2015). A Word Before Leaving: A Former Diplomat's Weltanschauung. Troubador. s. 99. ISBN 978-1-78462-223-7. Kerr, Michael; Larkin, Craig (2015). The Alawis of Syria: War, Faith and Politics in the Levant. Oxford University Press. s. 21. ISBN 978-0-19-045811-9. - ^ a b «John Kerry holds talks in Iraq as more cities fall to ISIS militants». CNN. 23 June 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b c Al-Salhy, Suadad; Arango, Tim (10 June 2014). «Sunni Militants Drive Iraqi Army Out of Mosul». The New York Times. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b c Arango, Tim (3 August 2014). «Sunni Extremists in Iraq Seize 3 Towns From Kurds and Threaten Major Dam». The New York Times. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b «A Short History Of ISIS Propaganda Videos». The World Post. 11 March 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ al-Taie, Khalid (13 February 2015). «Iraq churches, mosques under ISIL attack». Al-Shorfa. Arkivert fra originalen 19 February 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b «Ethnic cleansing on a historic scale: The Islamic State's systematic targeting of minorities in northern Iraq» (PDF). Amnesty International. 2 September 2014. Arkivert fra originalen (PDF) 12 March 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Roggio, Bill (29 June 2014). «ISIS announces formation of Caliphate, rebrands as 'Islamic State'». Long War Journal. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b c Withnall, Adam (29 June 2014). «Iraq crisis: Isis changes name and declares its territories a new Islamic state with 'restoration of caliphate' in Middle East». The Independent. London. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «What is Islamic State?». BBC News. 26 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b c «What does ISIS' declaration of a caliphate mean?». Al Akhbar English. 30 June 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp). See also: Mal:Harvc - ^ Akyol, Mustafa (21 December 2015). «A Medieval Antidote to ISIS». The New York Times. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b «Why ISIL Will Fail on Its Own». Politico. 29 November 2015. Besøkt 29 November 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Birke, Sarah (5 February 2017). «How ISIS Rules». The New York Review of Books. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Islamic State and the crisis in Iraq and Syria in maps». BBC News. 18 October 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Exclusive: In turf war with Afghan Taliban, Islamic State loyalists gain ground». Reuters. 29 June 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b «Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State». Reuters. 18 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b c d e Zavadski, Katie (23 November 2014). «ISIS Now Has a Network of Military Affiliates in 11 Countries Around the World». New York. Besøkt 25 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Gerges, Fawaz A. (2016). A History of ISIS. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. s. 21–22. ISBN 9780691170008.
- ^ a b «PressTV-'US created, allowed regional funding of Daesh'». 11 July 2017. Arkivert fra originalen 11 July 2017. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Russia's Syria Mirage Institute for Study of War website. By Matti Suomenaro, et al. 13 August 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
- ^ FOX. «ISIS has lost 98 percent of its territory, officials say».
- ^ «Islamic State completely 'evicted' from Iraq, Iraqi PM says». The Age. 9 December 2017. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Irshaid, Faisal (2 December 2015). «Isis, Isil, IS or Daesh? One group, many names». BBC. Besøkt 2 December 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «AlQaeda in Iraq confirms Syria's Nusra Front is part of its network». Al Arabiya English. 9 April 2013. Besøkt 15 June 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Saxena, Vivek (18 June 2014). «ISIS vs ISIL – Which One Is It?». The Inquisitr. Besøkt 20 June 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Terrorist Designations of Groups Operating in Syria». United States Department of State. 14 May 2014. Besøkt 18 June 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Isis, Isil or Da'ish? What to call militants in Iraq». BBC News. 24 June 2014. Besøkt 16 August 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Randal, Collin. «Why Does a Simple Word like Daesh Disturb Extremists so Much». The National. Abu Dhabi. Besøkt 22 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ Abouzeid, Rania (16 January 2014). «Syria's uprising within an uprising». European Council on Foreign Relations. Arkivert fra originalen 25 January 2014. Besøkt 15 August 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Vultaggio, Maria (16 November 2015). «ISIL, ISIS, Islamic State, Daesh: What's The Difference?». International Business Times. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b c Moore, Jack (2 July 2014). «Iraq Crisis: Senior Jordan Jihadist Slams Isis Caliphate». International Business Times UK. Besøkt 2 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Mandhai, Shafik (7 July 2014). «Muslim leaders reject Baghdadi's caliphate». Al Jazeera. Besøkt 12 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Iraq's Baghdadi calls for 'holy war'». Al Jazeera. 2 July 2014. Besøkt 2 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b c «Statement by the President on ISIL». White House. Besøkt 13 October 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b «United Nations Official Document». United Nations. Arkivert fra originalen 28 October 2014. Besøkt 13 October 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Pugliese, David. «Details about the Canadian government's motion about going to war against ISIL». Ottawa Citizen. Besøkt 13 October 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Turkish government files motion to Parliament to fight ISIL». Andalou Agency. Besøkt 14 October 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b «Australia says ready to strike ISIL in Iraq». Al Jazeera. 3 October 2014. Besøkt 13 October 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Russia urges Iran's participation in anti-ISIL battle». Press TV. 28 September 2014. Arkivert fra originalen 12 October 2014. Besøkt 21 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «ISIL: UK government response». Government of the United Kingdom. 13 October 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Taylor, Adam (17 September 2014). «France is ditching the 'Islamic State' name—and replacing it with a label the group hates». The Washington Post. Besøkt 6 October 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Yuhasin, Alan (19 December 2014). «US general rebrands Isis 'Daesh' after requests from regional partners Leader of operations against group uses alternative name – a pejorative in Arabic that rejects fighters' claims on Islam». The Guardian. Besøkt 22 December 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Tobey, Mark (2015). The ISIS Crisis: What You Really Need to Know. chapter 6 reference 13. «The final expression of Islamic government found in the Middle East would seem to be the purest, yet actually represents the most dangerous form: theocratic Islam.»
- ^ Belanger-McMurdo, Adele. «A Fight for Statehood? ISIS and Its Quest for Political Domination». «Nevertheless, ISIS is neither a terrorist organization nor a political party; instead, it is a theocratic proto-state.»
- ^ Caldwell, Dan (2016). Seeking Security in an Insecure World. Rowman & Littlefield. s. 195. «It is a theocratic state that considers itself unbound by the Westphalian principle of sovereignty with its corollaries of nonaggression and nonintervention»
- ^ a b Hassan, Hassan (24 January 2015). «The secret world of Isis training camps – ruled by sacred texts and the sword». The Guardian. Besøkt 2 February 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Bradley, Matt (1 February 2015). «Islamic State Affiliate Takes Root Amid Libya's Chaos». The Wall Street Journal. Besøkt 2 February 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Teti, Isabella Frances (6 November 2016). «The 'ISIS Phenomenon'». PennState Presidential Leadership Academy. Pennsylvania State University. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «INGYouth: Frequently Asked Questions». ING. Besøkt 30 November 2017. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Prusher, Ilene (9 September 2014). «What the ISIS Flag Says About the Militant Group». Time. Arkivert fra originalen 9 September 2014. Besøkt 29 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Speckhard, Anne (29 August 2014). «Endtimes Brewing». Huffington Post (UK). Arkivert fra originalen 17 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Hussain, Ghaffar (30 June 2014). «Iraq crisis: What does the Isis caliphate mean for global jihadism?». London. Besøkt 6 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Crime and punishment in Saudi Arabia: The other beheaders. The Economist. 20 September 2014. Besøkt 7 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Staff writer (19 August 2014). «'ISIS is enemy No. 1 of Islam,' says Saudi grand mufti». Al Arabiyah News English. Besøkt 5 October 2017. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Staff writer. «Some Saudi clerics condemn Isil but preach intolerance». Gulf News (10 September 2014). Reuters. Besøkt 5 October 2017. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ Mamouri, Ali (29 July 2014). «Why Islamic State has no sympathy for Hamas». Al-Monitor. Arkivert fra originalen 1 August 2014. Besøkt 1 August 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b c Wood, Graeme (15 February 2015). «What ISIS Really Wants». The Atlantic. Besøkt 19 February 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Beauchamp, Zack (2 September 2014). «17 things about ISIS and Iraq you need to know». Vox. Besøkt 5 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Abu Mohammad. «Letter dated 9 July 2005» (PDF). Office of the Director of National Intelligence. See page 2 onwards. Arkivert fra originalen (PDF) 22 May 2011. Besøkt 22 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b c d Johnson, M. Alex (3 September 2014). «'Deviant and Pathological': What Do ISIS Extremists Really Want?». NBC News. Besøkt 5 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Kubba, Laith (7 July 2014). «Who is the U.S. targeting in Iraq air strikes?». Al Jazeera. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Withnall, Adam (21 December 2014). «Middle East. Inside Isis: The first Western journalist ever to be given access to the 'Islamic State' has just returned – and this is what he discovered». Independent. Besøkt 3 October 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Greyvenstein, Hester Maria (15 January 2015). «Q&A: German journalist on surviving ISIL». Al Jazeera. Besøkt 4 October 2015. «Something that I don't understand at all is the enthusiasm in their plan of religious cleansing, planning to kill the non-believers... They also will kill Muslim democrats because they believe that non-ISIL-Muslims put the laws of human beings above the commandments of God. These were very difficult discussions, especially when they were talking about the number of people who they are willing to kill. They were talking about hundreds of millions. They were enthusiastic about it, and I just cannot understand that.» Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Tran, Mark; Weaver, Matthew (30 June 2014). «Isis announces Islamic caliphate in area straddling Iraq and Syria». The Guardian. Besøkt 6 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ McGrath, Timothy (2 July 2014). «Watch this English-speaking ISIS fighter explain how a 98-year-old colonial map created today's conflict». Los Angeles Times. GlobalPost. Besøkt 22 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Caillet, Romain (27 December 2013). «The Islamic State: Leaving al-Qaeda Behind». Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Manne, Robert (June 2016). The mind of the Islamic State: An ideology of savagery. The Monthly. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Moghadam, Assaf; Fishman, Brian (10 May 2011). Fault Lines in Global Jihad: Organizational, Strategic, and Ideological Fissures. Taylor & Francis. s. 55. ISBN 978-1-136-71058-2. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Mal:Cite report
- ^ a b Reuter, Christoph (18 April 2015). «The Terror Strategist: Secret Files Reveal the Structure of Islamic State». Der Spiegel. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Reardon, Martin (6 July 2015). «ISIL and the management of savagery». Al Jazeera. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Gude, Ken (November 2015). Anti-Muslim Sentiment Is a Serious Threat to American Security (PDF). Center for American Progress. s. 3.
