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US7235655B2 - Processes to prepare eplerenone - Google Patents

Processes to prepare eplerenone Download PDF

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Publication number
US7235655B2
US7235655B2 US10/392,833 US39283303A US7235655B2 US 7235655 B2 US7235655 B2 US 7235655B2 US 39283303 A US39283303 A US 39283303A US 7235655 B2 US7235655 B2 US 7235655B2
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Prior art keywords
alkyl
acid
defined above
lactone
carboxylic acid
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US10/392,833
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US20030232981A1 (en
Inventor
Bruce Allen Pearlman
Amphlett Greg Padilla
Jeffrey L. Havens
Sonja S. Mackey
Haifeng Wu
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Pharmacia and Upjohn Co
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Pharmacia and Upjohn Co
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Priority to US10/392,833 priority Critical patent/US7235655B2/en
Assigned to PHARMACIA & UPJOHN COMPANY reassignment PHARMACIA & UPJOHN COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HAVENS, JEFFREY L., MACKEY, SONJA S., PADILLA, AMPHLETT GREG, PEARLMAN, BRUCE ALLEN, WEU, HAIFENG
Priority to US10/666,175 priority patent/US7112670B2/en
Priority to AU2003282868A priority patent/AU2003282868A1/en
Priority to DE60317214T priority patent/DE60317214T2/en
Priority to EP03774488A priority patent/EP1539795B1/en
Priority to JP2005501605A priority patent/JP2006505624A/en
Priority to PCT/US2003/029923 priority patent/WO2004037844A1/en
Priority to ES03774488T priority patent/ES2295663T3/en
Priority to AT03774488T priority patent/ATE377020T1/en
Publication of US20030232981A1 publication Critical patent/US20030232981A1/en
Priority to CL2004001658A priority patent/CL2004001658A1/en
Priority to US11/614,538 priority patent/US20070129332A1/en
Priority to US11/614,510 priority patent/US7417140B2/en
Priority to US11/614,456 priority patent/US7411062B2/en
Priority to US11/614,490 priority patent/US7414127B2/en
Priority to US11/614,446 priority patent/US20070106072A1/en
Publication of US7235655B2 publication Critical patent/US7235655B2/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J1/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen, not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, androstane
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07J—STEROIDS
    • C07J21/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen having an oxygen-containing hetero ring spiro-condensed with the cyclopenta(a)hydrophenanthrene skeleton

Definitions

  • the present invention includes a process for the transformation of a 3-enol ether ⁇ 3,5 -steroid to the corresponding ⁇ 4,6 -3-ketal steroid (I-P).
  • the present invention includes a process for the transformation of a ⁇ 4,6 -3-keto steroid or ketal thereof (I), to the corresponding ⁇ 4 -3-ketosteroid-7 ⁇ -carboxylic acid (VI).
  • the present invention also includes a novel processes and novel intermediates to produce the pharmaceutically useful compound eplerenone.
  • the invention includes processes for transformation of 11 ⁇ -hydroxy-17-lactone (CI) or 11 ⁇ -hydroxy steroids (CIV) to the corresponding ⁇ 9(11) -17-lactone (CII) or ⁇ 9(11) -steroids (CV) using a N-fluoroalkylamine reagents (CVI).
  • CI 11 ⁇ -hydroxy-17-lactone
  • CIV 11 ⁇ -hydroxy steroids
  • CV N-fluoroalkylamine reagents
  • Eplerenone also known as epoxymexrenone, is a useful pharmaceutical agent and chemically is 9 ⁇ ,11 ⁇ -epoxy-17 ⁇ -hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one-7 ⁇ ,21-dicarboxylic acid, ⁇ -lactone, methyl ester.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,874,754 discloses 19-nor steroids with 7 ⁇ -aryl substitution.
  • the 7 ⁇ -aryl substituent included a number of groups including phenyl, thienyl, furyl, thiazolyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isothiazolyl and isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl and pyrazinyl.
  • the 19-nor compounds had antiproliferative, anti-estrogenic and/or estrogenic properties and are not useful intermediates to eplerenone because there are no practical methods for installing the 19-methyl group into 19-nor steroids.
  • the 7 ⁇ -substituted steroids (II) of the present invention are intermediates, not end products and do not have estrogenic properties because they are not 19-nor steroids.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,502,989 discloses a number of ⁇ 11 -steroidal- ⁇ -lactones many of which are substituted in the 7 ⁇ -position which have aldosterone antagonist activity.
  • the 7 ⁇ -substitution is 6 ⁇ ,7 ⁇ -methylene-, 7 ⁇ -trimethylacetylthio-, 7 ⁇ -acetylthio- and 7 ⁇ -benzoythio-, see claim 1.
  • These compounds differ from the compounds of the invention in that the C-ring double bond is ⁇ 11 - and the 7 ⁇ -substituents are such that the compounds cannot be used in the same way as the 7 ⁇ -substituted steroids (II).
  • Het., 25, 399 (1987) and Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 131, 900 (1994) disclose the use of boron trifluoride diethyl etherate to catalyze conjugate addition of non-steroidal 2-methylfuran to ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated ketones in ethanol/nitromethane.
  • the process of the present invention involves steroidal furans.
  • the enone substrates in Het., 25, 399 (1987) and Bull Soc. Chim. Fr. 131, 900 (1994) do not contain stereocenters, so the issue of stereocontrol does not arise.
  • Example 7 discloses that trimethylsulfoxonium iodide adds to ⁇ 9(11) -canrenone (I) using sodium hydride in DMSO at room temperature to give exclusively 6 ⁇ ,7 ⁇ -methylene- ⁇ 9(11) -canrenone. Also, nitromethane adds to ⁇ 9 ( 11 )-canrenone (I) in tetramethylguanidine at room temperature over 7.5 hrs.) to give exclusively the 7 ⁇ stereoisomer (7 ⁇ -nitromethyl- ⁇ 9(11) -6,7-dihydrocanrenone.
  • J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79, 3120 (1957), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 82, 6136 (1960), and J. Org. Chem. 27, 1192 (1962) disclose degradation of non-steroidal enediones to carboxylic acids through alkoxyhydroperoxide intermediates and not hydroxyhydroperoxide intermediates.
  • the process of the present invention involves steroidal enediones.
  • J. Org. Chem. 63, 7505 discloses the use of dibromatin, sodium bicarbonate and aqueous acetone to open non-steroidal furans to produce enediones.
  • the process of the present invention involves steroidal furans.
  • Chem. Lett., 1771 (1983) discloses the use of hydrochloric acid in ether to catalyze the isomerization of non-steroidal cis-enediones to trans-enediones.
  • the process of the present invention involves steroidal enediones.
  • J. Am. Chem. Soc., 79, 3120 (1957), J. Am. Chem. Soc., 82, 6136 (1960) and J. Org. Chem., 27, 1192 (1962) disclose the degradation of enediones to carboxylic acids through alkoxyhydroperoxide intermediates by use of ozone and an oxidatively cleaving agent.
  • the yields are not particularly high.
  • the yield of benzoic acid from trans-dibenzoylethylene was 54%.
  • Drugs of the Future, 24, 488 (1999) discloses conversion of the 5,7-lactone (VII) to the corresponding methyl ester (VIII) by treatment with “methyl iodide in basic medium,”.
  • the process of the present invention for methylation is a sequential process.
  • Eplerenone is 9(11 ) ⁇ -epoxy-17 ⁇ -hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one-7 ⁇ ,21-dicarboxylic acid, ⁇ -lactone, methyl ester and as such contains a 7 ⁇ -carbomethoxy substituent. From the standpoint of production, a major difficulty in the production of eplerenone is introduction of the 7 ⁇ -carbomethoxy substituent.
  • the present invention includes an improved proved process for the introduction of the 7 ⁇ -substituent.
  • a carboxylic acid can be obtained from a (substituted)furan in one step by ozonolysis. However, the yields are quite low. Further, it is known that furans can be opened to enediones. It is also known that enediones can be oxidized to carboxylic acids.
  • J. Org. Chem., 2187–2195(1964) discloses the reaction of 11 ⁇ -hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione with 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluorotriethylamine to give the elimination product, pregna-4,9(11)-diene-3,20-dione, in 86% yield.
  • the process of the present invention does not use 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluorotriethylamine also known as Yarovenko reagent.
  • use of 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluorotriethylamine is a problem because it is not stable enough to make scale up practicable. In addition, it is derived from a chlorofluorocarbon and is not environmentally sound.
  • Tetrahedron Letters, 1065–1069 (1962) also discloses the reaction of 11 ⁇ -hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione with 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluorotriethylamine to give the elimination product, pregna-4,9(11)-diene-3,20-dione.
  • J. Fluorine Chem., 109, 25–31 describes and compares the use of 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-N,N-dimethylamine as well as Yarovenko-Raksha and Ishikawa reagent as fluorinating and dehydrating agents. While the document discloses examples of elimination reactions in both aliphatic and cyclic systems, the primary use is as a fluorinating agent. The only steroid example was the reaction of 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-N,N-dimethylamine with cholesterol which produced a product with fluorine at the C-3 position of cholesterol.
  • E 1 are the same or different and are:
  • E 1 are the same or different and are:
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R 9 , R 11 R 17 and R b are as defined above and where R 7-2 is —H and C 1 –C 4 alkyl optionally substituted with one or two —OH.
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R 9 , R 11 R 17 and R b are as defined above.
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R 9 , R 11 R 17 , R b , R c and R d are as defined above.
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R 9 , R 11 R 17 , R b and R d are as defined above.
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R 9 , R 11 R 17 and R b are as defined above.
  • R S-2 is —H, C 1 –C 4 alkyl, - ⁇ , and —CH 2 - ⁇ ;
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R 9 , R 11 , R 17 , R b , R c and R d are as defined above; which comprises:
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 9 , R 11 , R 17 , R b , R c and R d are as defined above with an isomerization catalyst selected from the group consisting of:
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R 7-2 , R 9 , R 11 , R 17 , R b are as defined above; which comprises:
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R g , R 11 , R 17 , R b , R c and R d are as defined above, with ozone in the presence of an alcohol of the formula R 7-2 —OH, where R 7-2 is as defined above.
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R 7-2 , R 9 , R 11 , R 17 and R b are as defined above; which comprises:
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 9 , R 11 , R 17 , R b and R 7-2 are as defined above with a hydroperoxy-deoxygenating agent.
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R 9 , R 11 and R 17 are as defined above; which comprises:
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 9 , R 11 , R 1 R b and R 7-2 are as defined above; with a carboxylic acid forming agent selected from the group consisting of:
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R 9 , R 11 and R 17 are as defined above; which comprises:
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R 9 , R 11 , R 17 and R b are as defined above; with an oxidatively cleaving agent.
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R 7-1 , R 9 , R 11 and R 17 are as defined above; with ozone in the presence of a C 1 –C 4 alcohol and
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R 9 , R 11 and R 17 are as defined above; which comprises:
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R 7-1 , R 9 , R 11 and R 17 , are as defined above; with an agent selected from the group consisting of:
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R 9 , R 11 and R 17 are as defined above; which comprises:
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R 7-1 , R 9 , R 11 , R 17 are as defined above with
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R 9 , R 11 , R 17 , R b , R c and R d are as defined above, with an oxidatively cleaving agent.
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7-1 and R 17 are as defined above, with a N-fluoroalkylamine reagent of formula (CVI).
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 17 , R b , R c and R d are as defined above, with a N-fluoroalkylamine reagent of formula (CVI).
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R 7-2 , R 1-7 and R b , are as defined above, with a N-fluoroalkylamine reagent of formula (CVI) and
  • Eplerenone is 9 ⁇ , 11 ⁇ -epoxy-17 ⁇ -hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one-7 ⁇ , 21-dicarboxylic acid, ⁇ -lactone, methyl ester and as such contains a 7 ⁇ -carbomethoxy substituent. It is useful as a pharmaceutical agent for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. A major difficulty in the production of eplerenone is introduction of the 7 ⁇ -carbomethoxy substituent.
  • the processes and intermediates of the present invention are improved processes for the preparation of eplerenone.
  • CHART A discloses the general process of the invention when the adduct at the 7 ⁇ -position, —R 7-1 is (-A1).
  • the process of the present invention begins with a protected or unprotected ⁇ 4,6 -3-keto steroid (I). Since the steroid A-ring can be protected or not protected, CHART B discloses an improved process for protection of the ⁇ 4,6 -3-keto steroid (I) starting material as a C-3 protected ⁇ 4,6 -3-ketal steroid (I-P).
  • CHART C discloses an alternative route (ozonolysis) for transformation of the 7 ⁇ -substituted steroid (II) to eplerenone (IX).
  • CHART D discloses the general process when the steroid A-ring is unprotected and R 7-1 is the variable substituent (-A1).
  • CHART E discloses the preferred process for the transformation of a ⁇ 4,6 -3-keto steroid or ketal thereof (I) to eplerenone (IX).
  • CHART F discloses the reversible nature of the conversion of the carboxylic acid (VI) with the 5,7-lactone (VII).
  • CHART G discloses the general process of the invention when —R 7-1 is (-A2).
  • CHART H discloses the general process of the invention when —R 7-1 is (-B), (-C), (-D1), (-D2) or (-D3).
  • the first step in the process of CHART A is to prepare a 7 ⁇ -substituted steroid (II) of the formula
  • E 1 are the same or different and are:
  • R 17 is:
  • R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are (I) R 3 is ⁇ O; R 4 is R 4-1 :R 4-2 where one of R 4-1 and R 4-2 is —H and the other of R 4-1 and R 4-2 is taken together with R 5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached; R 6 is —H:—H.
  • Groups (I), (III) and (IV) are operable in the processes of the present invention.
  • R 6 is R 6-3 :R 6-4 where one of R 6-3 and R 6-4 is taken together with R 5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of R 6-3 and R 6-4 is —H; is a ⁇ 3,5 -3,3-dialkoxy ring system which
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are selected from the group consisting of:
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are:
  • R 9 and R 11 are:
  • R 17 is selected from the group consisting of:
  • R 7-1 is substituent of formula (-A1). It is also preferred that X 1 is —O—. It is preferred that R b and R c are —H and it is preferred that R d is C 1 alkyl. It is preferred that R a is —H. It is preferred that for R a that L is
  • variable substituents R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7-1 , R 9 , R 11 , R 17 , R a , R b , R c , R d and X 1 are not just for the ⁇ 4,6 -3-keto steroid or ketal thereof (I) and/or the 7 ⁇ -substituted steroid (II), but rather are for all the compounds (I) thru (XV) of the invention, except as expressly noted.
  • variable substituents such as R 7-2 discussed below and/or chemical reagents used in this patent such as oxygen donating agent, halogenating agent, isomerization catalyst, hydroperoxy-deoxygenating agent, acid forming agent, acylation catalyst, oxidatively cleaving agent, deoxygenating agent, are defined the same throughout the patent as the first time they arc discussed. Since many of these variable substituents and chemical reagents are referred to numerous times, it would be redundant each time they are used to repeatedly mention what is included, what is preferred and more preferred.