- ^ Burke, Jason (14 November 2015). «Islamic State 'Goes Global' with Paris Attacks». The Observer. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Mal:Cite report
- ^ Chotiner, Isaac (12 July 2016). «The ISIS Correspondent [interview with Rukmini Callimachi]». Slate. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Naji, Abu Bakr (23 May 2006). The Management of Savagery: The Most Critical Stage Through Which the Umma Will Pass (PDF). John M. Olin Institute for Strategic Studies at Harvard University. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ McCoy, Terrence (12 August 2014). «The calculated madness of the Islamic State's horrifying brutality». The Washington Post. Besøkt 1 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Crooke, Alastair (30 June 2014). «The ISIS' 'Management of Savagery' in Iraq». HuffPost. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Hassan, Hassan (8 February 2015). «Isis has reached new depths of depravity. But there is a brutal logic behind it». The Guardian. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Wright, Lawrence (16 June 2014). «ISIS's Savage Strategy in Iraq». The New Yorker. Besøkt 1 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Atran, Scott; Hamid, Nafees (16 November 2015). «Paris: The War ISIS Wants». The New York Review of Books. Besøkt 20 November 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Erdbrink, Thomas (7 June 2017). «Iran Assails Saudi Arabia After Pair of Deadly Terrorist Attacks». The New York Times. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Hubbard, Ben (24 July 2014). «Life in a Jihadist Capital: Order With a Darker Side». The New York Times. Besøkt 5 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Everything We Knew About This ISIS Mastermind Was Wrong». The Daily Beast. 15 April 2016. Besøkt 1 May 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «The Islamic State» (PDF). Soufan Group. November 2014. Besøkt 23 April 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ «ISIS Replace Injured Leader Baghdadi With Former Physics Teacher». Newsweek. 22 April 2015. Besøkt 7 May 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Thompson, Nick; Shubert, Attika (18 September 2014). «The anatomy of ISIS: How the 'Islamic State' is run, from oil to beheadings». CNN. Besøkt 21 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b c d Ruthven, Malise (9 July 2015). Inside the Islamic State. Review of Islamic State: The Digital Caliphate by Abdel Bari Atwan. The New York Review of Books. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ The hidden hand behind the Islamic State militants? Saddam Hussein’s., The Washington Post
- ^ a b c Hubbard, Ben; Schmitt, Eric (27 August 2014). «Military Skill and Terrorist Technique Fuel Success of ISIS». The New York Times. Besøkt 28 August 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Sly, Liz (5 April 2015). «How Saddam Hussein's former military officers and spies are controlling Isis». Independent. London. «But American officials didn't anticipate that they would become not only adjuncts to al-Qaeda, but core members of the jihadist group. They were instrumental in the group's rebirth from the defeats inflicted on insurgents by the US military, which is now back in Iraq bombing many of the same men it had already fought twice before.» Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Former US military adviser David Kilcullen says there would be no Isis without Iraq invasion». Independent. 4 March 2016. Besøkt 8 March 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Foreign Recruits Are Islamic State's Cannon Fodder». Bloomberg News. 11 February 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Iraqis, Saudis call shots in Raqa, ISIL's Syrian 'capital'». Channel NewsAsia. 19 June 2014. Arkivert fra originalen 12 February 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Abi-Habib, Maria (9 March 2015). «Splits in Islamic State Emerge as Its Ranks Expand». Besøkt 11 April 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Trofimov, Yaroslav (4 February 2015). «In Islamic State Stronghold of Raqqa, Foreign Fighters Dominate». Besøkt 11 April 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «IS group unit known as 'Emni' aims to export terror around the world – France 24». 4 August 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «How a Secretive Branch of ISIS Built a Global Network of Killers». The New York Times. 3 August 2016. Besøkt 7 August 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Chulov, Martin (31 August 2016). «Abu Muhammad al-Adnani's death does not signal the demise of Isis». The Guardian. Besøkt 31 August 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ The Islamic State: How Its Leadership Is Organized. 8 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b c «Rule of Terror: Living under ISIS in Syria» (PDF). United Nations Commission on Human Rights. Arkivert fra originalen (PDF) 4 February 2015. Besøkt 29 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ Two women release extraordinary footage of what life is really like living under Isis. 13 March 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Deserters describe life under ISIL rule». Al Jazeera. 13 October 2016. Besøkt 21 October 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b c d McCoy, Terrence (13 June 2013). «ISIL, beheadings and the success of horrifying violence». The Washington Post. Besøkt 23 June 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Haytham Mustafa (31 December 2016). «Islamic State replaces Syrian officials by foreign jihadists in Raqqa». ARA News. Arkivert fra originalen 1 January 2017. Besøkt 31 December 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Sa është numri i xhihadistëve të ISIS-it?» (Albanian). Tirana, Albania: Top Channel. Besøkt 22 February 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ Weaver, Mary Anne (19 April 2015). «Her Majesty's Jihadists». The New York Times. Besøkt 14 April 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «UN Report on 15,000 Foreigners Joining ISIS Fighters in Syria And Iraq Will Shock You». International Business Times. Arkivert fra originalen 10 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=
(hjelp) - ^ Windrem, Robert (28 February 2015). «ISIS By the Numbers: Foreign Fighter Total Keeps Growing». NBC News. Besøkt 10 December 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Sarhan, Arme. "CIA: 30,000 foreign fighters have traveled to Syria and Iraq to join ISIS". Iraq News. 29 September 2015.
- ^ «World's Richest Terror Army». BBC. 24 April 2015. s. 25:06 – within a 59 minute programme. «excerpt from, interview with Abu Hajjar, a former "senior leader of IS": "How much money would a foreign fighter receive as a wage?" "A foreigner? They aren't given a salary. They are given food and housing, not money."» Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Ismay, John (17 October 2013). «Insight into How Insurgents Fought in Iraq». The New York Times. Besøkt 22 August 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Lister, Charles (7 August 2014). «Not Just Iraq: The Islamic State Is Also on the March in Syria». HuffPost. Besøkt 11 August 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ "ISIS used US-made anti-tank missiles near Palmyra". Business Insider. 9 June 2015.
- ^ "U.S. missile brought down Russian helicopter in Syria: report". Japan Times. 10 July 2016.
- ^ Crawford, Jamie (14 December 2017). «Report details where ISIS gets its weapons». CNN. Besøkt 27 December 2017. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Treasury Targets ISIS Leader Involved in Chemical Weapons Development». United States Department of the Treasury. 12 June 2017. «Al-Jaburi is an Iraq-based, ISIS senior leader in charge of factories producing improvised explosive devices (IEDs), vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices (VBIEDs), and explosives, and he is involved in the development of chemical weapons» Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Cowell, Alan (10 July 2014). «Low-Grade Nuclear Material Is Seized by Rebels in Iraq, U.N. Says». The New York Times. Besøkt 15 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Sherlock, Ruth (10 July 2014). «Iraq jihadists seize 'nuclear material', says ambassador to UN». The Telegraph. London. Besøkt 15 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Blake, Paul (11 September 2015). «US official: 'IS making and using chemical weapons in Iraq and Syria'». BBC. Besøkt 16 September 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Dearden, Lizzie (11 September 2015). «Isis 'manufacturing and using chemical weapons' in Iraq and Syria, US official claims». Independent. London. Besøkt 16 September 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Mal:Cite report
- ^ Eshel, Tamir (12 October 2016). «Weaponized Mini-Drones Entering the Fight». Defense Update. Besøkt 25 February 2017. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Eshel, Tamir (17 January 2017). «RAF Strikes Daesh Drone Facility in Mosul». Defense Update. Besøkt 25 February 2017. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Tomlinson, Simon (1 December 2014). «'ISIS made me clean the toilets... and my iPod didn't work': How disenchanted Islamic fanatics are returning home because jihad isn't as glamorous as they hoped». Daily Mail. London. Besøkt 22 January 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Saul, Heather (31 October 2014). «Isis now targeting women with guides on how to be the 'ultimate wives of jihad'». Independent. London. Besøkt 22 January 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Abdul-Alim, Jamaal (8 March 2015). ISIS 'Manifesto' Spells Out Role for Women. The Atlantic. Besøkt 23 November 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Winter, Charlie (5 February 2015). «QUILLIAM Translation and Analysis of Islamic State Manifesto on Jihadist Brides». Quilliam Foundation. Arkivert fra originalen 19 January 2016. Besøkt 23 November 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b c d Khalaf, Roula; Jones, Sam (17 June 2014). «Selling terror: how Isis details its brutality». Financial Times. Besøkt 18 June 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Stone, Jeff (17 June 2014). «ISIS Attacks Twitter Streams, Hacks Accounts To Make Jihadi Message Go Viral». International Business Times. Besøkt 19 June 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Roggio, Bill (28 October 2007). «US targets al Qaeda's al Furqan media wing in Iraq». Long War Journal. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Bilger 2014, s. 1 .Mal:Full citation needed
- ^ Zelin, Aaron Y. (8 March 2013). «New statement from the Global Islamic Media Front: Announcement on the Publishing of al-I'tiṣām Media Foundation – A Subsidiary of the Islamic State of Iraq – It Will Be Released Via GIMF». Jihadology. Besøkt 24 June 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Zelin, Aaron Y. (20 August 2013). «New statement from the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Shām: "Announcing Ajnād Foundation For Media Production"». Jihadology. Besøkt 8 June 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Gertz, Bill (13 June 2014). «New Al Qaeda Group Produces Recruitment Material for Americans, Westerners». The Washington Free Beacon. Besøkt 24 June 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «ISIS Declares Islamic Caliphate, Appoints Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi As 'Caliph', Declares All Muslims Must Pledge Allegiance To Him». MEMRI. 30 June 2014. Besøkt 7 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Zelin, Aaron Y. (28 January 2015). «The Islamic State's model». The Washington Post. Besøkt 30 March 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Sullivan, Kevin (8 December 2014). «Three American teens, recruited online, are caught trying to join the Islamic State». The Washington Post. Besøkt 9 December 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Dabiq: What Islamic State's New Magazine Tells Us about Their Strategic Direction, Recruitment Patterns and Guerrilla Doctrine». The Jamestown Foundation. 1 August 2014. Besøkt 18 August 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Akkoc, Raziye (12 October 2015). «Ankara bombings: Islamic State is main suspect, says Turkish PM Ahmet Davutoglu». The Daily Telegraph. Besøkt 2 December 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Hunter, Isabel (22 July 2015). «Suruc bombings: Turkish President accused of not doing enough to help Kurds fight Isis threat across its border in Syria». Independent. Besøkt 2 December 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Jihadists Release First Issue of Pro-IS French Magazine "Dar al-Islam"». SITE Intelligence Group. 22 December 2014. Besøkt 31 March 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «The Virtual Caliphate: ISIS'S Information Warfare» (PDF). Institute for the Study of War. Besøkt 7 February 2017. «As of late 2016, Rumiyah has apparently supplanted other internationally oriented publications, as al-Hayat has ceased publishing them» Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Islamic State launches English-language radio bulletins». The Daily Telegraph. London. 7 April 2015. Besøkt 18 May 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Berger, J. M. (16 June 2014). «How ISIS Games Twitter». The Atlantic. Besøkt 19 June 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «ISIS Propaganda Campaign Threatens U.S.». Anti-Defamation League. 27 June 2014. Besøkt 27 June 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Isis Telegram channel doubles followers to 9,000 in less than 1 week». 12 October 2015 – via Yahoo News. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Lee, Ian; Hanna, Jason (12 August 2015). «Croatian ISIS captive reportedly beheaded». CNN. Besøkt 12 August 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Walsh, Michael (23 September 2014). «ISIS releases second 'lecture video' of British hostage John Cantlie». Daily News. New York. Besøkt 6 October 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Hegghammer, Thomas; Nesser, Petter (9 July 2015). «Assessing the Islamic State's Commitment to Attacking the West». Perspectives on Terrorism. Terrorism Research Initiative. 9 (4). Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Inside the Islamic State kidnap machine». BBC News. 22 September 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Financing of the Terrorist Organisation Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant» (PDF). Financial Action Task Force. February 2015. Besøkt 19 April 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Matthews, Dylan (24 July 2014). «The surreal infographics ISIS is producing, translated». Vox. Besøkt 25 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b c Allam, Hannah (23 June 2014). «Records show how Iraqi extremists withstood U.S. anti-terror efforts». McClatchy News. Besøkt 25 June 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ The Editorial Board (12 March 2017). «Man Without an ISIS Plan». The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Chulov, Martin (15 June 2014). «How an arrest in Iraq revealed Isis's $2bn jihadist network». The Guardian. Besøkt 17 June 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Moore, Jack (11 June 2014). «Mosul Seized: Jihadis Loot $429m from City's Central Bank to Make Isis World's Richest Terror Force». International Business Times. Besøkt 19 June 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ McCoy, Terrence (12 June 2014). «ISIS just stole $425 million, Iraqi governor says, and became the 'world's richest terrorist group'». The Washington Post. Besøkt 18 June 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Carey, Glen; Haboush, Mahmoud; Viscusi, Gregory (26 June 2014). «Financing Jihad: Why ISIS Is a Lot Richer Than Al-Qaeda». Bloomberg News. Besøkt 19 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Windrem, Robert (24 June 2014). «U.S. Official Doubts ISIS Mosul Bank Heist Windfall». NBC News. Besøkt 22 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Daragahi, Borzou (17 July 2014). «Biggest bank robbery that 'never happened' – $400m Isis heist». Financial Times. Besøkt 21 July 2014. (abonnement kreves). Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Isis to mint own Islamic dinar coins in gold, silver and copper». The Guardian. 21 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Islamic State reportedly buying silver, gold as it prepares to issue currency». McClatchy. 20 November 2014. Arkivert fra originalen 16 July 2015. Besøkt 21 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Ensor, Josie (14 November 2014). «Islamic State announces its own currency». The Telegraph. London. Arkivert fra originalen 17 November 2014. Besøkt 21 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Jabbar, Marwan (3 September 2015). «Gold at End of Extremist Rainbow: Islamic State Release Their Own 'Fake' Currency». Niqash. Baghdad. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Dearden, Lizzie (25 March 2016). «Isis fails to bring in own currency, relies on 'satanic' US dollars instead». The Independent. Besøkt 6 March 2018. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Siteringsfeil: Ugyldig
<ref>
-tagg; ingen tekst ble oppgitt for referansen ved navnwinepJune14
- ^ "Zarqawi Letter" State Dept. archives
- ^ Ned Parker, "Torture by Iraqi militias: The report Washington did not want you to see" Reuters, 14 December 2015
- ^ Joel Wing, "Part two of an interview with Jerry Burke Musings on Iraq, 13 February 2012
- ^ Pool, Jeffrey (16 December 2004). Zarqawi's Pledge of Allegiance to Al-Qaeda: From Mu'Asker Al-Battar, Issue 21. Terrorism Monitor. 2. s. The Jamestown Foundation. Arkivert fra originalen 30 September 2007. Besøkt 30 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Zarqawi pledges allegiance to Osama». Dawn. Agence France-Presse. 18 October 2004. Arkivert fra originalen 29 December 2007. Besøkt 13 July 2007. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Al-Zarqawi group vows allegiance to bin Laden». NBC News. Associated Press. 18 October 2004. Besøkt 13 July 2007. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Uppsala Data Conflict Programme: Conflict Encyclopaedia (Iraq). Arkivert fra originalen 27 September 2013. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=
(hjelp) (See One-sided violence – ISIS-civilians – Actor information-ISIS.) Retrieved 23 September 2016. - ^ Whitlock, Craig (10 June 2006). «Death Could Shake Al-Qaeda in Iraq and Around the World». The Washington Post. Besøkt 22 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Knights, Michael (29 May 2014). «The ISIL's Stand in the Ramadi-Falluja Corridor». Combating Terrorism Center. Besøkt 12 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Whitaker, Brian (13 October 2005). «Revealed: Al-Qaida plan to seize control of Iraq». The Guardian. Besøkt 19 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Fishman 2008, s. 48–9.
- ^ «Al-Qaeda in Iraq names new head». BBC News. 12 June 2006. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Tran, Mark (1 May 2007). «Al-Qaida in Iraq leader believed dead». The Guardian. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Fishman 2008, s. 49–50
- ^ Roggio, Bill (12 October 2006). «al Qaeda's Grand Coalition in Anbar». Long War Journal. Besøkt 11 February 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Jihad Groups in Iraq Take an Oath of Allegiance». MEMRI. Middle East Media Research Institute. 17 October 2006. Besøkt 10 February 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Negus, Stephen (15 October 2006). «Call for Sunni state in Iraq». Financial Times. (abonnement kreves). Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Roggio, Bill (16 October 2006). «The Rump Islamic Emirate of Iraq». Long War Journal. Besøkt 2 June 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Al-Qaida in Iraq (AQI)». Dudley Knox Library. Naval Postgraduate School. Arkivert fra originalen 1 April 2007. Besøkt 14 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Islamic State of Iraq Announces Establishment of the Cabinet of its First Islamic Administration in Video Issued Through al-Furqan Foundation». SITE Institute. 19 April 2007. Arkivert fra originalen 28 September 2007. Besøkt 20 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Mahnaimi, Uzi (13 May 2007). «Al-Qaeda planning militant Islamic state within Iraq». The Sunday Times. London. Arkivert fra originalen 24 May 2011. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Ricks, Thomas E. (11 September 2006). «Situation Called Dire in West Iraq». The Washington Post. Besøkt 13 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Linzer, Dafna; Ricks, Thomas E. (28 November 2006). «Anbar Picture Grows Clearer, and Bleaker». The Washington Post. Besøkt 18 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Engel, Richard (27 December 2006). «Reporting under al-Qaida control». MSNBC. Besøkt 28 October 2009. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Engel, Richard (17 January 2007). «Dangers of the Baghdad plan». MSNBC. Arkivert fra originalen 2 November 2007. Besøkt 28 October 2009. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Roggio, Bill (13 November 2007). «Targeting al Qaeda in Iraq's Network». The Weekly Standard. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Ricks, Thomas; DeYoung, Karen (15 October 2007). «Al-Qaeda in Iraq Reported Crippled». The Washington Post. Besøkt 13 February 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Samuels, Lennox (20 May 2008). «Al Qaeda in Iraq Ramps Up Its Racketeering». Newsweek. Besøkt 13 February 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp)(Abonnement påkrevet) Accessible via Google. - ^ Phillips, Andrew (2009). «How al Qaeda lost Iraq». Australian Journal of International Affairs. 63 (1): 64–84. doi:10.1080/10357710802649840.
- ^ Kahl, Colin H . (2008). When to Leave Iraq: Walk Before Running. Foreign Affairs. 87. s. 151–54. JSTOR 20032727.
- ^ Christie, Michael (18 November 2009). «Al Qaeda in Iraq becoming less foreign-US general». Reuters. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Arango, Tim (22 August 2014). «Top Qaeda Leaders in Iraq Reported Killed in Raid». The New York Times. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Shanker, Thom (4 June 2010). «Qaeda Leaders in Iraq Neutralized, US Says». The New York Times. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «US says 80% of al-Qaeda leaders in Iraq removed». BBC News. 4 June 2010. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Attacks in Iraq down, Al-Qaeda arrests up: US general». Agence France-Presse. 4 June 2010. Arkivert fra originalen 25 February 2014 – via Google News. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Shadid, Anthony (16 May 2010). «Iraqi Insurgent Group Names New Leaders». The New York Times. Besøkt 22 August 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi: Islamic State's driving force». BBC World News. 31 July 2014. Besøkt 19 August 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Sly, Liz (4 April 2015). «The hidden hand behind the Islamic State militants? Saddam Hussein's.». The Washington Post. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Arango, Tim; Schmidtt, Eric (10 August 2014). «U.S. Actions in Iraq Fueled Rise of a Rebel». The New York Times. Besøkt 28 August 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Former Saddam Hussein spy masterminded the rise of Isis, says report». The Guardian. United Kingdom. Reuters. 20 April 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Youssef, Maamoun (22 July 2012). «Al-Qaida: We're returning to old Iraq strongholds». Associated Press. Besøkt 22 August 2014 – via Yahoo! News. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Mal:Cite report
- ^ Abouzeid, Rania (14 March 2014). «Syria: The story of the conflict». BBC News. Besøkt 22 August 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Abouzeid, Rania (23 June 2014). «The Jihad Next Door». Politico. Besøkt 22 August 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Mal:Cite report
- ^ «Islamist group claims Syria bombs 'to avenge Sunnis'». Al Arabiya. 21 March 2012. Besøkt 23 March 2012. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Qaeda in Iraq confirms Syria's Nusra is part of network». GlobalPost. Agence France-Presse. 9 April 2013. Besøkt 9 April 2013. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «ISI Confirms That Jabhat Al-Nusra Is Its Extension in Syria, Declares 'Islamic State of Iraq And Al-Sham' As New Name of Merged Group». MEMRI. Middle East Media Research Institute. 8 April 2013. Arkivert fra originalen 6 October 2014. Besøkt 10 April 2013. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Al-Nusra Commits to al-Qaida, Deny Iraq Branch 'Merger'». Naharnet. Agence France-Presse. 10 April 2013. Besøkt 18 May 2013. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Atassi, Basma (9 June 2013). «Qaeda chief annuls Syrian-Iraqi jihad merger». Al Jazeera. Besøkt 10 June 2013. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Atassi, Basma (15 June 2013). «Iraqi al-Qaeda chief rejects Zawahiri orders». Al Jazeera. Besøkt 15 June 2013. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Al Qaeda says it freed 500 inmates in Iraq jail-break». Reuters. 23 July 2013. Besøkt 22 August 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Zawahiri disbands main Qaeda faction in Syria». The Daily Star. Beirut, Lebanon. 8 November 2013. Besøkt 8 November 2013. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b c Sly, Liz (3 February 2014). «Al-Qaeda disavows any ties with radical Islamist ISIS group in Syria, Iraq». The Washington Post. Besøkt 7 February 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Birke, Sarah (27 December 2013). How al-Qaeda Changed the Syrian War. New York Review of Books. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Platov, Vladimir (18 January 2014). «Growth of International Terrorist Threat from Syria». New Eastern Outlook. Besøkt 11 June 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Joscelyn, Thomas (27 November 2013). «Chechen-led group swears allegiance to head of Islamic State of Iraq and Sham». Long War Journal. Besøkt 13 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Syria crisis: Omar Shishani, Chechen jihadist leader». BBC News. 3 December 2013. Besøkt 8 December 2013. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Cloud, David S.; Abdulrahim, Raja (21 June 2013). «U.S. training Syrian rebels; White House 'stepped up assistance'». Los Angeles Times. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Saad, Hwaida; Gladstone, Rick (4 January 2014). «Qaeda-Linked Insurgents Clash With Other Rebels in Syria, as Schism Grows». The New York Times. Besøkt 16 January 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Casey-Baker, Mary; Haber, Joshua (7 January 2014). «Rebel factions continue fight against ISIL in Northern Syria». Foreign Policy. Besøkt 7 January 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «ISIL fighters pull out of key Syrian Turkmen town». World Bulletin. Besøkt 22 October 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Syria Qaeda loses ground to jihadist rivals on Iraq border». The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. Besøkt 25 October 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ «ISIS reportedly kills Al Nusrah Front's commander for Idlib province». The Long War Journal.
- ^ «Al-Qaida offshoot in fierce offensive, carves out territory across Syria and Iraq». Reuters. 10 June 2014. Besøkt 10 June 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Al Nusra pledges allegiance to Isil». Gulf News. Agence France-Presse. 25 June 2014. Besøkt 29 June 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Iraq government loses control of Fallujah». Al Jazeera. 4 January 2014. Besøkt 11 December 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Lawrence, Jessica. «Iraq crisis: Could an ISIS caliphate ever govern the entire Muslim world?». ABC News (Australia). Besøkt 22 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ Goodenough, Patrick (6 July 2014). «Self-Appointed 'Caliph' Makes First Public Appearance». CNS News. Besøkt 26 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Arango, Tim; Gordon, Michael R. (23 June 2014). «Iraqi Insurgents Secure Control of Border Posts». The New York Times. Besøkt 6 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Spencer, Richard (3 July 2014). «Saudi Arabia sends 30,000 troops to Iraq border». The Telegraph. London. Besøkt 6 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Solomon, Erika; Kerr, Simeon (3 July 2014). «Saudi Arabia sends 30,000 troops to Iraq border». Financial Times. Besøkt 6 July 2014. (abonnement kreves). Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Syrians adjust to life under ISIS rule». The Daily Star. Beirut, Lebanon. 29 August 2014. Besøkt 29 August 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Ressa, Maria A. (4 August 2014). «Senior Abu Sayyaf leader swears oath to ISIS». Rappler. Pasig City, Philippines. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Oltermann, Philip (24 September 2014). «Islamists in Philippines threaten to kill German hostages». The Guardian. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ McKenna, Josephine (21 August 2016). «Fake passports for Isil terrorists 'found in Greek refugee camps'». The Daily Telegraph. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Staff, Our Foreign (26 August 2016). «200 counter terrorism officers to hunt Isil in Greek islands». The Daily Telegraph. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Statement by the President». The White House. 7 August 2014. Besøkt 18 August 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Michael, Maggie (9 November 2014). «Libyan city declares itself part of Islamic State caliphate». CP24. Associated Press. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Karim, Ammar; al-Atrush, Samer (10 November 2014). «Egypt jihadists vow loyalty to IS as Iraq probes leader's fate». Agence France-Presse – via Yahoo! News. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b c Todd, Brian (22 January 2015). «ISIS gaining ground in Yemen, competing with al Qaeda». CNN. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Officials confirm ISIL present in Afghanistan». Al Jazeera. 18 January 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Sterman, David; Shah, Neeli (6 February 2015). «ISIS Reportedly Kills Afghan Taliban Commander; Modi to Visit China; Pakistan Tests Cruise Missile». Foreign Policy. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «ISIS active in south Afghanistan, officials confirm for first time». CBS News. 12 January 2015. Besøkt 6 February 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b c «Afghanistan drone strike 'kills IS commander Abdul Rauf'». BBC News. 9 February 2015. Besøkt 24 February 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Elbagir, Nima; Cruickshank, Paul; Tawfeeq, Mohammed (7 March 2015). «Boko Haram purportedly pledges allegiance to ISIS». CNN. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Boko Haram swears formal allegiance to ISIS». Fox News Channel. Associated Press. 8 March 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Jonathan tasks Defence, Foreign Ministers of Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon, Niger, Benin on Boko Haram's defeat». sunnewsonline.com. Arkivert fra originalen 19 January 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=
(hjelp) - ^ Adeel, Mirwais. «Uzbek militants in Afghanistan pledge allegiance to ISIS in beheading video». Khaama Press. Kabul, Afghanistan.
- ^ Lemon, Edward (1 August 2015). «IMU Pledges Allegiance to Islamic State». EurasiaNet. The Open Society Institute. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «More than 10,000 jihadists killed since coalition raids: US». Yahoo News Singapore. 3 June 2015. Arkivert fra originalen 24 June 2015. Besøkt 8 June 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Smith-Spark, Laura; Martel, Noisette (3 June 2015). «U.S. official: 10,000 ISIS fighters killed in 9 months». CNN. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Alkhshali, Hamdi; Karadsheh, Jomana (31 March 2015). «Iraq: Parts of Tikrit taken back from ISIS». CNN. Besøkt 31 March 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «US praises role of Iranian-backed Shiite militias in Baiji operation». The Long War Journal. Besøkt 27 May 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ Arango, Tim (13 November 2015). «Sinjar Victory Bolsters Kurds, but Could Further Alienate U.S. From Iraq». The New York Times. Besøkt 19 October 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Gordon, Michael; Callimachi, Rukmini (12 November 2015). «Kurds Retake Strategic Highway in Iraq's North From ISIS». The New York Times. Besøkt 19 October 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Iraq Claims a Key Victory Over ISIS in Ramadi, Seizes Government Complex». NBC News.