  • the acid reactant be a Lewis acid.
  • the Lewis acid must be electrophilic enough to complex with the ⁇ 4,6 -3-keto steroid or ketal thereof (I), but not so electrophilic that it complexes with the nucleophilic reagent (A1), (A2), (B), (C), (D1), (D2) or (D3) as is known to those skilled in the art.
  • the Lewis Acid be used in the presence of an alcohol selected from the group consisting of C 1 –C 3 alcohols, ethylene glycol, 1,2- or 1,3-propylene glycol, 2,2-dimethyl- or 2,2-diethyl-1,3-propylene glycol and phenol. It is more preferred that the alcohol be a C 1 –C 3 alcohol or mixture thereof.
  • Useful Lewis acids include those selected from the group consisting of
  • Useful 7 ⁇ -substituted steroids (II) include those selected from the group consisting of:
  • the process for purifying the 7 ⁇ -substituted steroid of formula (II) comprises crystallizing the 7 ⁇ -substituted steroid (II), which contains greater than 5% of the 7 ⁇ -isomer from a solvent selected from the group consisting of ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate and butyl acetate.
  • the 7 ⁇ -substituted steroid (II) in greater than 99.8% isomeric purity and it is preferred that the crystallization solvent is n-propyl acetate. Crystallization co-solvents may be used.
  • the next step in the process of CHART A is the conversion of the 7 ⁇ -substituted steroid (II) to the corresponding cis-enedione (II-cis), by an oxidative process which comprises (1) contacting the 7 ⁇ -substituted steroid of formula (II) with an agent selected from the group consisting of:
  • the cis-enedione (III-cis) can be transformed to the corresponding trans-enedione (III-trans) or it can be converted to the peroxy compound (IV-OOH), the hydroxy compound (IV-OH), the biscarbonyl compound (V) or the carboxylic acid (VI) or mixture thereof.
  • carboxylic acid (VI) refers to and includes the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. These will include the sodium, potassium, lithium, magnesium, tetrabutylammonium and the carboxylic acid salts with DBU, tetramethylquanidine, triethylamine and others.
  • the identity of the particular cation is not important since eventually it is lost when forming an acid which ultimately is converted to the methyl ester (VIII) and eplerenone (IX) which requires a methyl ester at the 7 ⁇ -position. It is preferable to convert the cis-enedione (III-cis) to the corresponding trans-enedione (III-trans) rather than convert the cis-enedione (III-cis) to a mixture of peroxy (IV-OOH), hydroxy (IV-OH) and biscarbonyl (V) compounds.
  • an isomerization catalyst which can be either a chemical agent including:
  • the isomerization catalyst be a strong acid of pK a of ⁇ about 2.
  • useful strong acids of pK a of ⁇ about 2 include those selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodoic acid, hydrofluoroic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, trichloroacetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid, it is preferred that the strong acid of pK a of ⁇ about 2 be hydrochloric acid.
  • the isomerization catalyst is a strong acid of pK a of ⁇ about 2, it is preferred that it be used in anhydrous form or if used in as an aqueous mixture that the reaction be performed as a two phase system with the aqueous phase being separate.
  • the isomerization catalyst is a tertiary amine whose conjugate acid has a pK a >about 8
  • useful tertiary amines whose conjugate acid has a pK a >about 8 include those selected from the group consisting of (Q 3 ) 3 N were Q 3 is C 1 –C 3 alkyl, DBU, DBN, DABCO, pyridine, p-dimethylaminopyridine and pyrrolidinylpyridine.
  • the isomerization catalyst is salt of a tertiary amine whose conjugate acid has a pK a >about 8
  • the salt of a tertiary amine whose conjugate acid has a pK a >about 8 be pyridine hydrochloride.
  • only a catalytic amount is required.
  • just adding commercial chloroform containing the usual impurity of hydrochloric acid is sufficient to effect the transformation to the corresponding trans-enedione (III-trans), see EXAMPLE 4, Part 2.
  • the isomerization of cis-enedione (III-cis) to the corresponding trans-enedione (III-trans) can be performed at 20–25° (room temperature). At room temperature, the reaction usually takes a few hours. It is necessary to monitor the course of the reaction by standard methods such as LC or TLC to ensure that it does not go too long. If the reaction goes too long, the reaction reforms the 7 ⁇ -substituted steroid (II) with a ⁇ 6 -double bond. Once the reaction has proceeded to completeness where it is desirous to terminate the reaction, the reaction can be terminated as follows.
  • the isomerization catalyst is an acid or salt of a tertiary amine whose conjugate acid has a pK a of>8, one can terminate the reaction by washing with water. If aqueous acid is used as the isomerization catalyst, it is best to separate the phases and then wash the non-aqueous phase with water. If the isomerization catalyst is a tertiary amine whose conjugate acid has a pK a of>8, then the reaction mixture is washed with aqueous acid followed by water.
  • the trans-enedione (III-trans) can be isolated and purified, however it is preferred not to isolate and purify it but rather carry it on in situ.
  • the next step is the conversion of either the cis-enedione (III-cis) or trans-enedione (III-trans), or mixture thereof, to the corresponding hydroperoxy (IV-OOH) compound, hydroxy (IV-OH) compound, biscarbonyl (V) compound and/or the carboxylic acid (VI) or mixtures thereof.
  • the cis-enedione (III-cis) or trans-enedione (III-trans), or mixture there of, is transformed to the corresponding hydroxy compound, peroxy compound (IV-OOH), or biscarbonyl compound (V) or carboxylic (VI) by contacting the cis-enedione (III-cis) or trans-enedione (III-trans) or a mixture thereof, with ozone in the presence of an alcohol of the formula R 7-2 —OH where R 7-2 is —H or C 1 –C 4 alkyl optionally substituted with one or two —OH.
  • R 7-2 is —H, C 1 or is iso-C 3 ; it is more preferred that R 7-2 is a mixture of —H, C 1 and iso-C 3 .
  • the steroidal starting materials must be in solution using a solvent that will dissolve them at the cold temperatures at which it is preferred to perform this reaction. Methylene chloride is the preferred solvent.
  • the reaction temperatures can be as low as about ⁇ 100° up to about 40°. It is preferred that the temperature be from about ⁇ 78° to about ⁇ 20°; it is more preferred that the temperature be about ⁇ 50°. The lower the temperature, the more selectivity; the higher the temperature the less selectivity.
  • the actual temperature used will depend on the particular reactants used and the degree of selectivity desired.
  • the reaction is permitted to run until the starting material is reduced to a small amount.
  • the ozone must be stopped when the starting material is consumed or the ozone will destroy the product by reacting with the ⁇ 4 - and/or ⁇ 9(11) -double bonds if present.
  • the alcohol, R 7-2 —OH is used in a large excess to efficiently trap the carbonyl oxide intermediate produced.
  • the reaction, temperature, the time the reaction is permitted to run and the nature of the particular alcohol, R 7-2 —OH determines the identity of the product or if more than one product is produced, the ratio of products.
  • the product is more likely to be the biscarbonyl compound (V), all other things being equal.
  • the alcohol, R 7-2 —OH does not have a hindered R 7-2 group, such as methyl, then the product is more likely to be the hydroxy compound (IV-OH), all other things being equal.
  • the preferred product produced by the oxidation process is the carboxylic acid (VI).
  • the hydroperoxy compound (IV-OOH) can be converted to the corresponding hydroxy compound (IV-OH) by contacting the hydroperoxy compound (IV-OOH) with a hydroperoxy-deoxygenating agent. It is preferred to use a mild hydroperoxy-deoxygenating agent, one which both deoxygenates, and second does not add to the steroid molecule.
  • a mild hydroperoxy-deoxygenating agent one which both deoxygenates, and second does not add to the steroid molecule.
  • Useful hydroperoxy-deoxygenating agents include those selected from the group consisting of:
  • the hydroperoxy compound (IV-OOH) can be transformed to the corresponding carboxylic acid (VI) by contacting the hydroperoxy compound (IV-OOH) with a carboxylic acid forming agent selected from the group consisting of:
  • Both the hydroxy compound (IV-OH) and the biscarbonyl compound (V) are converted to the corresponding carboxylic acid (VI) in the same manner.
  • the process involves contacting the hydroxy compound (IV-OH) or the biscarbonyl compound (V), or mixture thereof, with an oxidatively cleaving agent.
  • oxidatively cleaving agents are selected from the group consisting of:
  • n 1 is 0 or 1
  • R 33 and R 34 are the same or different and are —H and C 1 –C 3 alkyl;
  • R 4 is —H:—H;
  • R 6 is R 6-5 :R 6-6 where one of R 6-5 and R 6-6 is taken together with R 5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of R 6-5 and R 6-6 is —H;
  • the present invention includes a process for the preparation of a methyl ester of formula (VIII)
  • the 5,7-lactone (VII) can be transformed to the (salt of the) corresponding carboxylic acid (VI) by contacting the 5,7-lactone of formula (VII), with a reaction medium which as a pH>7.
  • the reaction is similar to the transformation of the 5,7-lactone (VII) to the methyl ester (VIII) except that no methylating agent is used. Since only base is used, the product produced is the salt of the carboxylic acid (VI). Further, since no methylating agent is present, the amount of base used is not critical. If the acid form of the carboxylic acid (VI), is desired the salt form can be acidified to produced the corresponding acid form of the carboxylic acid (VI) as is known to those skilled in the art.
  • the steroid A-ring can be protected, as compound (I-P), see CHART B and the explanation below, during the transformation of (I) to (II) or used in the unprotected form (I).
  • the C- and D-rings can have a variety of functionality during the various steps of the process.
  • the C-ring functionality includes, for example, 9 ⁇ -hydroxy, 9 ⁇ -O-(HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUP), 9 ⁇ -F, 11-keto, 11-saturated, 11 ⁇ -hydroxy, 11 ⁇ -O-(HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUP), 11 ⁇ -hydroxy, 11 ⁇ -O-(HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUP), ⁇ 9(11) - and 9 ⁇ ,11 ⁇ a-epoxy.
  • the D-ring functionality includes, for example, 17-keto, 17 ⁇ -hydroxy, 17 ⁇ -ethynyl-17 ⁇ -hydroxy, 17 ⁇ -cyano-17 ⁇ -hydroxy, 17 ⁇ -C ⁇ C—CH 2 —O—(—H or substituted silyl)-17 ⁇ -OH, 17 ⁇ -C ⁇ C—CH 2 —O—(HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUP)-17 ⁇ -OH, 17 ⁇ -CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —OH—17 ⁇ -OH, 17 ⁇ -CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —O—(HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUP)-17 ⁇ -OH, 17 ⁇ -hydroxy-17 ⁇ -CO—CH 3 , 17 ⁇ -CO—CH 2 —OH, 17 ⁇ -CO—CH 2 —O—CO—(CH 2 ) 0-3 —CH 3 ; 17 ⁇ -O—CH 2 -17 ⁇ resulting in a three member epoxide, ⁇ -lactone and —CH—(OR 17-9 )—CH 2
  • the same HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUPs are operable at C-9, C- 11 and C-17 and are selected from the group consisting of: —Si(—CH 3 ) 3 , —Si(—CH 2 —CH 3 ) 3 , —CO—CH 3 , —CO—H and —SiH(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • the A-ring if it is not already the required ⁇ 4 -3-keto functionality, must be transformed to the ⁇ 4 -3-keto functionality.
  • the C-ring if it is not already the required 9 ⁇ ,11 ⁇ -epoxide functionality, it must be transformed to the 9 ⁇ ,11 ⁇ -epoxide.
  • the D-ring if it is not already the required ⁇ -lactone, it must be transformed to the ⁇ -lactone.
  • those transformations can take place either before, during or after various other processes and/or steps of CHART A.
  • the C-ring with ⁇ 9(11) -functionality and the D-ring as the ⁇ -lactone.
  • the C-ring it is preferred to maintain the ⁇ 9(11) -functionality throughout the process of the invention until the —CO—O—CH 3 group is fully synthesized at the 7 ⁇ -position and then transform the ⁇ 9(11) -functionality to the corresponding 9 ⁇ ,11 ⁇ -epoxide.
  • CHART B discloses a process to produce the protected ⁇ 4,6 -ketal steroid (I-P), from the corresponding ⁇ 3,5 -3-alkyl enol ethers which are readily available from the corresponding ⁇ 4 -3-keto steroids by processes known to those skilled in the art. It is preferred use the unprotected ⁇ 4,6 -3-keto steroid (I) as the starting material in the process of CHART A. However, steroidal ⁇ 4,6 -3-ketals (I-P) can also be used as the starting material of the process of CHART A. In the process of CHART B, the ⁇ 4,6 -3-ketal steroid (I-P)
  • CHART C discloses that the 7 ⁇ -substituted steroid (II) can also be transformed to the corresponding cis-oxyenedione (X-cis) by (1) contacting the 7 ⁇ -substituted steroid (II) with ozone in the presence of a C 1 –C 4 alcohol and (2) contacting the mixture of step (1) with a hydroperoxy-deoxygenating agent.
  • the preferences for R 7-1 , X 1 R b , R c , R d and the other variable substituents are as set forth above as previously stated.
  • the 7 ⁇ -substituted steroid (II) is dissolved in a suitable C 1 –C 4 alcohol, or mixture thereof.
  • the C 1 –C 4 alcohol is a C 1 and C 3 alcohols; it is more preferred the alcohol is a C 1 alcohol.
  • Cosolvents such as methylene chloride can also be used if necessary.
  • the nature of the solvent/co-solvent is not critical as long as it will dissolve the reactants at the cold temperature at which the process is performed.
  • the nature of the alcohol is not critical as it is eventually lost from the steroid molecule.
  • the reaction temperatures can be as low as about ⁇ 100° up to about 40°. It is preferred that the temperature be from about ⁇ 78° to about ⁇ 20°; it is more preferred that the temperature be about ⁇ 50°.
  • Ozone is passed thru the reaction mixture as is known to those skilled in the art until the process of step (1) is complete.
  • step (1) the reaction mixture of step (1) is contacted with a hydroperoxy-deoxygenating agent.
  • a hydroperoxy-deoxygenating agent is trimethylphosphite. It is realized that for other processes of this invention the preferred hydroperoxy-deoxygenating agent was dimethylsulfide, but here the preferred agent is trimethylphosphite.
  • the reaction mixture is then slowly permitted to warm to 20–25°. The reaction will proceed rapidly when it reaches the correct temperature for the particular 7 ⁇ -substituted steroid (II).
  • the cis-oxyenedione (X-cis) product can be carried along without isolation and purification if desired.
  • CHART C further discloses that the cis-oxyenedione (X-cis) can be transformed to the corresponding trans-oxyenedione (X-trans).
  • the process is performed in the same manner and same way that the cis-enedione (III-cis), of CHART A, was transformed to the corresponding trans-enedione (III-trans).
  • the cis-oxyenedione (X-cis) or the trans-oxyenedione (X-trans), or a mixture thereof can be transformed to the corresponding hydroperoxy compound (IV-OOH), and/or hydroxy compound (IV-OH), and/or biscarbonyl compound (V) and/or carboxylic acid (VI) or mixture thereof in the same manner and same way as the cis-enedione (III-cis) or the trans-enedione (III-trans), or a mixture thereof, was transformed to the corresponding hydroperoxy compound (IV-OOH), and/or hydroxy compound (IV-OH), and/or biscarbonyl compound (V) and/or carboxylic acid (X) or mixture thereof.
  • hydroperoxy compound (IV-OOH), and/or hydroxy compound (IV-OH), and/or biscarbonyl compound (V) and/or carboxylic acid (X) or mixture thereof are then transformed to eplerenone (IX) in the same manner and same was as previously discussed for the process of CHART A.
  • the cis-oxyenedione (X-cis) or the trans-oxyenedione (X-trans), or a mixture thereof, can be transformed to the corresponding carboxylic acid (VI) by reaction with an oxidatively cleaving agent in the same manner and same way as the hydroxy compound (IV-OH), and/or biscarbonyl compound (V) are transformed to the corresponding carboxylic acid (VI).
  • CHART D sets forth the preferred process of the invention (when R 7-1 is -A 1 ) with regard to the steroid A-/B-ring, that the steroid A-ring is not protected.
  • R 7-1 is -A 1
  • CHART D sets forth the preferred process of the invention (when R 7-1 is -A 1 ) with regard to the steroid A-/B-ring, that the steroid A-ring is not protected.
  • the steroid A-ring is not protected.
  • the preferred process be that of CHART D.
  • CHART E sets forth the preferred process of the invention with the preferred variable substituents for each intermediate for the conversion of the ⁇ 4,6 -3-keto steroid (I) to eplerenone (IX).
  • CHART F discloses the reversible nature of the conversion of the carboxylic acid (VI) with the 5,7-lactone (VII).
  • CHART G discloses the general process of the invention when the adduct —R 7-1 is the cyclic adduct (-A2).
  • the 7 ⁇ -substituted steroid (II) is formed in the same manner as discussed above for CHART A when the adduct is (-A1).
  • the 7 ⁇ -substituted steroid (II) where R 7-1 is (-A2) is reacted in the same way, with the same reagents as used in CHART A for (-A1) to give intermediates of the same type as the intermediates of CHART A for adduct (-A1).
  • the processes of CHARTs A and G are analogous, the reactants are the same and used in the same order.
  • the intermediates produced are either isomers or homologs of each other.
  • CHART H discloses the general process of the invention when the adduct R 7-1 is (-B), (-C), (-D1), (-D2) and (-D3).
  • the process of CHART H is a two step process.
  • the first step of the process is to transform the ⁇ 4,6 -3-keto steroid or ketal thereof (I) starting material to the corresponding 7 ⁇ -substituted steroid (II) where R 7-1 is a substituent selected from the group consisting of —CR b2 ⁇ M (-B) —C ⁇ C—R c2 (-C) —CH 2 —CH ⁇ CH 2 (-D1) —CH ⁇ C ⁇ CH 2 (-D2) —CH 2 —C ⁇ C—H (-D3)
  • the second step is oxidative cleavage of the 7 ⁇ -substituent to give a carboxylic acid functionality, —CO—OH of the carboxylic acid (VI).
  • M is a group which forms a double bond with carbon and is restricted to carbon, nitrogen and oxygen.
  • the substituent R b2 is a group that can be transformed into a hydroxyl group by either oxidation or hydrolysis.
  • the group R c2 can be virtually any group since it is ultimately lost when the triple bond is cleaved to a carboxylic acid (VI).
  • the three-carbon unsaturated substituents (-D1), (-D2) and (-D3) two of the three carbon atoms are cleaved oxidatively, leaving a carboxylic acid group.
  • the ⁇ 4,6 -3-keto steroid or ketal thereof (I) starting material is reacted with the nucleophile selected from the group consisting of
  • the Lewis acid both accelerates the conjugate addition and favors formation of the 7 ⁇ -stereochemistry.
  • Adducts (-B) and (-C) are transformed into —CO—OH of carboxylic acid (VI) by treatment with one or more oxidizing agents.
  • the oxidizing agent(s) must be capable of cleaving the C ⁇ M double bond to a carbon-oxygen double bond, cleaving the C—R b2 single bond to a carbon-oxygen single bond, and cleaving the carbon-carbon triple bond to carboxylic acid.
  • the choice of oxidizing agent(s) depends on the inherent difficulty of oxidation of the substituent —CR b2 ⁇ M or —C ⁇ C—R c2 . The greater the difficulty of oxidation, the stronger the oxidizing agent that will be required.
  • Suitable oxidizing agents include ozone, singlet oxygen, triplet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, hydroperoxides, percarboxylic acids, hypohalites, and the like.
  • transformation into carboxylic acid (VI) is preferably accomplished by treatment with potassium hypobromite followed by ozone followed by dimethylsulfide followed by hydrogen peroxide.
  • the allyl adduct (-D1) is transformed into —CO—OH of the carboxylic acid (VI) by double bond isomerization to —CH ⁇ CH—CH 3 followed by ozonization with an oxidative work-up (such as sodium chlorite).
  • the double bond isomerization can be accomplished by any of the following reagents, rhodium trichloride in ethanol at reflux, HRuCl[P(- ⁇ ) 3 ] 3 at about 90°, LiNH(CH 2 ) 3 NH 2 (lithium 1,3-diaminopropane) at 20–25°, PdCl 2 ( ⁇ -CN) 2 in toluene at about 80°, HRh(CO)[P(- ⁇ ) 3 ] 3 at 20–25°, ClRh[P(- ⁇ ) 3 ] 3 in toluene at reflux, Cl 2 Ru[P(- ⁇ ) 3 ] 3 at 100° and cobalt chloride/sodium borohydride/P(- ⁇ ) 3 at about ⁇ 18°.
  • the propargyl adduct (-D2) is transformed into the —CO—OH functionality of the carboxylic acid (VI) by base or transition metal-catalyzed isomerization to adduct (-C) when R c2 is C 1 alkyl, which is cleaved by the method discussed above.
  • Suitable bases for isomerization of (-D2) to (-C) include sodium amide in ammonia or THF, potassium 3-aminopropylamide (known as “KAPA”) in THF, potassium hydroxide in ethylene glycol at about 150°, potassium (-butoxide in DMSO or t-butanol, or sodium or potassium hydride in DMF or THF.
  • Suitable transition metal catalysts include Yb[ ⁇ 2 C ⁇ N ⁇ ](HMPA) 4 and HCo(N 2 ) [P(- ⁇ ) 3 ] 3 .
  • the allenyl adduct (-D3) is transformed into the —CO—OH functionality of the carboxylic acid (VI) by ozonization with an oxidative work-up (such as sodium chlorite).
  • the present invention includes a four-step process for the transformation of a 7 ⁇ -substituted steroid (II) to the corresponding carboxylic acid (VI) product.
  • the four steps are (1) ring opening, (2) ozonolysis, (3) reaction with a hydroperoxy deoxygenating agent and (4) reaction with an oxidatively cleaving agent.
  • the four-step process of the invention produces better yields of the carboxylic acid (VI) than expected based on prior art process steps.
  • the carboxylic acid (VI) is obtained by:
  • the present invention includes a three-step process for the transformation of a 7 ⁇ -substituted steroid (II) to the corresponding carboxylic acid (VI) product, see EXAMPLE 34, Step ( 1 ).
  • the three steps are (1) ozonolysis, (2) reaction with a hydroperoxy deoxygenating agent and (3) reaction with an oxidatively cleaving agent.
  • the three-step process of the invention is a process to prepare the carboxylic acid (VI) which comprises:
  • Eplerenone (IX) is a pharmaceutical agent useful for the treatment of hyperaldosteronism, edema, hypertension and congestive heart failure, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,559,332.
  • the present invention also includes a novel process to transform 11 ⁇ -hydroxy steroids to the corresponding ⁇ 9(11) -steroids.
  • the ⁇ 9(11) -functionality is very useful in producing eplerenone (IX) because it is readily transformed to the corresponding 9 ⁇ ,11 ⁇ -epoxide functionality of eplerenone (IX).
  • the 11 ⁇ -hydroxy steroid (CIV) starting materials are known to those skilled in the art. More particularly, the 11 ⁇ -hydroxy-17-lactone (CI), 11 ⁇ ,17 ⁇ -dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one-7 ⁇ ,21-dicarboxylic acid, ⁇ -lactone, methyl ester, is known, see, Drugs of the Future, 24(5), 488–501 (1999), compound (VI).
  • steroid A-ring is:
  • W 3 is —O—W 3-3 :—O—W 3-4 ;
  • W 4 is W 4-3 :W 4-4 , where one of W 4-3 and W 4-4 is taken together with W 5 to form a second bond between the atoms to which they are attached and the other of W 4-3 and W 4-4 is —H;
  • W 3-3 and W 3-4 are:
  • steroid A-ring functionality be:
  • steroid A-ring functionality be:
  • the steroid D-ring is:
  • W 17 is:
  • W 17 is:
  • W 17 is:
  • W 17 is:
  • the preferred combinations of steroid A-, B- and D-rings, especially for the eplerenone-type compounds, includes the ring systems set forth in CHART C.
  • the 11 ⁇ -hydroxy steroids (CIV) of CHART C are known to those skilled in the art or can be readily prepared by known methods from known compounds.
  • the process of the invention is preferably performed by use of about 1 equivalent of 11 ⁇ -hydroxy-17-lactone (CI) or 11 ⁇ -hydroxy steroid (CIV) and from about 1 to about 1.5 equivalents of Ishikawa reagent; more preferred is about 1.2 equivalents of Ishikawa reagent. It is preferable to perform the process of the invention in a temperature range of from about 20 to about 82°; more preferably from about 40 to about 70°.
  • the reaction usually takes from about 1 hr to about 24 to complete depending on reaction conditions especially temperature and concentration. For example at about 60° and 0.8 molar, the reaction takes about 3 hours.
  • the 11 ⁇ -hydroxy-17-lactone (CI) or 11 ⁇ -hydroxy steroid (CIV) can be added to the N-fluoroalkylamine reagent (CVI) or the N-fluoroalkylamine reagent (CVI) can be added to the 11 ⁇ -hydroxy-17-lactone (CI) or 11 ⁇ -hydroxy steroid (CIV); it is more practical to add the N-fluoroalkylamine reagent (CVI) to the 11 ⁇ -hydroxy-17-lactone (CI) or 11 ⁇ -hydroxy steroid (CIV).
  • the steroid C-ring functionality ⁇ 9(11) -of compounds (CII) and (CV) is a very useful functionality to chemists skilled in the art of steroids. It can be readily transformed to the corresponding 9 ⁇ ,11 ⁇ -epoxy functionality and the 9 ⁇ -fluoro-11 ⁇ -hydroxy functionality as well as 11-keto and others as is well known to those skilled in the art. These compounds are useful pharmaceutical agents.
  • the process of the invention as it pertains to the transformation of the 11 ⁇ -hydroxy steroid (CIV) to the corresponding ⁇ 9(11) -steroid (CV) is a very useful process and is operable with a wide variety of 11 ⁇ -hydroxy steroids (CIV) as is apparent to those skilled in the art.
  • ⁇ 9(11) -steroids This includes progesterones, 17 ⁇ -hydroxyprogesterones, corticoids as well as the usual common derivatives and analogs thereof such as esters, etc. Therefore, the process produces ⁇ 9(11) -steroids (CV) which are useful intermediates in the preparation of pharmaceutically useful steroids.
  • ⁇ 9(11) -steroid CV
  • One skilled in the art with a given ⁇ 9(11) -steroid (CV) would know how to transform it to a pharmaceutically useful product.
  • the present invention also includes a number of processes for transforming 11 ⁇ -hydroxy compounds to the corresponding ⁇ 9(11) -compounds by one or more processes described above. For example, described are processes for the transformation of (1) a 11 ⁇ -hydroxy-7 ⁇ -substituted steroid (II) to the corresponding ⁇ 9(11) -7 ⁇ -substituted steroid (II), (2) a process for transforming a 11 ⁇ -hydroxy cis enedione (III-cis) or 11 ⁇ -hydroxy trans enedione (III-trans) to the corresponding ⁇ 9(11) -trans enedione (III-trans) and (3) for transforming a 11 ⁇ -hydroxy-hydroxy compound (IV-OH) or a 11 ⁇ -hydroxy-hydroperoxy compound (IV-OOH) or a 11 ⁇ -hydroxy biscarbonyl compound (V) or mixture thereof to the corresponding ⁇ 9(11) -carboxylic acid (VI).
  • variable substituents in addition to expressly defined structural features. These variable substituents are identified by a letter or a letter followed by a numerical subscript, for example, “Z 1 ” or “R i ” where “i” is an integer. These variable substituents are either monovalent or bivalent, that is, they represent a group attached to the formula by one or two chemical bonds. For example, a group Z 1 would represent a bivalent variable if attached to the formula CH 3 —C( ⁇ Z 1 )H.
  • R i and R j would represent monovalent variable substituents if attached to the formula CH 3 —CH 2 —C(R i )(R j )H 2 .
  • variable substituents contained in parentheses are bonded to the atom immediately to the left of the variable substituent enclosed in parenthesis.
  • each of the consecutive variable substituents is bonded to the immediately preceding atom to the left which is not enclosed in parentheses.
  • both R i and R j are bonded to the preceding carbon atom.
  • C i represents the 6 position or carbon atom number in the steroid nucleus as traditionally designated by those skilled in the art of steroid chemistry.
  • R 6 represents a variable substituent (either monovalent or bivalent) at the C 6 position.
  • Chemical formulas or portions thereof drawn in a linear fashion represent atoms in a linear chain.
  • the symbol “—” in general represents a bond between two atoms in the chain.
  • CH 3 —0—CH 2 —CH(R i )—CH 3 represents a 2-substituted-1-methoxypropane compound.
  • the symbol “ ⁇ ” represents a double bond, e.g., CH 2 ⁇ C(R i )—O—CH 3
  • the symbol “ ⁇ ” represents a triple bond, e.g., HC ⁇ C—CH(R i )—CH 2 —CH 3 .
  • Carbonyl groups are represented in either one of two ways: —CO— or —C( ⁇ O)—, with the former being preferred for simplicity.
  • Chemical formulas of cyclic (ring) compounds or molecular fragments can be represented in a linear fashion.
  • the compound 4-chloro-2-methylpyridine can be represented in linear fashion by N* ⁇ C(CH 3 )—CH ⁇ CCl—CH ⁇ C*H with the convention that the atoms marked with an asterisk (*) are bonded to each other resulting in the formation of a ring.
  • the cyclic molecular fragment, 4-(ethyl)-1-piperazinyl can be represented by —N*—(CH 2 ) 2 —N(C 2 H 5 )—CH 2 -C*H 2 .