- ^ «Iraqi commander: Fallujah 'fully liberated' from ISIS». Fox News Channel. Besøkt 30 June 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ Chulov, Martin (2 March 2017). «Syrian regime recaptures Palmyra from Islamic State». The Guardian. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Raqqa: IS 'capital' falls to US-backed Syrian forces». BBC News. 17 October 2017. Besøkt 17 October 2017. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «ISIS ousted from last major city in Syria, state media reports». CNN. 4 November 2017. Besøkt 4 November 2017. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «IRAQI FORCES RETAKE THE COUNTRY'S LAST IS-HELD TOWN». AP News. 17 November 2017. Besøkt 17 November 2017. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Iran's president declares end of Islamic State, Reuters, Babak Dehghanpisheh, 21 November 2017
- ^ «IPutin claims victory over Isis in Syria during surprise visit from Assad». the Times. 21 November 2017. Besøkt 21 November 2017. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «You are being redirected...». nrttv.com.
- ^ Amara, Tarek (26 June 2015). «Gunman kills 39 at Tunisian beachside hotel, Islamic State claims attack». Reuters. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Al-Othman, Hannah (14 November 2015). «Paris attacks: Islamic State claims responsibility as French President Francois Hollande promises "merciless" revenge». London Evening Standard. Besøkt 14 November 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Yemen conflict: Governor of Aden killed in Islamic State attack». BBC News. 6 December 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Islamic State claims attacks at Brussels airport and metro station». The Guardian. 22 March 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Over 128 slain, more than 200 maimed: Massacre in Mastung, blast in Bannu». The News. 13 July 2018. Besøkt 14 July 2018. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Shane, Scott (25 August 2016). «Saudis and Extremism: 'Both the Arsonists and the Firefighters'». The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Forces in Iraq and Syria discovers 72 mass graves in areas freed from ISIS». Iraqi News. 30 August 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Iraq's Fallujah falls to 'Qaeda-linked' militants». Daily Star. 4 January 2014. Besøkt 10 June 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «How ISIS Rules». The New York Review of Books. Besøkt 9 December 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ Caris, Charles C.; Reynolds, Samuel (July 2014). «ISIS Governance in Syria» (PDF). Institute for the Study of War. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b c «Islamic State moves in on al-Qaeda turf». BBC News. 25 June 2015. Besøkt 7 July 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Islamic State in Somalia claims capture of port town». The Long War Journal. 26 October 2016. Besøkt 10 February 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «How Bangladesh Became Fertile Ground for al-Qa`ida and the Islamic State». CTC Sentinel. 25 May 2016. Besøkt 10 February 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «The Islamic State grows in the Philippines». The Long War Journal. 24 June 2016. Besøkt 10 February 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Has the Islamic State Abandoned Its Provincial Model in the Philippines?». 22 July 2016. Besøkt 10 February 2017. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Schmitt, Eric; Kirkpatrick, David D. (14 February 2015). «Islamic State Sprouting Limbs Beyond Its Base». The New York Times. Besøkt 23 February 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Laessing, Ulf (21 May 2015). «Gaddafi's home town falls to Islamic State in anarchic Libya». Reuters. Besøkt 17 August 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Morajea, Hassan (6 June 2015). «Libyan gains may offer ISIS a base for new attacks». The Washington Post. Besøkt 10 June 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b «Islamic State Expanding into North Africa». Der Spiegel. Hamburg, Germany. 18 November 2014. Besøkt 25 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «ISIS comes to Libya». CNN. 18 November 2014. Besøkt 20 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Islamic State 'forced out' of key Libyan city of Derna». BBC. 21 April 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Eljarh, Mohamed (24 June 2015). «A Victory Over the Islamic State in Libya». Foreign Policy. Besøkt 4 July 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Libyan security forces pushing Islamic State back from vicinity of oil terminals». 31 May 2016. Besøkt 31 May 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Libyan brigades capture air base from Islamic State south of Sirte: spokesman». 4 June 2016. Besøkt 24 June 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Libyan forces clear last Islamic State hold-out in Sirte». Besøkt 6 December 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ al-Warfalli, Ayman (21 February 2016). «Army claims advances in Libyan cities of Benghazi and Ajdabiya». Benghazi, Libya. Reuters. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Libyan National Army claims ISIS pushed out of Ajdabiya, parts of Benghazi». CBC News. Thomson Reuters. 21 February 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ al-Warfalli, Ayman (21 February 2016). «Libya army claims advances in Benghazi». Al Arabiya English. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ "liberation'-sirte-daesh-916192 «Libyan forces announce "liberation' of Sirte from Daesh». Al Bawaba. Besøkt 18 December 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ «LNA finally takes Benghazi's Sidi Akribesh after 4-month siege: report». Libyan herald.
- ^ «Egyptian militant group pledges loyalty to Islamic State in audio clip». Reuters. 10 November 2014. Besøkt 11 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Joscelyn, Thomas (14 November 2014). «Sinai-based jihadist group rebranded as Islamic State's official arm». Long War Journal. Besøkt 15 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Zelin, Aaron Y. (14 November 2014). «The Islamic State's Archipelago of Provinces». Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Besøkt 15 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Interior Ministry analyzes Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis statement over assassination attempt». Cairo, Egypt: State Information Services. 10 September 2013. Besøkt 26 December 2013. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «IS claims responsibility for Gaza's French Cultural Centre blast, reports». Middle East Eye. 8 October 2014. Besøkt 9 October 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Egypt Sinai crash probe finds 'no evidence of terrorism'». BBC News. Besøkt 17 December 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b c Fadel, Leila (18 November 2014). «With Cash And Cachet, The Islamic State Expands Its Empire». NPR. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Laskar, Rezaul H. (29 January 2015). «IS announces expansion into AfPak, parts of India». Hindustan Times. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Roul, Animesh (3 April 2015). 'Wilayat Khurasan': Islamic State Consolidates Position in AfPak Region. Terrorism Monitor. 13. Jamestown Foundation. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Roggio, Bill (2 February 2015). «Pakistani Taliban emir for Bajaur joins Islamic State». Long War Journal. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Afghan Army Kills Commander of ISIL Affiliate». Al-Masdar News. 18 March 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «IS leader in Afghanistan killed, US believes». BBC News. 12 August 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Brown, Daniel (1 August 2018). «The Taliban reportedly just beat ISIS so badly that more than 200 fighters surrendered to the Afghan government». Business Insider. Reuters. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Yemeni Al-Qaeda leader hails ISIS gains in Iraq». Sana'a, Yemen: Al Arabiya English. Reuters. 13 August 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Al-Qaeda Supporters in Yemen 'Pledge Allegiance to Islamic State'». Newsweek. Reuters. 11 February 2015. (abonnement kreves). Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «ISIL affiliate claims deadly Eid blasts at Yemen mosque». Al Jazeera. 24 September 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Mal:Cite report
- ^ «Islamic State bomb attack on Houthi rebel leaders in Yemen leaves 28 dead». The Guardian. 30 June 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Loveluck, Louisa (30 June 2015). «Islamic State targets Houthi mourners in Yemen with car bomb». The Telegraph. London. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «US steps up arms for Saudi campaign in Yemen». Al Jazeera. 8 April 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Perry, Mark (17 April 2015). «US generals: Saudi intervention in Yemen 'a bad idea'». Al Jazeera. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Shaheen, Kareem (7 July 2015). «Jihadis likely winners of Saudi Arabia's futile war on Yemen's Houthi rebels». The Guardian. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Nigeria's Boko Haram pledges allegiance to Islamic State». BBC News. 7 March 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Chandler, Adam (9 March 2015). «The Islamic State of Boko Haram? :The terrorist group has pledged its allegiance to ISIS. But what does that really mean?». The Atlantic. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «IS welcomes Boko Haram allegiance: tape». Agence France-Presse. 12 March 2015 – via Yahoo! News. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Boko Haram in Nigeria: Abu Musab al-Barnawi named as new leader». BBC News. 3 August 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Trofimov, Yaroslav (15 September 2016). «Behind Boko Haram's Split: A Leader Too Radical for Islamic State». The Wall Street Journal. (abonnement kreves). Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Vatchagaev, Mairbek (13 February 2015). Caucasus Emirate and Islamic State Split Slows Militant Activities in North Caucasus. Eurasia Daily Monitor. 12. The Jamestown Foundation. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Gambhir, Harleen (23 June 2015). «ISIS Declares Governorate in Russia's North Caucasus Region». Institute for the Study of War. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Reuters (10 June 2017). «US Special Forces Helping Philippines Fight Militants in Marawi». Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Duterte: Marawi 'liberated' from ISIL-linked fighters». Al Jazeera. Besøkt 25 October 2017. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Marawi: Philippines declares end of siege as troops find 40 suspected gunmen dead». Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Besøkt 28 October 2017. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b al-Ghoul, Asmaa (27 February 2014). «Gaza Salafists pledge allegiance to ISIS». Al-Monitor. Gaza City, Gaza Strip. Besøkt 25 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Levy, Rachael (1 July 2014). «Egyptian group claims it killed the Three Israeli Teens». Vocative. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Egypt attack: Profile of Sinai Province militant group». BBC News. BBC Monitoring. 30 January 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Levy, Rachael (9 June 2014). «ISIS: We Are Operating in Gaza». Vocative. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Luck, Taylor (23 July 2014). «Local jihadist group pledges allegiance to Islamic State». The Jordan Times. Amman, Jordan: Jordan Press Foundation. Arkivert fra originalen 24 July 2014. Besøkt 6 June 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Two more of IS-linked group detained, to be handed over to NIA». Hindustan Times. New Delhi. Press Trust of India. 27 January 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Bearak, Max (19 July 2016). «Brazilian extremist group uses Telegram to pledge allegiance to ISIS ahead of Olympics». The Washington Post. Washington, DC. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Dette er Profetens Ummah i Norge». Aftenposten (Norwegian). 13 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Skjærli, Brynjar (16 August 2014). «Støtter IS' halshugging» (Norwegian). Besøkt 31 August 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Kwok, Yenni (28 December 2015). «Is There a Uighur Terrorist Buildup Taking Place in Southeast Asia?». Time. Besøkt 10 September 2017. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Ban Ki-Moon (24 September 2014). «Secretary-General's remarks to Security Council High-Level Summit on Foreign Terrorist Fighters». United Nations. Besøkt 18 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Hassan, Steven (21 October 2014). «ISIS Is a Cult That Uses Terrorism: A Fresh New Strategy». The World Post. Besøkt 10 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Hasan, Mehdi (10 March 2015). Mehdi Hasan: How Islamic is Islamic State?. New Statesman. Besøkt 7 July 2015. «Consider the various statements of Muslim groups such as the Organisation of Islamic Co-operation, representing 57 countries (Isis has "nothing to do with Islam"); the Islamic Society of North America (Isis's actions are "in no way representative of what Islam actually teaches"); al-Azhar University in Cairo, the most prestigious seat of learning in the Sunni Muslim world (Isis is acting "under the guise of this holy religion . . . in an attempt to export their false Islam"); and even Saudi Arabia's Salafist Grand Mufti, Abdul Aziz al ash-Sheikh (Isis is "the number-one enemy of Islam").» Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Al-Yaqoubi, Muhammad (2015). Refuting ISIS: A Rebuttal Of Its Religious And Ideological Foundations. Sacred Knowledge. s. xvii–xviii. ISBN 978-1-908224-12-5.
- ^ a b Khan, Sheema (29 September 2014). «Another battle with Islam's 'true believers'». The Globe and Mail. Toronto, Canada. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Mal:Cite report
- ^ Jebara, Mohamad (6 February 2015). «Imam Mohamad Jebara: Fruits of the tree of extremism». Ottawa Citizen. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Al-Yaqoubi, Muhammad (2015). Refuting ISIS: A Rebuttal Of Its Religious And Ideological Foundations. Sacred Knowledge. s. xvii–xviii. ISBN 978-1-908224-12-5. See also p.8.
- ^ a b «The slow backlash – Sunni religious authorities turn against Islamic State». The Economist. 6 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Saudi Arabia's Grand Mufti denounces Islamic State group as un-Islamic». Reuters. 25 August 2014. Besøkt 18 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Shaikh, Amad (1 October 2014). «Muslim Scholars Letter to al-Baghdadi of ISIS or ISIL – A Missed Opportunity». Muslim Matters. Besøkt 8 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Markoe, Lauren (24 September 2013). «Muslim Scholars Release Open Letter to Islamic State Meticulously Blasting Its Ideology». HuffPost. Religious News Service. Besøkt 25 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Smith, Samuel (25 September 2014). «International Coalition of Muslim Scholars Refute ISIS' Religious Arguments in Open Letter to al-Baghdadi». The Christian Post. Besøkt 18 October 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b c d «Open Letter to Al-Baghdadi». September 2014. Arkivert fra originalen 25 September 2014. Besøkt 25 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ Milmo, Cahal (25 September 2014). «Isis is 'an offence to Islam', says international coalition of major Islamic scholars». Independent. London. Besøkt 8 October 2014. «More than 120 Sunni imams and academics, including some of the Muslim world's most respected scholars, signed the 18-page document which outlines 24 separate grounds on which the terror group violates the tenets of Islam.» Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Al-Yaqoubi, Muhammad (2015). Refuting ISIS: A Rebuttal Of Its Religious And Ideological Foundations. Sacred Knowledge. s. 19. ISBN 978-1-908224-12-5.