  • a rigid cyclic (ring) structure for any compounds herein defines an orientation with respect to the plane of the ring for substituents attached to each carbon atom of the rigid cyclic compound.
  • the two substituents may be in either an axial or equatorial position relative to the ring and may change between axial/equatorial.
  • the position of the two substituents relative to the ring and each other remains fixed. While either substituent at times may lie in the plane of the ring (equatorial) rather than above or below the plane (axial), one substituent is always above the other.
  • a substituent (X 1 ) which is “below” another substituent (X 2 ) will be identified as being in the alpha ( ⁇ ) configuration and is identified by a broken, dashed or dotted line attachment to the carbon atom, i.e., by the symbol “ - - - ” or “ . . . ”.
  • the corresponding substituent attached “above” (X 2 ) the other (X 1 ) is identified as being in the beta ( ⁇ ) configuration and is indicated by an unbroken line attachment to the carbon atom.
  • variable substituent when a variable substituent is bivalent, the valences may be taken together or separately or both in the definition of the variable.
  • a variable R i attached to a carbon atom as —C( ⁇ R i )— might be bivalent and be defined as oxo or keto (thus forming a carbonyl group (—CO—) or as two separately attached monovalent variable substituents ⁇ -R i-j and ⁇ -R i-k .
  • R i is defined to consist of two monovalent variable substituents
  • the convention used to define the bivalent variable is of the form “ ⁇ -R i-j : ⁇ -R i-k ” or some variant thereof.
  • both ⁇ -R i-j and ⁇ -R i-k are attached to the carbon atom to give —C( ⁇ -R i-j )( ⁇ -R i-k )—.
  • the bivalent variable R 6 —C( ⁇ R 6 )— is defined to consist of two monovalent variable substituents
  • the two monovalent variable substituents are ⁇ -R 6-1 : ⁇ -R 6-2 , . . . ⁇ -R 6-9 : ⁇ -R 6-10 , etc, giving —C( ⁇ -R 6-1 )( ⁇ -R 6-2 )—, . . . —C( ⁇ -R 6-9 )( ⁇ -R 6-10 )—, etc.
  • bivalent variable R 11 —C( ⁇ R 11 )—
  • two monovalent variable substituents are ⁇ -R 11-1 : ⁇ -R 11-2 .
  • a ring substituent for which separate ⁇ and ⁇ orientations do not exist e.g. due to the presence of a carbon carbon double bond in the ring
  • the above convention is still used, but the ⁇ and ⁇ designations are omitted.
  • bivalent variable may be defined as two separate monovalent variable substituents
  • two separate monovalent variable substituents may be defined to be taken together to form a bivalent variable.
  • R i and R j may be defined to be taken together to form (1) a second bond between C 1 and C 2 or (2) a bivalent group such as oxa (—O—) and the formula thereby describes an epoxide.
  • R i and R j are taken together to form a more complex entity, such as the group —X—Y—, then the orientation of the entity is such that C 1 in the above formula is bonded to X and C 2 is bonded to Y.
  • the designation “ . . . R i and R j are taken together to form —CH 2 —CH 2 —O—CO— . . . ” means a lactone in which the carbonyl is bonded to C 2 .
  • the convention means a lactone in which the carbonyl is bonded to C 1 .
  • the carbon atom content of variable substituents is indicated in one of two ways.
  • the first method uses a prefix to the entire name of the variable such as “C 1 –C 4 ”, where both “1” and “4” are integers representing the minimum and maximum number of carbon atoms in the variable.
  • the prefix is separated from the variable by a space.
  • C 1 –C 4 alkyl represents alkyl of 1 through 4 carbon atoms, (including isomeric forms thereof unless an express indication to the contrary is given). Whenever this single prefix is given, the prefix indicates the entire carbon atom content of the variable being defined.
  • C 2 –C 4 alkoxycarbonyl describes a group CH 3 —(CH 2 ) n -0-CO— where n is zero, one or two.
  • the carbon atom content of only each portion of the definition is indicated separately by enclosing the “C–C j ” designation in parentheses and placing it immediately (no intervening space) before the portion of the definition being defined.
  • this optional convention (C 1 –C 3 )alkoxycarbonyl has the same meaning as C 2 –C 4 alkoxycarbonyl because the “C 1 –C 3 ” refers only to the carbon atom content of the alkoxy group.
  • C 2 –C 6 alkoxyalkyl and (C 1 —C 3 )alkoxy(C 1 –C 3 )alkyl define alkoxyalkyl groups containing from 2 to 6 carbon atoms
  • the two definitions differ since the former definition allows either the alkoxy or alkyl portion alone to contain 4 or 5 carbon atoms while the latter definition limits either of these groups to 3 carbon atoms.
  • TLC refers to thin-layer chromatography
  • LC refers to liquid chromatography
  • ESTDLC refers to external standard liquid chromatography.
  • THF refers to tetrahydrofuran
  • DMAP refers to p-dimethylaminopyridine.
  • DDQ refers to 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone.
  • DBU refers to 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene.
  • DBN refers to 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene.
  • DABCO refers 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.
  • Chromatography column and flash chromatography refers to purification/separation of compounds expressed as (support, eluent). It is understood that the appropriate fractions are pooled and concentrated to give the desired compound(s).
  • Carboxylic acid (VI) refers to and includes the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • CMR refers to C-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy, chemical shifts are reported in ppm ( ⁇ ) downfield from TMS.
  • NMR nuclear (proton) magnetic resonance spectroscopy
  • conversion/transformation or convert/transform are used interchangeable and mean the same thing, the reaction of one compound to form a different compound by the process described.
  • TMS refers to trimethylsilyl
  • Oxone refers to KHSO 5 .
  • ⁇ refers to phenyl (C 6 H 5 ).
  • MS refers to mass spectrometry expressed as m/e, m/z or mass/charge unit.
  • [M+H] + refers to the positive ion of a parent plus a hydrogen atom.
  • EI refers to electron impact.
  • CI refers to chemical ionization.
  • FAB refers to fast atom bombardment.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable refers to those properties and/or substances which are acceptable to the patient from a pharmacological/toxicological point of view and to the manufacturing pharmaceutical chemist from a physical/chemical point of view regarding composition, formulation, stability, patient acceptance and bioavailability.
  • the ratios of solvents used are volume/volume (v/v).
  • the ratio of the solid to the solvent is weight/volume (wt/v).
  • ⁇ 9 -Canrenone refers to 17 ⁇ -hydroxypregna-4,6,9-trien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, ⁇ -lactone.
  • Eplerenone refers to 9 ⁇ ,11 ⁇ -epoxy-17 ⁇ -hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one-7 ⁇ ,21-dicarboxylic acid, ⁇ -lactone, methyl ester.
  • Neopentylglycol refers to HO—CH 2 —C(CH 3 ) 2 —CH 2 —OH.
  • Iodosobenzene refers to ⁇ I ⁇ O.
  • Iodobenzenebistrifluoroacetate refers to ⁇ I(O—CO—CF 3 ) 2 .
  • Iodobenzenediacetate refers to ⁇ I(O—CO—CH 3 ) 2 .
  • Tritylfluoroborate is also known as triphenylcarbenium fluoroborate and refers to ⁇ 3 C + BF 4 ⁇ .
  • acac refers to acetylacetonate.
  • dppb refers to diphenylphosphino butane.
  • Tf refers to trifluoromethanesulfonate.
  • Dimethylsulfide refers to CH 3 SCH 3 .
  • Ishikawa reagent refers to N-(1,1,2,2,3,3,3)hexafluoropropyldiethylamine.
  • An “oxidatively cleaving agent” is a reagent that oxidizes the biscarbonyl compound (V) or hydroxy compound (IV-OH) to the carboxylic acid (VI).
  • a “hydroperoxy-deoxygenating agent” is a reagent that removes an oxygen atom from a hydroperoxide compound (IV-OOH) to give the corresponding hydroxy compound (IV-OH).
  • a “deoxygenating agent” is a reagent that removes one oxygen atom from a molecule.
  • the “hydroperoxy-deoxygenating agent” is thus a particular type of deoxygenating agent.
  • a “carboxylic acid forming agent” is a reagent that induces a hydroperoxide compound (IV-OOH) to rearrange to a carboxylic acid (VI).
  • oxygen donating agent is a reagent that provides an oxygen atom to a 7 ⁇ -substituted steroid (II) to transform it into a cis enedione (III-cis).
  • the reaction mixture is quenched with ammonia (15% aqueous, 225 ml).
  • the mixture is warmed to above 0°, water (200 ml) is added, the organic phase is separated, and the aqueous phase is extracted with methylene chloride (2 ⁇ 200 ml).
  • the organic extracts are dried over magnesium sulfate (100 g) then filtered through magnesol (100 g cartridge grade), washing the cake with methylene chloride (5 ⁇ 200 ml).
  • the eluate is then concentrated under reduced pressure to a foam, slurried with ethyl acetate (200 ml) and reconcentrated, then dissolved in ethyl acetate (950 ml) at 50° to 60°.
  • the mixture is concentrated to about 500 ml volume, then diluted with cyclohexane (250 ml).
  • the product begins to crystallize slowly.
  • the slurry is reconcentrated to about 500 ml volume, cooled to 20–25°, further concentrated to about 400 ml volume, then cooled to 0°.
  • the filtrate is concentrated to a foam which is dissolved in ethyl acetate (40 ml), concentrated to about 20 ml, seeded, diluted with cyclohexane (20 ml), concentrated to about 30 ml, cooled to 0° over the weekend, then filtered, washed with ethyl acetate/cyclohexane (1/2) and dried to give additional title compound.
  • Step A 17 ⁇ -Hydroxy-7 ⁇ -(cis-1′,4′-dioxopent-2′-en-1′yl)pregna-4,9(11)-dien -3-one-21-carboxylic acid, ⁇ -lactone (III-cis)
  • the reaction mixture is diluted with water (200 ml) and extracted with methylene chloride (2 ⁇ 100 ml). The extracts are combined, washed with water (50 ml), dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give the cis-enedione (III-cis).
  • Step B 17 ⁇ -Hydroxy-7 ⁇ -(trans-1′,4′-dioxopent-2′-en-1′yl)pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, ⁇ -lactone (III-trans)
  • the mixture is then concentrated and the concentrate is taken up in ethyl acetate (20 ml) at 20–25° and diluted with cyclohexane (80 ml), which induces crystallization.
  • Step A 17 ⁇ -hydroxy-7 ⁇ -(1′-oxo-2′-isopropoxy-2′-hydroxy-ethyl)pregna-4,9(11 )-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, ⁇ -lactone (IV-OH); 17 ⁇ -hydroxy-7 ⁇ -(1′-oxo-2′-isopropoxy-2′-hydrohydroperoxyethyl)pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, ⁇ -lactone (IV-OOH) and 17 ⁇ -hydroxy-7 ⁇ -(2′-oxo-acetyl)-pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, ⁇ -lactone (V)
  • Step B 17 ⁇ -hydroxy-7 ⁇ -(1′-oxo-2′-isopropoxy-2′-hydroxy-ethyl)pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, ⁇ -lactone (IV-OH), 17 ⁇ -hydroxy-7 ⁇ -(1′,2′-dioxo-ethyl)pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, ⁇ -lactone (V) and 17 ⁇ -Hydroxy-7 ⁇ -(2′-oxo-acetyl)-pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, ⁇ -lactone (V)
  • Step A The mixture of Step A is then quenched with dimethylsulfide (340 ⁇ l, 288 mg, 4.630 mmoles, 3.66 equivalents), warmed to 20–25°, stirred at 20–25° for 50 min. to give a mixture of the title compounds.
  • dimethylsulfide 340 ⁇ l, 288 mg, 4.630 mmoles, 3.66 equivalents
  • Step B The mixture of Step B is then treated with hydrogen peroxide (70% aqueous, 430 ⁇ l, 560 mg, containing 392 mg (11.52 mmoles, 9.12 equivalents) of hydrogen peroxide) and a solution of potassium bicarbonate (637.7 mg, 6.369 mmoles, 5.04 equivalents) in water (8 ml).
  • the resulting two-phase mixture is diluted with enough methanol to produce a one-phase mixture (5 ml), which is then stirred at 20–25° for 16 hrs., then diluted to a volume of 500 ml with methanol for purpose of LC analysis.
  • LC analysis indicates the title compound is obtained by comparison with a known compound.
  • the concentrate is taken up in methanol/toluene (1/1; 2 ml) and treated with a mixture of trimethylsilyldiazomethane, (CH 3 ) 3 SiCHN 2 , in hexane (2.0 M, 0.25 ml, 0.50 mmoles, 11.1 equivalents).
  • the extracts are then combined, washed with water, concentrated to a volume of ⁇ 1 ml, and treated with a solution of sodium carbonate (349.6 mg, 3.298 mmoles, 6.12 equivalents based on carboxylic acid) in water (1.0 ml) followed by tetra-n-butylammonium bisulfate, (n-butyl) 4 NHSO 4 , (20.4 mg, 0.0601 mmoles, 0.11 equivalents) followed by dimethylsulfate (108 ⁇ l, 144.0 mg, 1.14 mmoles, 2.11 equivalents).
  • the mixture is diluted with methylene chloride (0.1 ml), stirred at 20–25° for 11.5 hrs., treated with hydrochloric acid (1 N, 10 ml) and extracted with methylene chloride (10 ml, then 2 ⁇ 5 ml). The extracts are combined, washed with water, and concentrated to give the title compound, consistent with a known standard.
  • a stream of O 3 /O 2 (ozone/oxygen) is passed through a cold ( ⁇ 78°) mixture of 17 ⁇ -hydroxy-7 ⁇ -(5′-methyl-2′-furyl)-pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, ⁇ -lactone (II, EXAMPLE 3, 3.0138 g, 7.1663 mmoles) in methylene chloride (40 ml) and methanol (10 ml) until the starting material had been consumed (LC, 25 min),then the mixture is purged with O 2 followed by nitrogen, quenched with trimethylphosphite (3.0 ml, 3.16 g, 25.435 mmoles, 3.55 equivalents), and warmed to 20–25°.
  • a stream of ozone/oxygen is passed through a cooled ( ⁇ 78°) mixture of 17 ⁇ -hydroxy-7 ⁇ -(trans-3′-acetoxyacryloyl)-pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, ⁇ -lactone (X-trans, EXAMPLE 8, 311.0 mg, 0.6872 mmoles) in methylene/methanol (2/1, 6 ml) until a blue color persisted (3 min.).
  • the excess ozone is purged with oxygen followed by nitrogen, then the reaction mixture is warmed to 20–25° and diluted with methylene chloride to 10 ml. A portion of this mixture (3.5 ml, from 0.2405 mmoles trans-enolacetate) is concentrated to dryness to give the title compound.
  • reaction mixture is stirred at ⁇ 17° for 20 hrs., then quenched with ammonia (15% aqueous, 60 ml), extracted with methylene chloride (120 ml), dried over sodium sulfate (40 g) and concentrated.