- ^ «"They're delusional": Rivals ridicule ISIS declaration of Islamic state». CBS News. 30 June 2014. Besøkt 4 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Strange, Hannah (5 July 2014). «Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi addresses Muslims in Mosul». The Telegraph. London. Besøkt 6 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Creswell, Robyn; Haykel, Bernard (8 June 2015). Battle Lines. The New Yorker. Besøkt 6 June 2015. «In the most recent issue of Dabiq, ISIS's English-language magazine, a female writer encourages women to emigrate to "the lands of the Islamic State" even if it means travelling without a male companion, a shocking breach of traditional Islamic law. This may be a cynical ploy—a lure for runaways. But it is in keeping with the jihadists' attack on parental authority and its emphasis on individual empowerment, including the power of female believers to renounce families they do not view as authentically Muslim.» Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Creswell, Robyn; Haykel, Bernard (8 June 2015). Battle Lines. The New Yorker. Besøkt 6 June 2015. «It has also created a female morality police, a shadowy group called the al-Khansa' Brigades, who insure proper deportment in ISIS-held towns. ... Al-Khansa' was a female poet of the pre-Islamic era who converted to Islam and became a companion of the Prophet, and her elegies for her male relations are keystones of the genre [of Islamic poetry]. The name therefore suggests an institution with deep roots in the past, and yet there has never been anything like the Brigades in Islamic history, nor do they have an equivalent anywhere else in the Arab world.» Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Al-Yaqoubi, Muhammad (2015). Refuting ISIS: A Rebuttal Of Its Religious And Ideological Foundations. Sacred Knowledge. s. 37. ISBN 978-1-908224-12-5.
- ^ a b Halleck, Thomas (26 September 2014). «Thousands of French Muslims Protest Herve Gourdel Beheading». International Business Times. Besøkt 28 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «'Not in my name': French Muslims rally to denounce ISIS beheadings». RT. 26 September 2014. Besøkt 13 October 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Mal:Cite av media
- ^ «Ghosts of Aleppo (Full Length)». VICE News.
- ^ Joscelyn, Thomas (25 October 2015). «Al Qaeda appears 'moderate' compared to Islamic State, veteran jihadist says». Long War Journal. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Joscelyn, Thomas (26 October 2015). «A rare interview with an experienced Al Qaeda commander shows how the group is using ISIS to make itself look 'moderate'». Business Insider. Besøkt 20 November 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Joscelyn, Thomas (5 June 2015). «The Al Nusrah Front's 'inherited jihad'». Long War Journal. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Joscelyn, Thomas (20 July 2015). «Officials from Al Nusrah Front, Ahrar al Sham vow to continue fight against Islamic State». Long War Journal. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Joscelyn, Thomas (9 February 2015). «Al Qaeda Uses ISIS to Try to Present Itself as Respectable, Even Moderate». The Weekly Standard. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Siteringsfeil: Ugyldig
<ref>
-tagg; ingen tekst ble oppgitt for referansen ved navnJoscelyn
- ^ Rikab, Waleed (9 September 2015). «The Plight of Syria's Druze Minority and U.S. Options». Syria Comment. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Joscelyn, Thomas (2 November 2015). «Al Qaeda chief calls for jihadist unity to 'liberate Jerusalem'». Long War Journal. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Mal:Cite av media
- ^ «Number of ISIS defectors growing, disillusioned with killing fellow Muslims: Study». The Straits Times. London. Agence France-Presse. 21 September 2015. Arkivert fra originalen 25 September 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Neumann, Peter R. (22 September 2015). «Defectors: ISIS is killing Muslims, not protecting them». CNN. Besøkt 13 October 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Robins-Early, Nick (21 September 2015). «New Report Reveals Why Fighters Are Quitting ISIS». HuffPost. Besøkt 13 October 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «A 'disgraceful reality': Islamic State spies posing as defectors». Syria Direct. 5 November 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Head of Egypt's al-Azhar condemns ISIS 'barbarity'». Al Arabiya English. Agence France-Presse. 3 December 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Al-Awsat, Asharq (13 December 2014). «Egypt's Al-Azhar stops short of declaring ISIS apostates – Azhar statement rejects practice of takfirism». Asharq Al Awsat. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Maged, Amany (15 January 2015). «In search of 'renewal' – Al-Azhar is at the centre of an escalating controversy». Al Ahram Weekly. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Fouad, Ahmed. «Al-Azhar refuses to consider the Islamic State an apostate». Al-Monitor. Arkivert fra originalen 6 October 2015. «The sheikh of Al-Azhar, Ahmed al-Tayeb, repeated his rejection of declaring IS apostates on 1 Jan, during a meeting with editors-in-chief of Egyptian newspapers. This sparked criticism from a number of religious, political and media parties, especially since Al-Azhar could have renounced the Nigerian mufti's statement on IS without addressing the issue of whether or not Al-Azhar considers the group apostates» Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Sheikh Al-Azhar Speech in opening of conference». Muslim World League. 22 February 2015. Arkivert fra originalen 15 October 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Agarwall, Priyangi (9 December 2015). «70,000 clerics issue fatwa against terrorism, 15 lakh Muslims support it». The Times of India. TNN. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Jckson, Molly (10 December 2015). «70,000 Indian clerics issue fatwa against terrorists». The Christian Science Monitor. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Mortimer, Caroline (10 December 2015). «70,000 Muslim clerics just issued a fatwa against terrorism». Independent. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Staff writers (2 August 2016). «Al-Qaradawi: Rulers Of UAE And Daesh Leaders Are Two Sides Of The Same Coin | English – Middle East Press News Agency». Middle East News Agency. Besøkt 4 August 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Al-Qaida Sanctions List». United Nations. Arkivert fra originalen 25 September 2014. Besøkt 2 October 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ «The Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee – 1267». United Nations Web Services Section. United Nations. Arkivert fra originalen 5 April 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Security Council Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee Amends Entry». Besøkt 8 June 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Wahlisch, Martin (2010). «EU Terrorist Listing – An Overview about Listing and Delisting Procedures» (PDF). Berghof Foundation. Besøkt 3 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Proscribed Terrorist Organisations, pp.13–15» (PDF). Home Office. 20 June 2014. Arkivert fra originalen (PDF) 15 August 2014. Besøkt 7 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Foreign Terrorist Organizations». Bureau of Counterterrorism. United States Department of State. Besøkt 28 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Listed terrorist organisations». Australian National Security. Besøkt 31 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Currently listed entities». Public Safety Canada. Besøkt 31 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ Kaplan, Hilal (3 September 2014). «Charging Turkey for ISIS». Daily Sabah. Istanbul, Turkey. Besøkt 28 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Mahcupyan, Etyen (20 September 2014). «ISIS, Turkey and the US». Daily Sabah. Istanbul, Turkey. Besøkt 28 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Saudi Arabia designates Muslim Brotherhood terrorist group». Reuters. 7 March 2014. Besøkt 31 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b «BNPT Declares ISIS a Terrorist Organization». Tempo. 2 August 2014. Besøkt 4 August 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «List of terror groups published by United Arab Emirates». Arkivert fra originalen 28 January 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Malaysia designates ISIS as terrorist group, vows tough action: Report». The Straits Times. Singapore. 25 September 2014. Arkivert fra originalen 25 September 2014. Besøkt 25 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Court affirms ISIS' 'terrorist group' designation». Daily News Egypt. Arkivert fra originalen 8 December 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Egypt brands jihadist ISIL a 'terrorist group'». Hürriyet Daily News. Istanbul, Turkey. 30 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Banned Organisations». Arkivert fra originalen 1 January 2015. Besøkt 16 December 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ «India bans IS». The Hindu. Chennai, India. Press Trust of India. 16 December 2014. Besøkt 16 December 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Russia calls on all states to put Islamic State, Jabhat al-Nusra on terrorist lists». Russian News Agency TASS. 29 December 2015. Besøkt 29 December 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Paraszczuk, Joanna. «Kyrgyzstan Bans IS, Designates It As Terror Group». Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Besøkt 26 March 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ Manal. «Syria condemns terrorist acts in Iraq, expresses solidarity with Iraqi government, army and people». Syrian Arab News Agency.
- ^ «Jordan launches airstrikes against ISIS». News Corp Australia. 6 February 2015. Besøkt 7 August 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Report says ISIL terrorist group has a base near US». Iran Daily. 16 April 2015. Besøkt 21 April 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Larijani Reminds Regional States of Iran's Sacrifices against ISIL Terrorists». Fars News Agency. 12 March 2015. Besøkt 21 April 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Iran Says Arrests ISIL Suspects at Border». Tasnim News Agency. 8 September 2014. Besøkt 21 April 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Iranian Official: US Not Serious about Countering ISIL Terrorists». Al-Alam. 26 September 2014. Besøkt 21 April 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «الامن النيابية: داعش انتهى عسكريا في العراق بعد قتل واعتقال 75 الف عنصر». Al Sumaria. Besøkt 7 August 2018. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Iraq arrests dozens of ISIL members in Baghdad». Press TV. 15 March 2015. Besøkt 21 April 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «No Room for terrorist». T&T Guardian. Besøkt 5 August 2017. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Gishkori, Zahid. «Islamic State listed among proscribed outfits». The Express Tribune. Pakistan.
- ^ Public Security Intelligence Agency
- ^ «IS叫戰 點名台灣 – 蘋果日報».
- ^ «Xi Jinping's speech on the event of a Chinese citizen being killed by terrorist organization» (Chinese). mfa.gov.cn. Besøkt 14 December 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Resolution 1267 (1999) Adopted by the Security Council at its 4051st meeting on 15 October 1999». UNHCR.
- ^ Eddy, Melissa (12 September 2014). «Germany Bans Support for ISIS». The New York Times. Besøkt 19 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Roberts, Janette (17 September 2014). «ISIL banned in Germany». Sixth Sense. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Drucksache 18/759» (PDF) (tysk). Deutscher Bundestag.
- ^ «Switzerland bans ISIL». Anadolu Agency. 8 October 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Pandey, Avaneesh (16 December 2014). «India Bans ISIS After Government Raises Concerns Over Group's Online Presence». International Business Times. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Lister, Tim (13 June 2014). «ISIS: The first terror group to build an Islamic state?». CNN. Besøkt 14 June 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Siteringsfeil: Ugyldig
<ref>
-tagg; ingen tekst ble oppgitt for referansen ved navnTime
- ^ Mazzetti, Mark; Schmitt, Eric; Landler, Mark (10 September 2014). «Struggling to Gauge ISIS Threat, Even as U.S. Prepares to Act». The New York Times. Besøkt 11 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Porter, Tom (10 August 2015). «Iraq War Created Isis, Concedes David Miliband». International Business Times. Besøkt 12 March 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «National Security Presidential Memorandum no. 3» (PDF).
- ^ «Saddam's former army is secret of Baghdadi's success». Reuters. 16 June 2015. Besøkt 1 July 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «» Views of ISIS Overwhelmingly Negative». Pew Research Center. 17 November 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Jacob Poushter191 comments. «Most dislike ISIS in Muslim countries | Pew Research Center». Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Besøkt 21 May 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Concerns about Islamic Extremism on the Rise in Middle East | Pew Research Center». Pewglobal.org. Besøkt 21 May 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ Black, Ian (19 June 2014). «Saudi Arabia rejects Iraqi accusations of Isis support». The Guardian. Besøkt 19 June 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Parker, Ned; Ireland, Louise (9 March 2014). «Iraqi PM Maliki says Saudi, Qatar openly funding violence in Anbar». Reuters. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Husain, Ed (22 August 2014). «ISIS Atrocities Started With Saudi Support For Salafi Hate». The New York Times. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Boghardt, Lori Plotkin (23 June 2014). «Saudi Funding of ISIS». Washington Institute. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b "Iraq crisis: How Saudi Arabia helped Isis take over the north of the country," Independent, 13 July 2014.