  • the concentrate is dissolved in methylene chloride/ethyl acetate (1/1, 300 ml) concentrated to a volume of 75 ml, diluted with 150 ml cyclohexane, concentrated to a volume of 200 ml, and filtered to give the title compound, CMR (75 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 199.59, 176.67, 170.11, 152.92, 150.28, 126.20, 108.67, 105.90, 95.18, 68.55, 52.05, 45.84, 45.58, 43.08, 39.73, 38.62, 38.42, 37.47, 36.54, 35.26, 34.17, 30.91, 29.05, 22.62, 18.40, 15.58 and 13.44 ⁇ ; NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 1.01, 1.1–3.2, 1.41, 2.20, 4.12, 5.73, 5.83 and 5.93 ⁇ .
  • the filtrate is concentrated.
  • the concentrate is taken up in ethyl acetate (30 ml warm), cooled to 10°, and filtered to give a second crop of crystal of the title compound.
  • reaction mixture is stirred at ⁇ 20° for 24 hrs., at which time conversion to the product is complete as determined by LC, so the reaction is quenched with aqueous ammonia (15%, 10 ml), extracted with methylene chloride (2 ⁇ 100 ml), and concentrated to a residue which is flash chromatographed (560 g silica gel; gradient elution, 50% ⁇ 90% ethyl acetate/cyclohexane).
  • a stream of ozone/oxygen is passed through a cooled ( ⁇ 55°) mixture of 17 ⁇ -hydroxy-7 ⁇ -(cis-4′-oxo-pent-2′-enoyl)-pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, ⁇ -lactone (III-cis, EXAMPLE 4 Step A, 52.4 mg, 0.1200 mmoles) in methylene chloride/isopropyl alcohol (1/1, 3.0 ml) containing water (50 mg, 2.77 mmoles, 23.1 equivalents) until disappearance of starting material is complete by LC (126 secs.).
  • reaction mixture is then quenched with dimethylsulfide (0.033 ml, 27.9 mg, 0.449 mmoles, 3.74 equivalents), stirred at 20–25° for 45 min., then diluted with methanol (5 ml), treated with aqueous hydrogen peroxide (70%, 50 ⁇ l, containing 45.6 mg [1.34 mmoles, 11.2 equivalents] of hydrogen peroxide, treated with a mixture of potassium bicarbonate (62.4 mg, 0.623 mmoles, 5.19 equivalents) in water (2 ml) and the resulting mixture stirred at 20–25°. After 15 hrs, analysis by LC indicates formation of the title compound.
  • a stream of ozone/oxygen is passed through a cooled ( ⁇ 55°) mixture of 17 ⁇ -hydroxy-7 ⁇ -(trans-4′-oxo-pent-2′-enoyl)-pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, ⁇ -lactone (III-trans, EXAMPLE 4 Step B, 103.5 mg, 0.2371 mmoles) in methylene chloride/isopropyl alcohol (1/1, 3 ml) containing water (50 mg, 2.77 mmoles, 11.7 equivalents) until disappearance of starting material is complete by LC (100 secs.).
  • reaction mixture is then quenched with dimethylsulfide (CH 3 SCH 3 , 65 ⁇ l, 55.0 mg, 0.885 mmoles, 3.73 equivalents), stirred at 20–25° for 45 min., then diluted to a volume of 10.0 ml with methanol.
  • a 5.0 ml portion of this mixture is treated with aqueous hydrogen peroxide (70%, 50 ⁇ l, containing 45.6 mg [1.34 mmoles, 11.3 equivalents] of hydrogen peroxide, treated with a mixture of potassium bicarbonate (59 mg, 0.589 mmoles, 4.97 equivalents) in water (2.1 ml), and the resulting mixture stirred at 20–25°.
  • a saturated aqueous solution of potassium bicarbonate (15 ml) is added.
  • the acetonitrile is then removed under reduced pressure.
  • the resulting mixture is extracted with methylene chloride (3 ⁇ 10 ml).
  • the combined organic phases are washed with a aqueous solution of sodium chloride (10%, 20 ml).
  • the solvent is dried with magnesium sulfate.
  • the solvent is exchanged from methylene chloride to methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE).
  • the mixture is concentrated to a final volume of 25 ml.
  • the resulting slurry is stirred overnight and the final product, the title compound, is collected by filtration.
  • the aqueous phase is extracted with methylene chloride (100 ml).
  • the combined organic phases are washed with water (240 ml).
  • the solvent is exchanged from methylene chloride to methyl tert-butyl ether, and branched octane is added drop wise to crystallize the product which is the title compound.
  • a mixture of ⁇ 9 -canrenone (I, 105 g, 0.31024 moles) in acetonitrile (450 ml) is treated with ethanol (21.0 g, 0.4558 moles, 1.47 equivalents), isopropanol (1.5 ml, 1.177 g, 19.592 mmoles, 0.063 equivalents), and 2-methylfuran (48.5 g, 0.5907 moles, 1.90 equivalents), then cooled to ⁇ 18° and treated with boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (63.0 g, 0.4439 moles, 1.43 equivalents) over 4 hours.
  • the reaction mixture containing the enedione (III-cis) is then quenched with isobutyl vinyl ether (1.0 ml, 0.768 g, 7.668 mmoles, 0.032 equivalents), concentrated to a thick slurry, diluted with methylene chloride (200 ml), and treated with 20° concentrated hydrochloric acid (50.0 ml, 0.50 moles, 2.10 equivalents).
  • the mixture is stirred at 20–25° for 2 hrs., at which time LC analysis indicated complete conversion to enedione (III-trans).
  • the organic phase containing the enedione (III-trans) is separated, diluted with methylene chloride (80 ml) and methanol (300 ml), and cooled to ⁇ 48°.
  • the organic phases are combined, washed with water (75 ml), and the aqueous phase is back-extracted with methylene chloride (25 ml).
  • the organic phases are combined, concentrated to a volume of 150 ml, then treated with benzenesulfonic acid (1.0 g of 90% pure material, containing 0.90 g (5.690 mmoles, 0.0239 equivalents) benzenesulfonic acid) and acetone (50 ml).
  • the mixture is then concentrated atmospherically to a volume of 160 ml, then diluted with acetone (250 ml), concentrated to a volume of 200 ml, cooled to 12°, and filtered.
  • the resulting mixture is then treated with dimethylsulfate (22.92 g, 0.1817 moles, 1.40 equivalents), stirred at 45° for 3 hrs., then treated with a solution of potassium bicarbonate (1.3 g, 0.0130 moles, 0.100 equivalents) in water (10 ml) followed by neat triethylamine (1.81 ml, 1.314 g, 0.0130 moles, 0.100 equivalents).
  • the resulting mixture is stirred at ⁇ 20° for 24 hrs., then at ⁇ 5° for 12 hrs., then at 0° for 4 hrs., at which time the reaction appeared about 90% complete by TLC.
  • the reaction is quenched with ammonium hydroxide (7%, 30 ml) extracted with methylene chloride (3 ⁇ 50 ml), dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated.
  • the concentrate is flash chromatographed on (silica gel, 150 g; gradient elution, 10% ⁇ 50% ethyl acetate/cyclohexane).
  • the reaction mixture is quenched with aqueous ammonium hydroxide (15%, 4 ml) diluted with water (10 ml), extracted with methylene chloride (2 ⁇ 20 ml), dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated.
  • the concentrate is flash chromatographed (silica gel, 60 g; gradient elution 50% ⁇ 100% ethyl acetate/cyclohexane). The product-containing fractions are combined and concentrated.
  • Ishikawa reagent (2.4 mK, 13.7 mmol) is added to a mixture of 11 ⁇ ,17 ⁇ -dihydroxy-7 ⁇ -(5′-methyl-2′-furyl)-pregn-4-en-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, ⁇ -lactone (II, EXAMPLE 12, 5 g, 11.4 mmol) in acetonitrile (25 mL).
  • the mixture is heated to 60° and is determined complete in 1 hr by HPLC.
  • the resulting mixture is cooled to 22° and quenched with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (15 mL).
  • the organic solvent is removed under reduced pressure and replaced with methylene chloride (50 mL).
  • the organic phase is separated, washed with water (30 mL) and concentrated to a volume of 20 mL. Water (30 mL) is added and the mixture is concentrated to a volume of 20 mL. This water distillation is repeated twice to remove the N,N-diethyl-2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropriopionamide by-product. Then, methylene chloride (30 mL) is added to the resulting slurry to dissolve all solids. The organic layer is separated and the solvent is exchanged to n-propyl acetate to a final volume of 17–18 mL. The resulting slurry is cooled to ⁇ 20° for 12 hours.
  • the reaction mixture is quenched with water (25 ml), extracted with methylene chloride (3 ⁇ 25 ml), and concentrated.
  • the product-containing fractions are combined and concentrated.
  • a portion of the residue (96.8 mg) is taken up in methylene chloride (1 ml), diluted with ethyl acetate (2 ml), concentrated to a volume of less than 1 ml, and cooled to 0°.
  • the supernatant is decanted and the crystals recrystallized from ethyl acetate at 0°.
  • An X-ray crystallographic study confirmed the assignment as 7 ⁇ -allyl-17 ⁇ -hydroxypregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one, 21-carboxylic acid, ⁇ -lactone.
  • the mixture is purged of ozone by sparging with nitrogen and then quenched with dimethylsulfide (16 ml, 13.5 g, 217.9 mmoles, 4.58 equivalents), warmed to 20–25°, stirred at 20–25° for 50 min.
  • the resulting mixture is concentrated to 80 ml, methanol (25 ml) is added, and concentrated to 80 ml again.
  • the mixture is then treated, at 5°, with a solution of potassium bicarbonate (21.6 g; 215.7 mmoles; 4.54 equivalents) in water (44 ml) followed by hydrogen peroxide (50% aqueous, 23.5 g, containing 11.75 g (345.5 mmoles, 7.27 equivalents) of hydrogen peroxide).
  • the resulting mixture is cooled to 20–25° and the reaction is quenched with methanol (100 ⁇ L). A saturated aqueous solution of potassium bicarbonate (15 ml) is added. The acetonitrile is then removed under reduced pressure. The resulting mixture is extracted with methylene chloride (3 ⁇ 10 ml). The combined organic phases are washed with a aqueous solution of sodium chloride (10%, 20 ml). The solvent is dried with magnesium sulfate. The solvent is exchanged from methylene chloride to methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE). The mixture is concentrated to a final volume of 25 ml. The resulting slurry is stirred overnight and the final product, the title compound, is collected by filtration.
  • methanol 100 ⁇ L
  • a saturated aqueous solution of potassium bicarbonate 15 ml
  • the acetonitrile is then removed under reduced pressure.
  • the resulting mixture is extracted with methylene chloride (3 ⁇ 10 ml).
  • 11 ⁇ ,17 ⁇ -dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one-7 ⁇ ,21-dicarboxylic acid, ⁇ -lactone, methyl ester (CI, 80.00 g, 192.1mmol) is placed in a flask with acetonitrile (80 ml). To this mixture the Ishikawa reagent (40.8 ml, 224.8 mmol) is added and heated slowly to 45 to 50°, then held for 1–2 hours. The mixture is cooled to 20–25° and the reaction is quenched with aqueous potassium bicarbonate (72 g in 288 ml). Methylene chloride (240 ml) is added and after mixing the layers are separated.
  • the aqueous phase is extracted with methylene chloride (100 ml).
  • the combined organic phases are washed with water (240 ml).
  • the solvent is exchanged from methylene chloride to methyl tert-butyl ether, and branched octane is added drop wise to crystallize the product which is the title compound.
  • 11 ⁇ ,17 ⁇ -dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one-7 ⁇ ,21-dicarboxylic acid, ⁇ -lactone, methyl ester (CI, 80.00 g, 192.1 mmol) is placed in a flask with acetonitrile (80 ml). To this mixture the Ishikawa reagent (40.8 ml, 224.8 mmol) is added and heated slowly to 55 to 50°, then held for 1–2 hours. The mixture is cooled to 20–25° and the reaction is quenched with aqueous potassium bicarbonate (37.3 g in 288 ml). Methylene chloride (240 ml) is added and after mixing the layers are separated.
  • the aqueous phase is extracted with methylene chloride (100 ml).
  • the combined organic phases are washed with water (80 ml).
  • the solvent is exchanged from methylene chloride to methyl iso-butyl ketone, and branched octane is added drop wise to crystallize the product which is the title compound.

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Abstract

The present invention involves intermediates, including a 7α-substituted steroid (II),
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00001
and processes which are used to prepare eplerenone, a useful pharmaceutical agent.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This patent application claims the benefit of the following U.S. provisional patent applications: Ser. No. 60/366,784, filed Mar. 22, 2002, Ser. No. 60/411,874, filed Sept. 19, 2002, and Ser. No. 60/425,596, filed Nov. 12, 2002, under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) (i).
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention includes a process for the transformation of a 3-enol ether Δ3,5-steroid to the corresponding Δ4,6-3-ketal steroid (I-P).
The present invention includes a process for the transformation of a Δ4,6-3-keto steroid or ketal thereof (I), to the corresponding Δ4-3-ketosteroid-7α-carboxylic acid (VI).
The present invention also includes a novel processes and novel intermediates to produce the pharmaceutically useful compound eplerenone.
Further, the invention includes processes for transformation of 11α-hydroxy-17-lactone (CI) or 11α-hydroxy steroids (CIV) to the corresponding Δ9(11)-17-lactone (CII) or Δ9(11)-steroids (CV) using a N-fluoroalkylamine reagents (CVI).
2. Description of the Related Art
It is known to transform 3-keto-Δ4,6-steroids into the corresponding steroidal Δ4,6-3-ketals by acid-catalyzed ketalization. Yields are moderate and double bond deconjugation can be competitive. For example, Δ4,6-cholestadiene-3-one-3-cycloethyleneketal was prepared by ketalization of Δ4,6-cholestadien-3-one in 64% yield, see J. Org. Chem. 26, 2549 (1961). Also, 17β-hydroxyandrosta-4,6-dien-3-one-3-cycloethyleneketal was prepared by ketalization of 6-dehydrotestosterone in 55% crude yield, see J. Am. Chem. Soc., 86, 2183 (1964). The steroidal Δ4,6-3-ketals (I-P) can be used as starting materials in the process to prepare eplerenone.
J. Org. Chem., 29, 601 (1964) reports that Δ3,5-3-alkoxy steroids react with DDQ in the presence of water to give the corresponding Δ4,6-3-keto steroids. The process of the present invention reacts Δ3,5-3-alkoxy steroids (3-alkyl enol ether) with DDQ in the presence of an alcohol under essentially anhydrous conditions to give the Δ4,6-3-ketal steroid (I-P). In addition, the prior art methods of producing the Δ4,6-3-ketal steroid (I-P) uses two steps, 6-dehydrogenation of an enol ether to a Δ4,6-3-keto steroid followed by ketalization whereas the present invention is a one step reaction.
Eplerenone, also known as epoxymexrenone, is a useful pharmaceutical agent and chemically is 9α,11α-epoxy-17β-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one-7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone, methyl ester.
International Publication WO98/25948 of PCT application PCT/US97/23090 discloses eplerenone and many different process to prepare eplerenone. In particular, see schemes 1 thru 10.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,874,754 discloses 19-nor steroids with 7α-aryl substitution. The 7α-aryl substituent included a number of groups including phenyl, thienyl, furyl, thiazolyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isothiazolyl and isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl and pyrazinyl. Regardless of which group was used, the 19-nor compounds had antiproliferative, anti-estrogenic and/or estrogenic properties and are not useful intermediates to eplerenone because there are no practical methods for installing the 19-methyl group into 19-nor steroids. The 7α-substituted steroids (II) of the present invention, are intermediates, not end products and do not have estrogenic properties because they are not 19-nor steroids.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,502,989 discloses a number of Δ11-steroidal-γ-lactones many of which are substituted in the 7α-position which have aldosterone antagonist activity. The 7α-substitution is 6α,7α-methylene-, 7α-trimethylacetylthio-, 7α-acetylthio- and 7α-benzoythio-, see claim 1. These compounds differ from the compounds of the invention in that the C-ring double bond is Δ11- and the 7α-substituents are such that the compounds cannot be used in the same way as the 7α-substituted steroids (II).
Het., 25, 399 (1987) and Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 131, 900 (1994) disclose the use of boron trifluoride diethyl etherate to catalyze conjugate addition of non-steroidal 2-methylfuran to α,β-unsaturated ketones in ethanol/nitromethane. The process of the present invention involves steroidal furans. In addition, the enone substrates in Het., 25, 399 (1987) and Bull Soc. Chim. Fr. 131, 900 (1994) do not contain stereocenters, so the issue of stereocontrol does not arise.
Methods for conjugate addition of carbon nucleophiles to 9(11)-saturated-Δ4,6-3-keto steroids to give 9(11)-saturated-7α-substituted steroids stereoselectively are known. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 94, 4654 (1972) discloses conjugate addition of carbon nucleophiles to 9(11)-saturated-Δ4,6-3-keto steroids to give 9(11 )-saturated-7α-substituted steroids stereoselectively. Tet., 49, 9955 (1993) and Tet. Lett., 29, 1533 (1988) disclose stereoselective addition of allyltrimethylsilane to canrenone (titanium tetrachloride, methylene chloride, −78°) to give a mixture of two difficult-to-separate products (7α-allyl-canrenone and the corresponding 6α,7α-fused silylcyclopentane) in poor yields (43–73% and 7–15%, respectively). Note that in these cases the steroid substrate is 9(11) saturated. All attempts to apply these methods or similar methods to 9(11) unsaturated steroid substrates have failed, due to lack of stereocontrol. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,559,332, Example 7, discloses that trimethylsulfoxonium iodide adds to Δ9(11)-canrenone (I) using sodium hydride in DMSO at room temperature to give exclusively 6β,7β-methylene-Δ9(11)-canrenone. Also, nitromethane adds to Δ9(11)-canrenone (I) in tetramethylguanidine at room temperature over 7.5 hrs.) to give exclusively the 7β stereoisomer (7β-nitromethyl-Δ9(11)-6,7-dihydrocanrenone.
Helv. Chim. Acta, 80, 566 (1997) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,559,332 disclose that reaction of Δ9(11)-canrenone with diethylaluminum cyanide to give 7α-cyano-Δ9(11)-6,7-dihydrocanrenone, but the crude product is described as a “brownish amorphous residue” that “was filtered through silica gel yielding amorphous” semipurified product “which was used without further purification in the next step.” The ratio of 7-α to 7-β epimers is not disclosed.
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79, 3120 (1957), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 82, 6136 (1960), and J. Org. Chem. 27, 1192 (1962) disclose degradation of non-steroidal enediones to carboxylic acids through alkoxyhydroperoxide intermediates and not hydroxyhydroperoxide intermediates. The process of the present invention involves steroidal enediones.
The oxidative opening of furans to carboxylic acids, or carboxylic acid derivatives, by direct ozonolysis is known. However, the yields are usually quite poor. J. Org. Chem., 61, 9126 (1996), reported that a 2,5-disubstituted furan on ozonization underwent partial cleavage to an enol acetate rather than complete cleavage to the carboxylic acid. Het., 34, 895 (1992) reported direct ozonization of a 2-substituted furan gave, after esterification, the methyl ester in 59% yield. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101, 259 (1979) reported direct ozonization of a 2-substituted furan gave, after esterification, the methyl ester in 55% yield. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 107, 7762 (1985) reported direct ozonization of a 2-sugar-substituted furan gave, after borane reduction, the primary alcohol in 50% yield. Tet. Lett., 34, 7323 (1993) reported direct ozonization of a 2-substituted furan gave, after esterification, the methyl ester in 60% yield. Carb. Res., 150, 163 (1986) reported direct ozonization of a 2-sugar-substituted furan afforded, after reduction with triphenylphosphine followed by lithium aluminum hydride, the primary alcohol in 11% yield. Tet. Lett., 22, 141 (1981) reported direct ozonization of a 2-substituted furan gave, after oxidative workup, the carboxylic acid in approximately 30% yield. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 109, 2082 (1987) reported direct ozonization of a 2-substituted furan gave, after esterification, the methyl ester in 77% yield. Tet. Lett., 39, 7013 (1998) reported direct ozonization of a 2-substituted furan gave, after esterification, the methyl ester in 78%–87% yield. J. Org. Chem., 54, 2085 (1989) reported direct ozonization of two 2-substituted furans gives the carboxylic acid in 89–95% yield, however, in this study, the 2-substituted furans were very simple (i.e., they did not contain any reactive functional group other than the furan). There is no disclosures of a two step furan opening and then oxidative cleavage to the carboxylic acid which results in high yields.
J. Org. Chem. 63, 7505 (1998) discloses the use of dibromatin, sodium bicarbonate and aqueous acetone to open non-steroidal furans to produce enediones. The process of the present invention involves steroidal furans.
Chem. Lett., 1771 (1983) discloses the use of hydrochloric acid in ether to catalyze the isomerization of non-steroidal cis-enediones to trans-enediones. The process of the present invention involves steroidal enediones.
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 79, 3120 (1957), J. Am. Chem. Soc., 82, 6136 (1960) and J. Org. Chem., 27, 1192 (1962) disclose the degradation of enediones to carboxylic acids through alkoxyhydroperoxide intermediates by use of ozone and an oxidatively cleaving agent. The yields are not particularly high. For example, the yield of benzoic acid from trans-dibenzoylethylene was 54%. Following this process, methoxyhydroperoxide (IV-OOH) (where R7-2═—CH3) gave a 65.2/34.8 mixture of the desired carboxylic acid (VI) and α-ketomethylester where (Rb═OMe). The α-ketomethyl ester can not be transformed to an eplerenone useful compound and its production makes this process not commercially useful. By contrast, in the process of this invention, the enedione (III) is degraded to the carboxylic acid (VI) through the hydroxyhydroperoxide intermediate (IV-OOH, where R7-2═—H), which surprisingly rearranges to the desired carboxylic acid (VI) in nearly quantitative yield. The process of the present invention uses ozone, a hydroperoxy-deoxygenating agent and then a oxidatively cleaving agent to avoid production of the α-ketomethylester and obtain increased yields.
Drugs of the Future, 24, 488 (1999) discloses conversion of the 5,7-lactone (VII) to the corresponding methyl ester (VIII) by treatment with “methyl iodide in basic medium,”. The process of the present invention for methylation is a sequential process.
International Publication WO98/25948 generically discloses (5,7)-17-bislactones and 3 protected forms.
International Publication WO98/25948 discloses the transformation of a steroidal 7α-acid to the (5,7)-17-bislactone. This process requires an orthoester. The process of the present invention does not require an orthoester.
International Publication WO98/25948 discloses the transformation of a (5,7)-17-bislactone to the corresponding 7α—CO—OCH3 in one step. The present invention uses two steps but obtains better yields and consumes less reagent.
Eplerenone is 9(11 )α-epoxy-17β-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one-7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone, methyl ester and as such contains a 7α-carbomethoxy substituent. From the standpoint of production, a major difficulty in the production of eplerenone is introduction of the 7α-carbomethoxy substituent. The present invention includes an improved proved process for the introduction of the 7α-substituent.
It is known that a carboxylic acid can be obtained from a (substituted)furan in one step by ozonolysis. However, the yields are quite low. Further, it is known that furans can be opened to enediones. It is also known that enediones can be oxidized to carboxylic acids.
Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 52, 3377–3380 (1979) discloses that N-(1,1,2,2,3,3,3)hexafluoropropyldiethylamine, “Ishikawa reagent” is used to replace a hydroxyl group with a fluorine atom or eliminate a hydroxyl group to an olefin. With cyclohexanol, a simple monocyclic system, the elimination product olefin was 78%. However, when the “Ishikawa reagent” was applied to a steroid, cholesterol, the corresponding fluoro compound cholesteryl fluoride was obtained in 83% yield; no elimination product was reported.
J. Org. Chem., 2187–2195(1964) discloses the reaction of 11α-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione with 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluorotriethylamine to give the elimination product, pregna-4,9(11)-diene-3,20-dione, in 86% yield. The process of the present invention does not use 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluorotriethylamine also known as Yarovenko reagent. Further, use of 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluorotriethylamine is a problem because it is not stable enough to make scale up practicable. In addition, it is derived from a chlorofluorocarbon and is not environmentally sound.
Tetrahedron Letters, 1065–1069 (1962) also discloses the reaction of 11α-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione with 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluorotriethylamine to give the elimination product, pregna-4,9(11)-diene-3,20-dione.
J. Fluorine Chem., 109, 25–31 (2001) describes and compares the use of 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-N,N-dimethylamine as well as Yarovenko-Raksha and Ishikawa reagent as fluorinating and dehydrating agents. While the document discloses examples of elimination reactions in both aliphatic and cyclic systems, the primary use is as a fluorinating agent. The only steroid example was the reaction of 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-N,N-dimethylamine with cholesterol which produced a product with fluorine at the C-3 position of cholesterol.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
Disclosed is a process for the preparation of a Δ4,6-ketal of formula (I-P)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00002
where R31 and R32 are
    • (1) the same or different and are C1-C3 alkyl, and
    • (2) taken with the attached —O—C—O— to form a cyclic ketal of 5 or 6 atoms of the formula
      —(CH2)—(CR33R34)n1—(CH2)—
      • where n1 is 0 or 1;
      • where R33 and R34 are the same or different and are —H,
        • C1–C3 alkyl,
          which comprises
    • (1) contacting a Δ3,5–3-enol ether of formula (Alkyl enol ether)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00003
where R3 is
    • C1–C3 alkyl,
    • CH3—CO—,
    • Φ—CO— or
    • RSi-1RSi-2RSi-3Si— where RSi-1, RSi-2 and RSi-3 are the same or different and are C1–C4 alkyl; with a hydride abstractor and an alcohol selected from the group consisting of alcohols of the formula:
    • (a) R31—OH, where R31 is as defined above,
    • (b) R32—OH, where R32 is as defined above,
    • (c) HO—(CH2)—(CR33R34)n1—(CH2)—OH where n1, R33 and R34 are as defined above,
    • (d) HO—CH2—CH2—OH.