- ^ Goodenough, Patrick (9 July 2014). «Saudis Deny Supporting ISIS After Former MI6 Head Speaks of 'Substantial and Sustained Funding'». CNSNews.com. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Cockburn, Patrick (14 October 2016). «We finally know what Hillary Clinton knew all along – US allies Saudi Arabia and Qatar are funding Isis». Independent. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Schwartz, Mattathias (13 October 2016). «Hillary Clinton acknowledges Saudi terror financing in hacked email, hinting at tougher approach». The Intercept. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Podesta leaks show Clinton email linking Saudi Arabia, Qatar to ISIS». Fox News Channel. 11 October 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Narwani, Sharmine (28 June 2017). «Dispatch From the Middle East: U.S. Buildup All About Iran». The American Conservative. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b c «ISIS reportedly massacres dozens in Syrian village». CBS News. Associated Press. 31 March 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b «Turkey's Arab Alawites stand at a crossroads». The National. 6 December 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Sherlock, Ruth (11 August 2013). «Syrian rebels accused of sectarian murders». The Daily Telegraph. London. «Hundreds of Alawite civilians have been killed, kidnapped or have disappeared during a rebel offensive on President Bashar al-Assad's heartland province of Latakia, local residents have reported.» Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Sly, Liz (9 September 2014). «Syria's Assad thinks he is winning. He could be wrong.». The Washington Post. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Laub, Zachary; Masters, Jonathan (16 November 2015). «CFR Backgrounders – The Islamic State». Council on Foreign Relations. «Some analysts have even described a tacit nonaggression pact between Islamic State militants and Bashar al-Assad regime, with each focused on fighting the main antigovernment opposition forces for territorial control.» Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Baker, Aryn (27 January 2014). «Is the Assad Regime in League with al-Qaeda?». Time. Besøkt 6 July 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Cordall, Simon Speakwell (21 June 2014). «How Syria's Assad Helped Forge ISIS». Newsweek. Besøkt 9 March 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Kelley, Michael B. (21 January 2014). «It's Becoming Clear That Assad Fueled The Al-Qaeda Surge That Has Kept Him in Power». Business Insider. Besøkt 9 March 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Blair, David (7 March 2015). «Oil middleman between Syria and Isil is new target for EU sanctions». The Daily Telegraph. London. Besøkt 9 March 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Kerry: There Is Evidence That Assad Has Played "Footsie" With ISIL». RealClearPolitics. 18 September 2014. Besøkt 9 March 2015. «JOHN KERRY: Regrettably Congressman, no we're not going to be undercut, because. If Assad's forces indeed do decide to focus on ISIL significantly, which they haven't been doing throughout this period, one of our judgements is there is evidence that Assad has played footsie with them, and he has used them as a tool of weakening the opposition. He never took on their headquarters, which were there and obvious, and other assets that they have. So we have no confidence that Assad is either capable of or willing to take on ISIL."» Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Vinograd, Cassandra; Omar, Ammar Cheikh (11 December 2014). «Syria, ISIS Have Been 'Ignoring' Each Other on Battlefield, Data Suggests». NBC. Besøkt 9 March 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp)Mal:Undue weight inline - ^ «Has Assad infiltrated rebel forces inside Syria?». Channel Four News. 24 April 2014. Besøkt 9 March 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Ridley, Yyonne (22 September 2014). «EXCLUSIVE: Shaikh Hassan Abboud's final interview». Middle East Monitor. Besøkt 9 March 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Philps, Alan (25 June 2015). «Rebels are close to Raqqa – but what happens next?». The National. Abu Dhabi, UAE. Besøkt 20 August 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ U.S. Embassy Syria [USEmbassySyria] (1 June 2015). «Reports indicate that the regime is making air-strikes in support of #ISIL's advance on #Aleppo, aiding extremists against Syrian population» (Tweet). Besøkt 2 June 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Barnard, Anne (2 June 2015). «Assad's Forces May Be Aiding New ISIS Surge». The New York Times. Besøkt 5 June 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Bar'el, Zvi (3 June 2015). «Assad's cooperation with ISIS could push U.S. into Syria conflict». Haaretz. Tel Aviv, Israel. Besøkt 4 June 2015. «Salim Idris, defense minister in the rebels' provisional government, said approximately 180 Syrian Army officers are currently serving with ISIS and coordinating the group's military operations with the army.» Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Bertrand, Natasha (28 July 2015). «Senior Western official: Links between Turkey and ISIS are now 'undeniable'». Business Insider – via Yahoo! New. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Zaman, Amberin (10 June 2014). «Syrian Kurds continue to blame Turkey for backing ISIS militants». Al-Monitor. Arkivert fra originalen 26 April 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Wilgenburg, Wladimir van (6 August 2014). «Kurdish security chief: Turkey must end support for jihadists». Al-Monitor. Arkivert fra originalen 1 February 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Cockburn, Patrick (6 November 2014). Whose side is Turkey on?. London Review of Books. 36. s. 8–10. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Phillips, David L. (9 November 2014). «Research Paper: ISIS-Turkey List». HuffPost. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Guiton, Barney (7 November 2014). «'ISIS Sees Turkey as Its Ally': Former Islamic State Member Reveals Turkish Army Cooperation». Newsweek. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Ben-Solomon, Ariel (30 July 2014). «Islamic State fighter: 'Turkey paved the way for us'». The Jerusalem Post. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b c Faiola, Anthony; Mekhennet, Souad (12 August 2014). «In Turkey, a late crackdown on Islamist fighters». The Washington Post. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Williams, Lauren (4 January 2015). «ISIS Has Polarized Turkey Domestically». The Daily Star. Assyrian International News Agency. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Tattersall, Nick; Karouny, Mariam (26 August 2014). «Turkey's 'Open Border' Policy With Syria Has Backfired As ISIS Recruitment Continues». Business Insider. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Schanzer, Jonathan (25 September 2014). «Boosting Turkey as it backs terror». New York Post. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Greenhill, Sam (25 August 2014). «How seven radicalised young Britons a week are taking the Gateway to Jihad». Daily Mail. London. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «New report further exposes Turkey links to ISIL militants». Tehran, Iran: Press TV. 21 October 2014. Arkivert fra originalen 28 December 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Qatar and ISIS Funding: The U.S. Approach». The Washington Institute. August 2014. Besøkt 8 May 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Islamic State: Where does jihadist group get its support?». BBC. 1 September 2014. Besøkt 8 May 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Qatar Is a U.S. Ally. They Also Knowingly Abet Terrorism. What's Going On?». New Republic. 6 October 2014. Besøkt 8 May 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «German minister accuses Qatar of funding Islamic State fighters». Reuters. 20 August 2014. Besøkt 8 May 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Qatar allows money to flow to Islamic State, other terrorists: report». The Washington Times. 10 December 2014. Besøkt 8 May 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Who funds ISIS? Qatar and state-sponsoring allegations». Security Observer. 23 December 2014. Besøkt 8 May 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Qatar denies backing Islamic State group». Al Jazeera. 24 August 2014. Besøkt 8 May 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Shabad, Rebeca (22 June 2014). «Paul: ISIS emboldened after US armed its allies in Syria». The Hill. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Masi, Alessandria (12 September 2014). «US-Backed Moderate Group in Syria Signs Truce With ISIS: Reports». International Business Times. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «ISIS And Al Qaeda Truce – Business Insider». Business Insider. 13 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Syrian Opposition Blasts Reports It Signed a Truce With ISIS». The Daily Beast.
- ^ «Syrian opposition: No ISIS cease-fire». TheHill.
- ^ Burke, Jason (26 May 2015). «Islamist fighters drawn from half the world's countries, says UN». The Guardian. Arkivert fra originalen 26 May 2015. Besøkt 26 May 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Isis: US-trained Tajik special forces chief Gulmurod Khalimov becomes Isis 'war minister'». International Business Times. 6 September 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Commander of elite Tajik police force defects to Islamic State». 28 May 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Mroue, Bassem (2 July 2014). «Chechen in Syria a rising star in extremist group». Associated Press. Arkivert fra originalen 14 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «ISIS in America – Center for Cyber & Homeland Security – The George Washington University». gwu.edu.
- ^ a b c d e f Aamna Mohdin (6 October 2016). «ISIL's foreign fighters are surprisingly well-educated, according to the World Bank». Quartz. Besøkt 18 October 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b «Economic and Social Inclusion to Prevent Violent Extremism» (PDF). World Bank. October 2016. Arkivert fra originalen (PDF) 7 October 2016. Besøkt 18 October 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Five Islamic State terrorists stripped of Australian citizenship». The Sydney Morning Herald (engelsk). 9. august 2018. Besøkt 9. august 2018.
- ^ rdc. «België hoeft kinderen IS-strijders niet te repatriëren». De Standaard (nederlandsk).
- ^ «Kurdisk källa: 41 IS-svenskar fängslade i Syrien - DN.SE». Dagens Nyheter (svensk). 24 March 2018. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Wintour, Patrick; Watt, Nicholas (16 June 2014). «Up to 400 British citizens may be fighting in Syria, says William Hague». The Guardian. Besøkt 25 March 2018. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Association, Press (30 July 2017). «UK 'has stripped 150 jihadists and criminals of citizenship'». The Guardian. Besøkt 25 March 2018. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Mohammed, Riyadh (16 November 2014). «ISIS Beheads Another American As 60 New Terror Groups Join». The Fiscal Times. Besøkt 28 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «ISIS accepts Boko Haram pledge, says would-be recruits can go to Nigeria». CBC News. Associated Press. 13 March 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Arfaoui, Jamel (8 July 2014). «Tunisia: Ansar Al-Sharia Tunisia Spokesman Backs Isis». Tunis, Tunisia: AllAfrica. Besøkt 25 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Abdallah Suleiman Ali (3 July 2014). «Global jihadists recognize Islamic State». Al-Monitor. Arkivert fra originalen 23 February 2015. Besøkt 25 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Chikhi, Lamine (14 September 2014). «Splinter group breaks from al Qaeda in North Africa». Reuters. Besøkt 24 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Witular, Rendi A. (13 August 2014). «Sons, top aides abandon Ba'asyir over ISIL, form new jihadist group». The Jakarta Post. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Rottenberg, Chris (2012). «Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid, The Perpetual threat» (PDF). Osgood Center for International Studies.
- ^ «Uzbek militants declare support for Islamic State». Dawn. Agence France-Presse. 7 October 2014. Besøkt 25 May 2015. «'Hereby, on behalf of all members of our movement, in line with our sacred duties, I declare that we are in the same ranks with the Islamic State in this continued war between Islam and [non-Muslims],' Usman Gazi wrote in an online statement on Sept 26.» Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «IMU Declares It Is Now Part Of The Islamic State». Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 6 August 2015. Besøkt 6 August 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Fuller, Liz (2 January 2015). «Six North Caucasus Insurgency Commanders Transfer Allegiance To Islamic State». Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Besøkt 17 February 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «What Caused the Demise of the Caucasus Emirate?». Jamestown Foundation. 18 June 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Dean, Sarah (21 August 2014). «PM Tony Abbott warns Australians of threats from Indonesian Jemaah Islamiyah group». Daily Mail. London. Besøkt 23 August 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Emasquel II, Paterno (17 September 2014). «Philippines condemns, vows to 'thwart' ISIS». Rappler. Besøkt 19 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «BIFF, Abu Sayyaf pledge allegiance to Islamic State jihadists». GMA News Online. Quezon City, Philippines: GMA Network. Agence France-Presse. 16 August 2014. Besøkt 22 August 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Coalition commanders seek plan to counter Daesh advance». Gulf News. Agence France-Presse. 14 October 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b «Joint Statement Issued by Partners at the Counter-ISIL Coalition Ministerial Meeting». State.gov. 3 December 2014. Besøkt 14 December 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ "Civilian deaths tripled in U.S.-led campaign against ISIS in 2017, watchdog alleges". The Washington Post. 18 January 2018.
- ^ "US-led coalition killed up to 6000 civilians in fight against IS: watchdog says". The Sydney Morning Herald. 18 January 2018.
- ^ Dehghanpisheh, Babak (3 August 2014). «Iran's elite Guards fighting in Iraq to push back Islamic State». Reuters. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Smith, Alexander (26 September 2014). «Russia Tells Iraq It's 'Ready' to Support Fight Against ISIS». NBC News. Besøkt 27 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Nordland, Rod (29 June 2014). «Russian Jets and Experts Sent to Iraq to Aid Army». The New York Times. Besøkt 28 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Target ISIS: First batch of Russian fighter jets arrives in Iraq». RT. 30 June 2014. Besøkt 8 June 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Russia 'kills 8 ISIS militants' in Caucasus raid». The Daily Star. Beirut, Lebanon. Agence France-Presse.