Also disclosed is a 7α-substituted steroid of formula (II)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00004
where
    • (I) R3 is ═O; R4 is R4-1:R4-2 where one of R4-1 and R4-2 is —H and the other of R4-1 and R4-2 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached; R6 is —H:—H;
    • (II) R3 is R3-3:R3-4 and R4 is R4-3:R4-4 where one of R3-3 and R3-4 is —O—R31 where R31 is C1–C3 alkyl, the other of R3-3 and R3-4 is taken together with one of R4-3 and R4-4 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached, and the other of R4-3 and R4-4 is —H; R6 is R6-3:R6-4 where one of R6-3 and R6-4 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of R6-3 and R6-4 is —H;
    • (III) R3 is α—R3-5:β—R3-6 where R3-5 is —O—R31 and R3-6 is —O—R32 where R31 and R32 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of
      • C1–C3 alkyl and
      • R31 and R32 are taken with the attached —O—C—O— to form a cyclic ketal of 5 or 6 atoms of the formula
        —(CH2)—(CR33R34)n1—(CH2)—
    • where n1 is 0 or 1;
    • where R33 and R34 are the same or different and are —H and C1–C3 alkyl; R4 is —H:—H; R6 is R6-5:R6-6 where one of R6-5 and R6-6 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of R6-5 and R6-6 is —H;
    • (IV) R3 is α-R3-7:β-R3-8 where R3-7 is —O—R31 and R3-8 is —O—R32 where R 31 and R32 are as defined above; R4 is R4-7:R4-8 where one of R4-7 and R4-8 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of R4-7 and R4-8 is —H; R6 is —H:—H;
    • where R7-1 is a molecular fragment of the formula (-A1)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00005
      • where X1 is:
        • —S—,
        • —O— or
        • —NX1-1— and where X1-1 is:
          • —H,
          • C1–C4 alkyl,
          • —CO—OX1-2 where X1-2 is C1–C4 alkyl or —CH2-φ,
          • —CO—X1-2 where X1-2 is as defined above,
          • —CO-φ where -φ is substituted in the o-position with —CO—O—(C1–C4 alkyl),
          • —SO2—(C1–C3 alkyl),
          • —SO2-φ where φ is optionally substituted with 1 or 2
          •  C1–C4 alkyl,
          •  C1–C4 alkoxy;
      • where Rb is selected from the group consisting of
        • —H,
        • C1–C4 alkyl or
        • phenyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2
          • C1–C4 alkyl,
          • C1–C4 alkoxy,
      • where Rc is selected from the group consisting of:
        • —H,
        • C1–C4 alkyl,
        • C1–C4 alkoxy,
        • —O—Si(R)3 where the R's are the same or different and are —H, C1–C4 alkyl, φ, C1–C4 alkoxy and —OH,
        • —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,
        • —CO—OCH3 and
        • —CO—Rc-1 where Rc-1 is C1–C4 alkyl or -φ;
      • where Rd is selected from the group consisting of
        • —H,
        • —C≡N,
        • C1–C10 alkyl;
        • C1–C4 alkoxy;
        • —CH2—ORd-1 where Rd-1 is —H or C1–C4 alkyl,
        • —CH2—N(Rd-6)2 where the two Rd-6 are the same or different and are:
          • C1–C4 alkyl,
          • -φ,
          • —CO-Rd-6a where Rd-6a is C1–C4 alkyl or
        • —CH2—O—CO—Rd-1 where Rd-1 is as defined above,
        • —CH(ORd-1)2 where Rd-1 is as defined above and where the two Rd-1 taken together are:
          • —CH2—CH2—,
          • —CH2—CH2—CH2—,
          • —CH2—C(CH3—)2—CH2—,
        • —CH(—O—CO—Rd-1)2 where Rd-1 is as defined above,
        • —Si(R)3 where R is as defined above,
        • —O—Si(R)3 where R is as defined above,
        • —Sn(Rb-1)3 where Rb-1 is as defined above,
        • —S—Rd-5 where Rd-5 is C1–C4 alkyl or φ,
        • —N(Rd-6)2 where Rd-6 is as defined above,
          where Rc and Rd taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00006
where E1 are the same or different and are:
        • —H,
        • C1–C4 alkyl,
        • —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,
        • —OE1-1 where E1-1 is:
          • —H,
          • C1–C4 alkyl,
          • -φ or
          • —SiE1-2E1-3E1-4 where E1-2, E1-3 and E1-4 are the same or different and are C1–C4 alkyl or C1–C4 alkoxy,
        • —S—E1-5 where E1-5 is C1–C4 alkyl or
        • —S—(O)1-2—E1-5 where E1-5 is as defined above,
        • —N(Rd-6)2 where the two Rd-6 are the same or different and are as defined above,
        • —P(O) (O—E1-1)2 where E1-1 is as defined above,
        • —Si(R)3 where R is as defined above;
          —CE1═M   (-B)
    • where E1 is as defined above and
    • where M is:
      • (1) ═O,
      • (2) ═N—E2 where E2 is selected from the group consisting of
        • —H
        • C1–C4 alkyl,
        • C1–C4 alkenyl containing 1 or 2 double bonds,
        • C1–C4 alkynyl containing 1 triple bond,
        • —CO—OE2-1 where E2-1 is —H or C1–C4 alkyl,
        • —C(E2-1)2—OE2-2 where E2-1 are the same or different and are as defined above and where E2-2 is
          • C1–C4 alkyl,
          • -φ or
          • —Si(R)3 where the three R are the same or different and are defined above,
        • —OE2-2 where E2-2 is as defined above,
        • —S-E2-3 where E2-3 is C1–C4 alkyl or -φ,
        • —S—(O)1-2-E2-3 where E2-3 is as defined above,
        • —N(Rd-6)2 where the two Rd6 are the same or different and are as defined above;
        • —Si(R)3 where the three R are as defined above;
      • (3) ═C(E2)2 where the E2 are the same or different and are as defined above,
    • where E1 and E2 are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a ring of 5 thru 7 members, optionally containing 3 thru 5
      • —O—,
      • —S—,
      • —N═,
      • —NX1-1— where X1-1 is as defined above,
      • —CE2=where E2 is as defined above,
      • —C(Rb)2— where Rb is as defined above, and optionally containing 1 or 2 additional double bonds;
        —C≡C—E2   (-C)
    • where E2 is as defined above;
      —CH2—CH═CH2   (-D1)
      —CH═C═CH2   (-D2)
      —CH2—C≡C—H   (-D3)
    • where R9 is:
      • (1) —H,
      • (2) —OH,
      • (3) —O-(HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUP) where HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUP is selected from the group consisting of
        • —Si(—CH3)3,
        • —Si(—CH2—CH3)3,
        • —CO—H3,
        • —CO—H and
        • —SiH(CH3)2,
      • (4) —F;
    • where R11 is:
      • (1) ═O,
      • (2) —H:—H,
      • (3) α—R11-1:β—R11-2 where R11-1 is:
        • (a) —H,
        • (b) —O—R11-3 where R11-3 is:
          • (i) —H,
          • (ii) a HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUP) where HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUP is as defined above, and where R11-2 is:
        • (a) —H,
        • (b) —O—R11-4 where R11-4 is:
          • (i) —H,
          • (ii) a HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUP) where HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUP is as defined above, with the proviso that one of R11-1 and R11-2 must be —H,
      • (4) R11-5:R11-6 where one of R11-5 or R11-6 and R9 are taken together with R9 to form a second bond between C-9 and C-11 and the other of R1-5 or R11-6 is —H,
      • (5) α—R11-7:β—R11-8 where R11-7 and R9 are taken together with —O— to form an epoxide between C-9 and C-11 and R11-8 is —H;
    • where R17 is:
      • (1) ═O;
      • (2) α—R17-1:β—R17-2 where R17-1 is:
        • (a) —H,
        • (b) —C≡C—H,
        • (c) —C≡N,
        • (d) —C≡C—CH2—O—R17-1-1 where R17-1-1 is selected from the group consisting of
          • (i) —H,
          • (ii) —Si(R17-1-2)3 where R17-1-2 are the same or different and are C1–C4 alkyl,
          • (iii) 1-ethoxyethyl,
          • (iv) 2-tetrahydropyranyl,
        • (e) —C≡C—CH2—O-(HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUP), where HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUP is as defined above,
        • (f) —CH2—CH2—CH2—OH,
        • (g) —CH2—CH2—CH2—O-(HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUP), where HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUP is as defined above,
        • (h) —CH2—CH2—CO—O− and where R17-2 is —OH;
      • (3) α—R17-3:β—R17-4 where R17-3 is —OH and where R17-4 is:
        • (a) —CO—CH3,
        • (b) —CO—CH2—OH,
        • (c) —CO—CH2—O—CO—(CH2)0-3—CH3;
      • (4) α—R17-5:β—R17-6 where R17-5 and R17-6 are taken with the attached carbon atom to form a three member epoxide containing —O—CH2— where the attachment of the —O is at R17-6 in the β-orientation and the attachment of the CH2— is at R17-5 in the α-orientation;
      • (5) α—R17-7:β—R17-8 where R17-7 and R17-8 are taken with the attached carbon atom to form a five member lactone containing —O—CO—CH2—CH2— where the attachment of the CH2— is at R17-7 in the α-orientation and the attachment of the —O is at R17-8 in the β-orientation;
      • (6) —O—CH(OR17-9)—CH2—CH2 . . . where the bond from the oxygen (—O) is one of the four bonds at C-17 in the β-configuration and the bond from the methylene group (CH2 . . . ) is another of the four bonds at C-17 in the α-configuration to form a 5 member heterocycle containing one oxygen atom, where R17-9 is —H or C1–C3 alkyl;
      • (7) α—R17-1:β—R17-12 where R17-10 is —(CH2)1-2—CH═CH2 and R17-12 is —OH.
Further disclosed is a cis enedione of the formula (III-cis)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00007
and a trans enedione of the formula (III-trans)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00008
where
    • (I) R3 is ═O; R4 is R4-1:R4-2 where one of R4-1 and R4-2 is —H and the other of R4-1, and R4-2 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached; R6 is —H:—H;
    • (III) R3 is α—R3-5:β—R3-6 where R3-5 is —O—R31, and R3-6 is —O—R32 where R31 and R32 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of
      • C1–C3 alkyl and
      • R31 and R32 are taken with the attached —O—C—O— to form a cyclic ketal of 5 or 6 atoms of the formula
        —(CH2)—(CR33R34)n1—(CH2)—
    • where n, is 0 or 1;
    • where R33 and R34 are the same or different and are —H and C1–C3 alkyl; R4 is —H:—H; R6 is R6-5:R6-6 where one of R6-5 and R6-6 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of R6-5 and R6-6 is —H;
    • (IV) R3 is α—R3-7:β—R3-8 where R3-7 is —O—R31 and R3-8 is —O—R32 where R31, and R32 are as defined above; R4 is R4-7:R4-8 where one of R4-7 and R4-8 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of R4-7 and R4-8 is —H; R6 is —H:—H;
    • where R9, R11 R17 are as defined above;
    • where Rb is selected from the group consisting of
      • —H,
      • C1–C4 alkyl or
      • phenyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2
        • C1–C4 alkyl,
        • C1–C4 alkoxy,
    • where Rc is selected from the group consisting of:
      • —H,
      • C1–C4 alkyl,
      • C1–C4 alkoxy,
      • —O—Si(R)3 where the R's are the same or different and are —H, C1–C4
    • alkyl, -φ, C1–C4 alkoxy and —OH,
      • —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,
      • —CO—OCH3 and
      • —CO—Rc-1 where Rc-1 is C1–C4 alkyl or
    • where Rd is selected from the group consisting of
      • —H,
      • —C≡N,
      • C1–C10 alkyl;
      • C1–C4 alkoxy;
      • —CH2—ORd-1 where Rd-1 is —H or C1–C4 alkyl,
      • —CH2—N(Rd-6)2 where the two Rd-6 are the same or different and are:
        • C1–C4 alkyl,
        • -φ,
        • —CO—Rd-6a where Rd-6a is C1–C4 alkyl or -φ,
      • —CH2—O—CO—Rd-1 where Rd-1 is as defined above,
      • —CH(ORd-1)2 where Rd-1 is as defined above and where the two Rd-1 taken together are:
        • —CH2—CH2—,
        • —CH2—CH2—CH2—,
        • —CH2—C(CH3—)2—CH2—,
      • —CH(—O—CO—Rd-1)2 where Rd-1 is as defined above,
      • —Si(R)3 where R is as defined above,
      • —O—Si(R)3 where R is as defined above,
      • —Sn(Rb-1)3 where Rb-1 is as defined above,
      • —S—Rd-5 where Rd-5 is C1–C4 alkyl or -φ,
      • —N(Rd-6)2 where Rd-6 is as defined above,
        where Rc and Rd taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00009
where E1 are the same or different and are:
      • —H,
      • C1–C4 alkyl,
      • —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,
      • —OE1-1 where E1-1 is:
        • —H,
        • C1–C4 alkyl,
        • -φ or
        • —SiE1-2E1-3E1-4 where E1-2, E1-3 and E1-4 are the same or different and are C1–C4 alkyl or C1–C4 alkoxy,
      • —S—E1-5 where E1-5 is C1–C4 alkyl or
      • —S—(O)1-2-E1-5 where E1-5 is as defined above,
      • —N(Rd-6)2 where the two R6 are the same or different and are as defined above,
      • —P(O) (O—E1-1)2 where E1-1 is as defined above,
      • —Si(R)3 where R is as defined above.
Further disclosed is a hydroxy compound of formula (IV-OH)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00010
and a hydroperoxy compound (IV —O—OH)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00011
where R3, R4, R5 and R6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R9, R11 R17 and Rb are as defined above and where R7-2 is —H and C1–C4 alkyl optionally substituted with one or two —OH.
Disclosed is a biscarbonyl compound of the formula (V)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00012
where R3, R4, R5 and R6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R9, R11 R17 and Rb are as defined above.
Also disclosed is a cis oxyenedione of the formula (X-cis)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00013
and a trans enedione of the formula (X-trans)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00014
where R3, R4, R5 and R6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R9, R11 R17, Rb, Rc and Rd are as defined above.
Further disclosed is a 7α-unsaturated steroid of formula (XIV)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00015
where R3, R4, R5 and R6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R9, R11 R17, Rb and Rd are as defined above.
Additionally disclosed is a 7α-preacid of the formula (XV)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00016
where R3, R4, R5 and R6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R9, R11 R17 and Rb are as defined above.
Disclosed is a process for the preparation of a 7α-substituted steroid (II) of the formula
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00017
where
    • (I) R3 is ═O; R4 is R4-1:R4-2 where one of R4-1 and R4-2 is —H and the other of R4-1 and R4-2 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached; R6 is —H:—H;
    • (II) R3 is R3-3:R3-4 and R4 is R4-3:R4-4 where one of R3-3 and R3-4 is —O—R31 where R31 is C1–C3 alkyl, the other of R3-3 and R3-4 is taken together with one of R4-3 and R4-4 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached, and the other of R4-3 and R4-4 is —H; R6 is R6-3:R6-4 where one of R6-3 and R6-4 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of R6-3 and R6-4 is —H;
    • (III) R3 is α-R3-5:β-R3-6 where R3-5 is —O—R31 and R3-6 is —O—R32 where R31 and R32 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of
      • C1–C3 alkyl and
      • R31 and R32 are taken with the attached —O—C—O— to form a cyclic ketal of 5 or 6 atoms of the formula
        —(CH2)—(CR33R34)n1—(CH2)—
    • where n1 is 0 or 1;
    • where R33 and R34 are the same or different and are —H and C1–C3 alkyl; R4 is —H:—H; R6 is R6-5:R6-6 where one of R6-5 and R6-6 is taken together with R5 to form second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of R6-5 and R6-6 is —H;
    • (IV) R3 is α—R3-7:β—R3-8 where R3-7 is —O—R3, and R3-8 is —O—R32 where R31 and R32 are as defined above; R4 is R4-7:R4-8 where one of R4-7 and R4-8 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of R4-7 and R4-8 is —H; R6 is —H:—H;
    • where R7-1, R9, R11 and R17, are as defined above; which comprises:
      • (1) contacting a Δ4,6-3-keto steroid or ketal thereof (I) of the formula
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00018
where
    • (I) R3 is ═O; R4 is R4-1:R4-2 where one of R4-1 and R4-2 is —H and the other of R4-1 and R4-2 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached;
    • (I-ketal) R3 is R3-9:R3-10 where R3-9 is —O—R31 and R3-10 is —O—R32 where R31 and R32 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of
      • C1–C3 alkyl and
      • R31 and R32 are taken with the attached —O—C—O— to form a cyclic ketal of 5 or 6 atoms of the formula
        —(CH2)—(CR33R34)n1—(CH2)—
    • where n1 is 0 or 1;
  • where R33 and R34 are the same or different and are —H and C1–C3 alkyl; R4 is R4-9:R4-10 where one of R4-9 and R4-10 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of R4-9 and R4-10 is —H;
    • where R9, R11 and R17 are as defined above, with an adduct selected from compounds
    • (a) of the formula (A)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00019
    • where X1, Rb, Rc and Rd are as defined above, and
    • where Ra is selected from the group consisting of —H, —ZnL, —BL, —SiL3, —SnL3, —Cu, —CuL, —AlL2, —HgL, —Ag, —MgL, —Li and —COOH, where L is —OH, C1–C4 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —O(C1–C3 alkyl), 2-thienyl, (CH3)2C(O—)—C(O—)C(CH3)2 and
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00020
    • (b) of the formula (A′)
      Rb—CO—CHRb—CHRc—CO—Rd   (A′)
  • where Rb, Rc and Rd are as defined above;
    • (c) of the formula (A″)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00021
    • where Re is:
      • C1–C4 alkyl,
      • —CO—(C1–C4 alkyl or -φ),
      • —Si(R)3 where R is as defined above and where X1, Rb, Rc and Rd are as defined above;
    • (d) of the formula (B)
      Ra—CE1═M   (B)
      • where Ra, E1 and M are as defined above;
    • (e) of the formula (C)
      Ra—C≡C—E2   (C)
      • where Ra and E2 are as defined above;
    • (f) of the formulas (D1, D2 and D3)
      Ra—CH2—CH═CH2   (D1)
      Ra—CH═C═CH2   (D2)
      Ra—CH2—C≡C—H   (D3)
  • where Ra is as defined above, in the presence of:
    • (1) a Lewis Acid,
    • (2) a proton acid with a pKa of<about 5 or
    • (3) a salt of a secondary amine of the formula
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00022
    • where:
RS-2 is —H, C1–C4 alkyl, -φ, and —CH2-φ;
      • RS-3 is —H, C1–C4 alkyl;
    • RS-4 is —H, C1–C4 alkyl, -φ;
    • RS-5 is —H, C1–C4 alkyl, -φ;
      and
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00023
    • where
      • RS-2 is —H, C1–C4 alkyl, -φ, and —CH2-φ;
      • RS-4 is —H, C1–C4 alkyl, -φ;
      • RS-5 is —H, C1–C4 alkyl, -φ;
        with an acid of pKa of<about 2.