- ^ Wood, L. Todd (30 June 2015). «Russia declares counter-terror ops regime in North Caucasus». The Washington Times. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Harress, Christopher (24 October 2015). «Russian Islamic State Airstrikes In Iraq: ISIS OK For Russia To Target, Baghdad Says». International Business Times. Besøkt 1 November 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «8 ISIS targets hit during 20 combat flights in Syria – Russian military». RT. 30 September 2015. Besøkt 1 October 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Payne, Ed; Starr, Barbara; Cullinane, Susannah (30 September 2015). «Russia launches first airstrikes in Syria». CNN. Besøkt 30 September 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Lomsadze, Giorgi (24 September 2014). «Azerbaijan Arrests Alleged ISIS and Other Islamic Fighters». EurasiaNet.org. Besøkt 18 February 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Azerbaijani media: Embassy increases security in Baku because of ISIS threatening». Panorama. 26 January 2015. Besøkt 18 January 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Mohan, C. Raja (5 March 2015). «Nawaz Sharif in Saudi Arabia: Pakistan's Leverage in the Gulf». The Indian Express. Besøkt 7 March 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Schram, Jamie (31 October 2014). «Now Pakistan cares about ISIS». New York Post. Besøkt 7 March 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Security forces arrest local Islamic State commander in Lahore: sources». The Express Tribune. Lahore, Pakistan. Reuters. 21 January 2015. Besøkt 7 March 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ http://almasalah.com/ar/news/144265/الجيش-واللجان-الشعبية-يستعيدون-السيطرة-على-جبل-نوفان-الاستراتيجي
- ^ «ISIL, Nusra Clash Fiercely on Qalmoun Barrens: 25 Killed, Injured». Al-Manar News. 17 December 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Joscelyn, Thomas (9 July 2015). «Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb backs jihadists fighting Islamic State in Derna, Libya». Long War Journal. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Suspected Leader of Pro-IS Al-Shabab Faction Reported Killed». Voice of America News. 22 November 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «ISIS reportedly moves into Afghanistan, is even fighting Taliban». 12 January 2015. Arkivert fra originalen 13 February 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «ISIL and the Taliban». Al Jazeera. 1 November 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «ISIL warns Hamas in video message». Al Jazeera. 1 July 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Mohammed, A. Salih (1 September 2014). «PKK forces impress in fight against Islamic State». Al-Monitor. Arkivert fra originalen 6 October 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Aboufadel, Leith (3 September 2016). «Assyrians fight back in Iraq, Badanah village liberated from ISIS». Al Masdar News. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Mortada, Radwan (19 May 2014). «Hezbollah fighters and the "jihadis": Mad, drugged, homicidal, and hungry». Al Akhbar. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Islamic State leader urges attacks in Saudi Arabia: speech». Reuters. 13 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Roggio, Bill (11 June 2013). «Suicide bombers kill 14 in Damascus». Long War Journal. Besøkt 3 June 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Spencer, Richard (19 May 2013). «Syria: Jabhat al-Nusra split after leader's pledge of support for al-Qaeda». The Telegraph. London. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Banco, Erin (11 April 2015). «Jabhat Al-Nusra And ISIS Alliance Could Spread Beyond Damascus». International Business Times. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Lilli, Eugenio (14 November 2014). «How would a deal between al-Qaeda and Isil change Syria's civil war?». The Telegraph. London. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Prothero, Mitchell (4 March 2014). «ISIS joins other rebels to thwart Syria regime push near Lebanon». The Sacramento Bee. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Meek, James Gordon. «Al Qaeda Leader Al-Zawahiri Declares War on ISIS 'Caliph' Al-Baghdadi». ABC News. Besøkt 11 September 2015 – via Yahoo! News. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ Fahmy, Omar (9 September 2015). «Al Qaeda calls Islamic State illegitimate but suggests cooperation». Reuters. Besøkt 11 September 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «UN 'may include' Isis on Syrian war crimes list». BBC News. 26 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ "Video shows Islamic State executes scores of Syrian soldiers". Reuters. 28 August 2014.
- ^ «ISIS accused of crimes against humanity». Dubai, United Arab Emirates: Al Arabiya. 14 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Larson, Nina (14 November 2014). «UN probe: ISIS committing 'crimes against humanity' in Syria». The Daily Star. Beirut, Lebanon. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Libya: Extremists Terrorizing Derna Residents». Human Rights Watch. 27 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Bulos, Nabih (20 June 2014). «Islamic State of Iraq and Syria aims to recruit Westerners with video». Los Angeles Times. Besøkt 17 August 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Zarocostas, John (8 July 2014). «U.N.: Islamic State executed imam of mosque where Baghdadi preached». McClatchyDC. Besøkt 10 October 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Abi-Habib, Maria (26 June 2014). «Iraq's Christian Minority Feels Militant Threat». The Wall Street Journal. Google. Besøkt 6 July 2014. (abonnement kreves). Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Syria: Executions, Hostage Taking by Rebels». Human Rights Watch. 10 October 2013. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Iraq crisis: Islamic State accused of ethnic cleansing». BBC News. 2 September 2014. Besøkt 25 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Mal:Cite report
- ^ a b Brown, Lauretta (26 August 2014). «UN: ISIS Massacred 700 Turkmen – Including Women, Children, Elderly». CNS News. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b «UN confirms 5,000 Yazidis men were executed and 7,000 women are now sex slaves». Daily Mail. London. 14 October 2014. Besøkt 20 October 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Lucas, Ryan (4 November 2014). «ISIS Tortured Kurdish Children Captured in Kobani: Group». HuffPost. Associated Press. Arkivert fra originalen 5 November 2014. Besøkt 4 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Islamic State group 'executes 700' in Syria». Al Jazeera. 17 August 2014. Besøkt 20 October 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Sly, Liz (20 October 2014). «Syria tribal revolt against Islamic State ignored, fueling resentment». The Washington Post. Besøkt 7 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ van Tets, Fernande (7 August 2014). «Isis takes Iraq's largest Christian town as residents told – 'leave, convert or die'». Independent. Besøkt 5 January 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Jadallah, Ahmed (18 July 2014). «Convert, pay tax, or die, Islamic State warns Christians». Reuters. Besøkt 5 January 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Erb, Kelly Phillips (19 July 2014). «Islamic State Warns Christians: Convert, Pay Tax, Leave Or Die». Forbes. Besøkt 4 July 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b «Convert, pay tax, or die, Islamic State warns Christians». Reuters. 18 July 2014. «It said that Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, which the group has now named Caliph Ibrahim, had set a Saturday deadline for Christians who did not want to stay and live under those terms to "leave the borders of the Islamic Caliphate". "After this date, there is nothing between us and them but the sword," it said.» Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Abedine, Saad; Mullen, Jethro (28 February 2014). «Islamists in Syrian city offer Christians safety – at a heavy price». CNN. Besøkt 27 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Hubbard, Ben (23 July 2014). «Life in a Jihadist Capital: Order With a Darker Side». Besøkt 27 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Robinson, Julian (31 March 2016). «Is ISIS planning to kill all remaining Christians in Raqqa? Terror group's decision to ban all members of the faith from leaving the city prompt fears for their safety». Daily Mailaccessdate=4 July 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Al-Khalidi, Suleiman (23 February 2015). «Islamic State in Syria abducts at least 150 Christians». Reuters. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Islamic State 'abducts dozens of Christians in Syria'». BBC. 23 February 2015. Besøkt 23 February 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Neurink, Judit (29 December 2014). «Kurdish official: ISIS Capture of Shingal 'was part of Arabization campaign'». Rudaw. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «ISIL Militants Killed More Than 1000 Civilians in Recent Onslaught in recent Onslaught in Iraq: UN». RT News. Besøkt 4 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Iraq violence: UN confirms more than 2000 killed, injured since early June». UN News Centre. 24 June 2014. Besøkt 4 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «UN warns of war crimes as ISIL allegedly executes 1,700». 15 June 2014. Arkivert fra originalen 4 July 2014. Besøkt 4 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Spencer, Richard (16 June 2014). «Iraq crisis: UN condemns 'war crimes' as another town falls to Isis». London. Besøkt 6 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Syria: ISIS Summarily Killed Civilians». Human Rights Watch. 14 June 2014. Besøkt 5 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Syria conflict: Amnesty says ISIS killed seven children in north». BBC News. 6 June 2014. Besøkt 5 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «NGO: ISIS kills 102-year-old man, family in Syria». Al Arabiya English. Agence France-Presse. 1 June 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Holmes, Oliver (28 December 2014). «Islamic State executed nearly 2,000 people in six months: monitor». Reuters. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Bacchi, Umberto. «ISIS Medieval School Curriculum: No Music, Art and Literature for Mosul Kids». International Business Times.
- ^ Spencer, Richard (16 September 2014). «Islamic State issues new school curriculum in Iraq». The Telegraph. London. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «ISIS eradicates art, history and music from curriculum in Iraq». CBS News. 15 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Sabah, Zaid; Al-Ansary, Khalid (17 September 2014). «Mosul Schools Go Back in Time With Islamic State Curriculum». Bloomberg News. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Philp, Catherine (17 September 2014). «Parents boycott militants' curriculum». The Times. London. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Islamic State says women in Mosul must wear full veil or be punished». The Irish Times. 26 July 2014. Besøkt 23 August 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ McElroy, Damien (23 July 2014). «Islamic State tells Mosul shopkeepers to cover up naked mannequins». The Telegraph. London. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «ISIS Is Actively Recruiting Female Fighters To Brutalize Other Women». Business Insider.
- ^ Zelin, Aaron Y. (13 June 2014). «The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria Has a Consumer Protection Office». The Atlantic. Besøkt 17 June 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Taylor, Adam (12 June 2014). «The rules in ISIS' new state: Amputations for stealing and women to stay indoors.». Besøkt 2 August 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «ISIS bans music, imposes veil in Raqqa». Al-Monitor. 20 January 2014. Arkivert fra originalen 13 September 2014. Besøkt 13 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Isis executes more than 4,000 people in less than two years». Independent. 30 April 2016. Besøkt 11 November 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ "IS beheads two civilian women in Syria: monitor Arkivert 4 juli 2015 hos Wayback Machine". Yahoo News. 30 June 2015.
- ^ Saul, Heather (22 January 2015). «Isis publishes penal code listing amputation, crucifixion and stoning as punishments – and vows to vigilantly enforce it». London. Besøkt 3 February 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Withnall, Adam (18 January 2015). «Isis throws 'gay' men off tower, stones woman accused of adultery and crucifies 17 young men in 'retaliatory' wave of executions». London. Besøkt 3 February 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Rush, James (3 February 2015). «Images emerge of 'gay' man 'thrown from building by Isis militants before he is stoned to death after surviving fall'». London. Besøkt 3 February 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Daragahi, Borzou (25 February 2015). «Isis brutality in Iraq reawakens Sunni resistance». Financial Times. Besøkt 25 February 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Islamic State digging in in Raqqa, hiding in civilian shadows, amassing human shields». Japan Times. 18 November 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Islamic State jihadists using human shields to avoid air strikes». The Daily Telegraph. 20 November 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «ISIS using children human shields in Iraq and Syria as US and others increase airstrikes». CBS News. 4 December 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ "ISIS extremists use Syrian civilians as human shields against Russian strikes Arkivert 4 mai 2016 hos Wayback Machine". ARA News. 24 January 2016.
- ^ «At Any Cost: The Civilian Catastrophe in West Mosul». London: Amnesty International. 11 July 2017. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b c d Kuntz, Katrine (29 July 2016). «Islamic State's Child Soldiers: First Come the Sweets, Then the Beheadings». Der Spiegel. Besøkt 1 August 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Brannan, Kate. «Children of the Caliphate». foreignpolicy.com/. Foreign Policy Magazine. Besøkt 30 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ «IS increases use of child soldiers, says US report». BBC News.
- ^ Chris Tomson (14 March 2017). «In pictures: ISIS launches fresh attacks against the Syrian Army in Deir Ezzor». Al Masdar News. Besøkt 14 March 2017. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Peritz, Aki; Maller, Tara (16 September 2014). «The Islamic State of Sexual Violence». foreignpolicy.com. Besøkt 14 August 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Saul, Heather (18 February 2015). «Isis Raqqa wives subjected to 'brutal' sexual assaults after marrying militants». Independent. London. Besøkt 14 August 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b c d e f Callimachi, Rukmini (13 August 2015). «ISIS Enshrines a Theology of Rape». Besøkt 14 August 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Wood, Paul (22 December 2014). «Islamic State: Yazidi women tell of sex-slavery trauma». BBC News. Besøkt 4 January 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Nebehay, Stephanie (2 October 2014). «Islamic State committing 'staggering' crimes in Iraq: U.N. report». Reuters. Besøkt 2 October 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Lagerwall, Katarina (23 September 2014). «Det jag har bevittnat i al-Raqqa kommer alltid förfölja mig». Dagens Nyheter (Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden. Besøkt 25 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Brekke, Kira (8 September 2014). «ISIS Is Attacking Women, And Nobody Is Talking About It». HuffPost. Besøkt 11 September 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Surging Violence Against Women in Iraq». Inter Press Service. 27 June 2014. Besøkt 5 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Winterton, Clare (25 June 2014). «Why We Must Act When Women in Iraq Document Rape». HuffPost. Besøkt 10 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Giglio, Mike (27 June 2014). «Fear of Sexual Violence Simmers in Iraq As ISIL Advances». BuzzFeed. Besøkt 9 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Williams, Martin (25 September 2013). «Sexual jihad is a bit much». The Citizen. Gauteng, South Africa. Besøkt 7 July 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Watson, Ivan (30 October 2014). «'Treated like cattle': Yazidi women sold, raped, enslaved by ISIS». CNN. Besøkt 14 August 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Yoon, Sangwoon (4 August 2015). «Islamic State Circulates Sex Slave Price List». Bloomberg Business. Arkivert fra originalen 7 August 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Todenhöfer, Jürgen (2015). Inside IS- 10 Tage im <Islamischen Staat> (German). Munich, Germany: C. Bertelsmann Verlag. ISBN 978-3-570-10276-3.
- ^ Spencer, Richard (14 October 2014). «Isil carried out massacres and mass sexual enslavement of Yazidis, UN confirms». The Telegraph. London. Besøkt 3 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Semple, Kirk (14 November 2014). «Yazidi Girls Seized by ISIS Speak Out After Escape». The New York Times. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «ISIS Just Executed More Than 150 Women in Fallujah». Business Insider. NOW News. 17 December 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Siddiqui, Mona (24 August 2014). «Isis: a contrived ideology justifying barbarism and sexual control». The Observer. Besøkt 1 January 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Callimachi, Rukmini (10 February 2015). «Death of Kayla Mueller, ISIS Hostage, Confirmed by Family and White House». The New York Times. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «U.S. believes hostage was given to ISIS fighter as bride». CBS News. 11 February 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Meek, James Gordon; Schwartz, Rhonda (10 February 2015). «Officials: Kayla Mueller May Have Been Given to ISIS Commander». ABC News. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Wagner, Meg; Siemaszko, Corky (10 February 2015). «Kayla Jean Mueller, American aid worker held hostage, may have been forced to marry ISIS leader: report». Daily News. New York. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Dilanian, Ken (14 August 2015). «Islamic State Leader Raped American Hostage, US Finds». Yahoo! News. Associated Press. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Islamic State leader Baghdadi 'raped' Kayla Mueller». BBC News. 14 August 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Goldman, Adam; Miller, Greg (14 August 2015). «Leader of Islamic State took American hostage as sexual slave». The Washington Post. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Meek, James Gordon (14 August 2015). «ISIS Leader Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi Sexually Abused American Hostage Kayla Mueller, Officials Say». Washington DC: ABC News. Besøkt 14 August 2015. «The information about al-Baghdadi's extraordinary direct role in the captivity and physical abuse of Kayla Mueller was drawn from, among many sources, the U.S. debriefings of at least least two Yezedi teenage girls, ages 16 and 18, held as sex slaves in the Sayyaf compound as well as from the interrogation of Abu Sayyaf's wife Umm Sayyaf, who was captured in the U.S. raid, the officials told ABC News.» Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b c Abdelaziz, Salma (13 October 2014). «ISIS states its justification for the enslavement of women». CNN. Besøkt 1 January 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Spencer, Richard (13 October 2014). «Thousands of Yazidi women sold as sex slaves 'for theological reasons', says Isil». The Telegraph. London. Besøkt 3 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Slavery in Islam: To have and to hold». The Economist. 18 October 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Malas, Nour (18 November 2014). «Ancient Prophecies Motivate Islamic State Militants: Battlefield Strategies Driven by 1,400-year-old Apocalyptic Ideas». The Wall Street Journal. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Sypher, Ford (28 August 2014). «Rape and Sexual Slavery Inside an ISIS Prison». The Daily Beast. Horror. Besøkt 5 January 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b c d Kumar, Anugrah (13 October 2014). «ISIS Claims Islam Justifies Making 'Infidel' Women Sex Slaves». The Christian Post. Besøkt 1 January 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b «ISIL seeks to justify enslaving Yazidi women and girls in Iraq». Today's Zaman. abril. 14 October 2014. Arkivert fra originalen 15 November 2014. Besøkt 2 January 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=, |besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Smith, Amelia (12 September 2014). «ISIS Publish Pamphlet On How to Treat Female Slaves». Newsweek. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Taher, Abul (13 December 2014). «Our faith condones raping underage slaves: ISIS publishes shocking guidebook telling fighters how to buy, sell and abuse captured women». Daily Mail. London. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Withnall, Adam (10 December 2014). «Isis releases 'abhorrent' sex slaves pamphlet with 27 tips for militants on taking, punishing and raping female captives». Independent. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Lodge, Carey (15 December 2014). «Islamic State issues abhorrent sex slavery guidelines about how to treat women». Christianity Today. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Botelho, Greg (13 December 2014). «ISIS: Enslaving, having sex with 'unbelieving' women, girls is OK». CNN. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Saul, Heather (10 April 2015). «Yazidi sex slaves 'gang-raped in public' by Isis fighters, harrowing accounts reveal». Independent. London. Besøkt 11 April 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Saul, Heather (21 February 2015). «Isis infighting: Tensions rise over use of Yazidi sex slaves, loss of Kobani and poor services in areas controlled by group». Independent. London. Besøkt 11 April 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Hinnant, Lori; Alleruzzo, Maya; Szlanko, Balint (5 July 2016). «Islamic State tightens grip on captives held as sex slaves». The Big Story. Associate Press. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Gardner, Ffrank (3 August 2016). «Iraq's Sinjar Yazidis: Bringing IS slavers to justice». BBC News. Besøkt 3 August 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «About CPJ». Committee to Protect Journalists.
- ^ Al Fares, Zaid (5 September 2014). «The Forgotten Isis Beheadings: The World Mourns Steven Sotloff, but who Remembers Bassam al-Rayes?». International Business Times UK. Besøkt 17 December 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Kestler-D'Amours, Jillian (6 October 2014). «Syria journalists 'on the margins of history'». Al Jazeera. Besøkt 17 December 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b «Areas controlled by Islamic State are news 'black holes'». Reporters Without Borders. 23 October 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «ISIL 'publicly executes Iraqi journalist'». Al Jazeera. 11 October 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Callimachi, Rukmini (25 October 2014). «ISIS Hostages Endured Torture and Dashed Hopes, Freed Cellmates Say». The New York Times. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Yourish, Karen (25 October 2014). «The Fates of 23 ISIS Hostages in Syria». The New York Times. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Johnston, Chris (9 December 2014). «Islamic State suspected of cyber-attack on Raqqa opponents». The Guardian. Besøkt 28 December 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Libya's ISIS branch claims execution of two Tunisian journalists». Al Akhbar English. 9 January 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ McCurry, Justin (31 January 2015). «Isis video purports to show beheading of Japanese hostage Kenji Goto». The Guardian. Besøkt 1 July 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Eliott C. McLaughlin (20 April 2015). «ISIS executes more Christians in Libya, video shows». CNN. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «ISIL video shows Christian Egyptians beheaded in Libya». Al Jazeera. 16 February 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Solomon, Erika (19 December 2014). «Isis morale falls as momentum slows and casualties mount». Financial Times. Besøkt 20 December 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Seeking Information: Help Identify Individuals Traveling Overseas for Combat». Federal Bureau of Investigation. 7 October 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Syrian Soldiers Digging Their Own Graves Before Being Executed by ISIS». Arkivert fra originalen 28 January 2015 – via YouTube. Sjekk datoverdier i
|arkivdato=
(hjelp) - ^ Ellis, Ralph (6 April 2015). «New mass graves found in Tikrit». CNN. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Two detained in Finland over ISIS executions in Tikrit». Yle. 10 December 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Westall, Sylvia; Karouny, Mariam (28 August 2014). «Video shows Islamic State executes scores of Syrian soldiers». Reuters. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «ISIS purges Syria's Palmyra of Assad loyalists». The Times of India. Associated Press. 23 May 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Isis massacre: At least 300 killed, several held hostages in east Syria». International Business Times. 17 January 2016. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ "Isis kills hundreds of Iraqi Sunnis from Albu Nimr tribe in Anbar province". The Guardian. 30 October 2014.
- ^ "IS Massacres 70 More Tribesmen In Iraqi Revenge Attack". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty/Radio Liberty/Radio Liberty. 10 November 2014
- ^ Saul, Heather (17 December 2014). «Isis 'executes 150 women for refusing to marry militants' and buries them in mass graves». Independent. London. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Kurdish forces fighting Isis report being attacked with chemical weapons». The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 13 August 2015. Besøkt 14 August 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Deutsch, Anthony (15 February 2016). «Samples confirm Islamic State used mustard gas in Iraq – diplomat». Reuters. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «ISIS's Financial and Military Capabilities». Crethiplethi. Winter 2014. Besøkt 14 November 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Iraq's heritage needs protection from Islamic State – UNESCO». Reuters. 2 November 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Arraf, Jane (8 November 2014). «Islamic State seeking to 'delete' entire cultures, UNESCO chief warns in Iraq». The Christian Science Monitor. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Lamb, Franklin (8 May 2014). «SYRIA: "Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently"». Intifada Palestine. Besøkt 28 December 2014. «transcript of an interview conducted by the author at the National Museum of Syria with an employee of the Directorate General of Antiquities and Museums (DGAM). The gentleman had been working in the governorate of Raqqa, in eastern Syria, when armed groups were looting museums and conducting illegal excavations of heritage sites.» Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Block, Melissa (9 July 2014). «The Plight of Mosul's Museum: Iraqi Antiquities At Risk Of Ruin». NPR. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ a b Dickey, Christopher (7 July 2014). «ISIS Is About to Destroy Biblical History in Iraq». The Daily Beast. Sjekk datoverdier i
|dato=
(hjelp) - ^ Al-Alawi, Irfan. «Extreme Wahhabism on Display in Shrine Destruction in Mosul». Gatestone Institute. Besøkt 4 October 2014. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=
(hjelp) - ^ «Islamic State: Jihadists destroying and looting Iraqi heritage sites for artefacts, UNESCO warns». ABC News. Agence France-Presse.
- ^ «Nimrud: Outcry as IS bulldozers attack ancient Iraq site». BBC News. 6 March 2015. Besøkt 6 March 2015. Sjekk datoverdier i
|besøksdato=, |dato=
(hjelp) - ^ #invoke:citation/CS1
Bibliography
[rediger | rediger kilde]- #invoke:citation/CS1
- #invoke:citation/CS1
- #invoke:citation/CS1
- Mal:Cite book
- Mal:Cite new
- Mal:Cite journal
- Mal:Cite news
- Mal:Cite magazine
- Mal:Cite journal
- Mal:Cite news
External links
[rediger | rediger kilde]- The Islamic State by Council on Foreign Relations
- ISIS, Counter Extremism Project profile
- "'Islamic State': Raqqa's loss seals rapid rise and fall" by BBC News
- Frontline: Losing Iraq (July 2014), The Rise of ISIS (October 2014), Obama at War (May 2015), Escaping ISIS (July 2015), documentaries by PBS
- The Islamic State, August 2014 documentary by Vice News
- "ISIS: Portrait of a Jihadi Terrorist Organization", report by the Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center
- Operation Inherent Resolve updates
- "The Group That Calls Itself a State", publication by the Combating Terrorism Center
Mal:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Mal:Military intervention against ISIL Mal:Islamism Mal:Syrian Civil War Mal:Armed Iraqi groups in the Iraq War and the Iraq Civil War Mal:Islamic terrorism in Europe Mal:Authority control
[[Category:1999 establishments in Asia]] [[Category:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant| ]] [[Category:Anti-government factions of the Syrian Civil War]] [[Category:Anti-Shi'ism]] [[Category:Apocalyptic groups]] [[Category:Dissolution of Iraq]] [[Category:Dissolution of Syria]] [[Category:Groups practising sexual slavery]] [[Category:Iraqi insurgency (2003–11)]] [[Category:Iraqi insurgency (2011–13)]] [[Category:Islamism in Iraq]] [[Category:Islamism in Syria]] [[Category:Islamist groups]] [[Category:Jihadist groups]] [[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by China]] [[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by Russia]] [[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by Syria]] [[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States]] [[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by Australia]] [[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by India]] [[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by Iran]] [[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by Iraq]] [[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by Israel]] [[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by the European Union]] [[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by Pakistan]] [[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by Turkey]] [[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist in Asia]] [[Category:Persecution of Christians by ISIL]] [[Category:Persecution of LGBT people]] [[Category:Persecution of Yazidis]] [[Category:Rebel groups in Egypt]] [[Category:Rebel groups in Iraq]] [[Category:Rebel groups in Libya]] [[Category:Rebel groups in Syria]] [[Category:Salafi groups]] [[Category:Sunni Islamist groups]] [[Category:Terrorism in Iraq]] [[Category:Terrorism in Lebanon]] [[Category:Terrorism in Syria]] [[Category:Terrorism in Turkey]] [[Category:Politics of Syria]] [[Category:Politics of Iraq]] [[Category:Iraq War]] [[Category:Violence against Shia Muslims]] [[Category:Violence against Shia Muslims in Iraq]] [[Category:Violence against LGBT people]] [[Category:Wahhabism]] [[Category:Totalitarian states]] [[Category:Violence against women]]