Also disclosed is a process for purifying a 7α-substituted steroid of formula (II) where R3, R4, R5 and R6 are as defined for the 7α-substituted steroid (II) and where R7-1, R9, R11 and R17 are as defined above; which comprises:
(1) crystallizing 7α-substituted steroid (II) which contains greater than 5% of 7β-isomer from a solvent selected from the group consisting of ethyl acetate, propyl acetate and butyl acetate.
Further disclosed is a process for the preparation of a cis-enedione of formula (III-cis)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00024
  • where R3, R4, R5 and R6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R7-1, R7-2, R9, R11, R17, Rb, Rc, Rd are as defined above; which comprises:
    • (1) contacting a 7α-substituted steroid of formula (II)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00025
    • where R3, R4, R5, R6, R7-1, R9, R11 and R17 are as defined above; with an agent selected from the group consisting of:
      • (a) a halogenating agent in the presence of water and a base whose conjugate acid has a pKa of>about 8,
      • (b) an oxygen donating agent,
      • (c) electrochemical oxidation,
      • (d) a quinone in the presence of water or
      • (e) nonquinone oxidants.
Additionally disclosed is a process for the preparation of a trans-enedione of formula (III-trans)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00026
where R3, R4, R5 and R6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R9, R11, R17, Rb, Rc and Rd are as defined above; which comprises:
    • (1) contacting a cis-enedione of formula (III-cis)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00027
where R3, R4, R5, R6, R9, R11, R17, Rb, Rc and Rd are as defined above with an isomerization catalyst selected from the group consisting of:
    • (a) a strong acid of pKa of<about 2;
    • (b) a tertiary amine whose conjugate acid has a pKa>about 8 and
    • (c) salt of a tertiary amine whose conjugate acid has a pKa>about 8,
    • (d) I2,
    • (e) (C1–C4)3P,
    • (f) φ3P,
    • (g) heating to about 80°.
Disclosed is a process for the preparation of a hydroxy compound of formula (IV-OH)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00028
or a hydroperoxy compound of formula (IV-OOH)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00029
or a biscarbonyl compound of formula (V)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00030
or a carboxylic acid of formula (VI)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00031
or a mixture thereof, where R3, R4, R5 and R6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R7-2, R9, R11, R17, Rb are as defined above; which comprises:
    • (1) contacting a cis-enedione of the formula (III-cis)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00032
or a trans-enedione of the formula (III-trans)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00033
or a mixture thereof, where R3, R4, R5, R6, Rg, R11, R17, Rb, Rc and Rd are as defined above, with ozone in the presence of an alcohol of the formula R7-2—OH, where R7-2 is as defined above.
Also disclosed is a process for the preparation of a hydroxy compound of formula (IV-OH)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00034
where R3, R4, R5 and R6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R7-2, R9, R11, R17 and Rb are as defined above; which comprises:
    • (1) contacting a hydroperoxy compound of formula (IV-OOH)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00035
where R3, R4, R5, R6, R9, R11, R17, Rb and R7-2 are as defined above with a hydroperoxy-deoxygenating agent.
Further disclosed is a process for the preparation of a carboxylic acid of formula (VI)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00036
or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where R3, R4, R5 and R6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R9, R11 and R17 are as defined above; which comprises:
    • (1) contacting a hydroperoxy compound of formula (IV-OOH)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00037
where R3, R4, R5, R6, R9, R11, R1 Rb and R7-2 are as defined above; with a carboxylic acid forming agent selected from the group consisting of:
    • (a) heat,
    • (b) a base whose conjugate acid has a pKa of about 5 or above,
    • (c) an acid which has a pKa of less than about 3,
    • (d) an acylating agent.
Additionally disclosed is a process for the preparation of a carboxylic acid of formula (VI)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00038
where R3, R4, R5 and R6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R9, R11 and R17 are as defined above; which comprises:
    • (1) contacting a hydroxy compound of formula (IV-OH)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00039
or a biscarbonyl compound of formula (V)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00040
or mixture thereof, where R3, R4, R5 and R6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R9, R11, R17 and Rb are as defined above; with an oxidatively cleaving agent.
Disclosed is a process for the preparation of a 5,7-lactone of formula (VII)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00041
    • where
      • (Va) R2 is —H:—H; R3 is =O; R4 is —H:—H;
      • (Vb) R2 is —H:—H; R3 is R3a:R3b where both R3a and R3b are —OH and R4 is —H:—H;
    • where R9, R11 and R17, are as defined above; which comprises:
    • (1) contacting a carboxylic acid of formula (VI)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00042
    • where
      • (I) R3 is ═O; R4 is R4-1:R4-2 where one of R4-1 and R4-2 is —H and the other of R4-1 and R4-2 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached; R6 is —H:—H;
      • (III) R3 is α-R3-5:β-R3-6 where R3-5 is —O—R31 and R3-6 is —O—R32 where R31 and R32 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of
    • C1–C3 alkyl and
    • R31 and R32 are taken with the attached —O—C—O— to form a cyclic ketal of 5 or 6 atoms of the formula
      —(CH2)—(CR33R34)n1—(CH2)—
    • where n1 is 0 or 1;
    • where R33 and R34 are the same or different and are —H and C1–C3 alkyl; R4 is —H:—H; R6 is R6-5:R6-6 where one of R6-5 and R6-6 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of R6-5 and R6-6 is —H;
      • (IV) R3 is αR3-7:β-R3-8 where R3-7 is —O—R31 and R3-8 is —O—R32 where R 31 and R32 are as defined above; R4 is R4-7:R4-8 where one of R4-7 and R4-8 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of R4-7 and R4-8 is —H; R6 is —H:—H;
    • where R9, R11 and R17 are as defined above; with a reaction medium which has a pH of less than about 5.
Also disclosed is a process for the preparation of a 5,7-lactone of formula (VII)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00043
    • where
      • (Va) R2 is —H:—H, R3 is ═O and R4 is —H:—H;
    • where R9, R11 and R17 are as defined above; which comprises:
    • (1) contacting a carboxylic acid of formula (VI)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00044
where
    • (I) R3 is ═O; R4 is R4-1:R4-2 where one of R4-1 and R4-2 is —H and the other of R4-1 and R4-2 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached; R6 is —H:—H;
    • where R9, R11 and R17 are as defined above; under anhydrous conditions with an anhydrous reaction medium of pH less than about 5.
Disclosed is a process for the preparation of a 5,7-lactone of formula (VII)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00045
where
    • (Vc) R2 is —H:—H, R3 is —O—R3a:—O—R3b where R3a and R3b the same and are C1–C3 alkyl or where R3a and R3b are taken together with the attached —O—C—O— to form a cyclic ketal of 5 or 6 atoms of the formula
      —(CH2)—(CR33R34)n1—(CH2)—
    • where n1 is 0 or 1;
    • where R33 and R34 are the same or different and are —H and C1–C3 alkyl, and R4 is —H:—H;
    • (VI) R2 is —H:—H; R3 is R3c:R3d and R4 is R4c:R4d where one of R3, and R3d is taken with one of R4, or R4d to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of R3C and R3d is CH3—O— or C2H5—O—; and the other of R4, and R4d is —H; or
    • (VII) R2 is R2e:R2f and R3 is R3e:R3f where one of R2e and R2f is taken with one of R3e or R3f to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of R2e and R2f is —H, and the other of R3e and R3f is CH3—O—or C2H5—O—; or mixtures thereof;
    • where R9, R11 and R17 are as defined above;
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00046
    • where
    • (III) R3 is α-R3-5:β-R3-6 where R3-5 is —O—R3, and R3-6 is —O—R32 where R31 and R32 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of
    • C1–C3 alkyl and
    • R31, and R32 are taken with the attached —O—C—O— to form a cyclic ketal of 5 or 6 atoms of the formula
      —(CH2)—(CR33R34)n1—(CH2)—
    • where n1 is 0 or 1;
    • where R33 and R34 are the same or different and are —H and C1–C3 alkyl; R4 is —H:—H; R6 is R6-5:R6-6 where one of R6-5 and R6-6 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of R6-5 and R6-6 is —H;
    • (IV) R3 is α—R3-7:β—R3-8 where R3-7 is —O—R31 and R3-8 is —O—R32 where R31 and R32 are as defined above; R4 is R4-7:R4-8 where one of R4-7 and R4-8 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of R4-7 and R4-8 is —H; R6 is —H:—H;
    • where R9, R11, and R17 are as defined above; with at least a catalytic amount of acid.
Disclosed is a process for the preparation of a methyl ester of formula (VIII)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00047
    • where
    • (I) R3 is ═O; R4 is R4-1:R4-2 where one of R4-1 and R4-2 is —H and the other of R4-1 and R4-2 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached; R6 is —H:—H;
    • where R9, R11 and R17 are as defined above; which comprises:
    • (1) contacting a 5,7-lactone of the formula (VII)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00048
    • where R4 is —H:—H and where R3, R9, R11 and R17 are defined above, with base, and
    • (2) contacting the reaction mixture of step (1) with a methylating agent.
Also disclosed is a process for the preparation of a carboxylic acid of the formula (VI)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00049
or pharmaceutically acceptable salts there of, where
    • (I) R3 is ═O; R4 is R4-1:R4-2 where one of R4-1 and R4-2 is —H and the other of R4-1 and R4-2 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached; R6 is —H:—H;
    • where R9, R11, R17 are as defined above; which comprises:
    • (1) contacting a 5,7-lactone of formula (VII)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00050
    • where R4 is —H:—H; and where R3, R9, R11 and R17 are as defined above, with a reaction medium which as a pH>7.
Further disclosed is a process for the preparation of a cis-oxyenedione of the formula (X-cis)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00051
    • where R3, R4, R5, and R6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R9, R11, R17, Rb, Rc and Rd are as defined above; which comprises:
    • (1) contacting a 7α-substituted steroid of formula (II)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00052
where R3, R4, R5, and R6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R7-1, R9, R11 and R17 are as defined above; with ozone in the presence of a C1–C4 alcohol and
    • (2) contacting the mixture of step (1) with a hydroperoxy-deoxygenating agent.
Additionally disclosed is a process 355. A process for the preparation of a trans-oxyenedione of the formula (X-trans)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00053
    • where R3, R4, R5, and R6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R9, R11, R17, Rb, Rc and Rd are as defined as above; which comprises:
    • (1) contacting a cis-oxyenedione of the formula (X-cis)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00054
    • where R3, R4, R5, R6, R9, R11, R17, Rb, Rc and Rd are as defined above, with an isomerization catalyst selected from the group consisting of:
    • (a) a strong acid of pKa of <about 2;
    • (b) a tertiary amine whose conjugate acid has a pKa>about 8 and
    • (c) salt of a tertiary amine whose conjugate acid has a pKa>about 8,
    • (d) I2,
    • (e) (C1–C4)3P,
    • (f) )φ3P,
    • (e) heating to about 80°.
Disclosed is a process for the preparation of a hydroxy compound of formula (IV-OH)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00055
    • where R3, R4, R5, and R6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R7-2, R9, R11, R17 and Rb are as defined above; or a hydroperoxy compound of formula (IV-OOH)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00056
    • where R3, R4, R5, R6, R7-2, R9, R11, R17 and Rb are as defined above, or a biscarbonyl compound of formula (V)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00057
    • where R3, R4, R5, R6, R9, R11, R17 and Rb are as defined above, or a carboxylic acid of formula (VI)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00058
    • where R3, R4, R5, R6, R9, R11 and R17 are as defined above, or a mixture thereof, which comprises:
    • (1) contacting an oxyenedione of the formula (X-cis)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00059
    • where R3, R4, R5, R6, R9, R11, R17, Rb, Rc and Rd are as defined above or an oxyenedione of the formula (X-trans)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00060
    • where R3, R4, R5, R6, R9, R11, R17, Rb, Rc and Rd are as defined above or mixture there of, with ozone in the presence of an alcohol of the formula R7-2—OH where R7-2 is as defined above.
Also disclosed is a process to prepare a carboxylic acid of formula (VI)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00061
or salt thereof where R3, R4, R5, and R6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R9, R11 and R17 are as defined above; which comprises:
    • (1) contacting a 7α-substituted steroid of formula (II)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00062
where R3, R4, R5, and R6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R7-1, R9, R11 and R17, are as defined above; with an agent selected from the group consisting of:
      • (a) a halogenating agent in the presence of water and a base whose conjugate acid has a pKa of>about 8,
      • (b) an oxygen donating agent,
      • (c) electrochemical oxidation,
      • (d) a quinone in the presence of water or
      • (e) nonquinone oxidants; and
    • (2) contacting the reaction mixture of step (1) with ozone in the presence of an alcohol of the formula R7-2—OH where R7-2 is as defined above;
    • (3) contacting the reaction mixture of step (2) with a hydroperoxy deoxygenating agent and
    • (4) contacting the reaction mixture of step (3) with an oxidatively cleaving agent.
Disclosed is a process to prepare a carboxylic acid of formula (VI)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00063
or salt thereof where R3, R4, R5, and R6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R9, R11 and R17 are as defined above; which comprises:
    • (1) contacting a 7α-substituted steroid of formula (II)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00064
where R3, R4, R5, and R6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R7-1, R9, R11, R17 are as defined above with
    • (1) ozone in the presence of an alcohol of the formula R7-2—OH where R7-2 is as defined above;
    • (2) contacting the reaction mixture of step (1) with a hydroperoxy deoxygenating agent and
    • (3) contacting the reaction mixture of step (2) with an oxidatively cleaving agent.
Also disclosed is a process for the preparation of a carboxylic acid of formula (VI)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00065
    • where R3, R4, R5, and R6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R9, R11 and R17 are as defined above, which comprises:
    • (1) contacting a cis oxyenedione of the formula (X-cis)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00066
or a trans oxyenedione of the formula (X-trans)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00067
or mixture thereof where R3, R4, R5, and R6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R9, R11, R17, Rb, Rc and Rd are as defined above, with an oxidatively cleaving agent.
Also disclosed is a process for the preparation of a Δ9(11)-17-lactone (CII)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00068
which comprises:
    • (1) contacting a 11α-hydroxy-17-lactone (CI)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00069
with a N-fluoroalkylamine reagent of formula (CVI)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00070
where:
    • Z1 is C1–C4 alkyl;
    • Z2 is C1–C4 alkyl and where Z1, and Z2 together with the attached nitrogen atom form a 5- or 6-member heterocycle selected from the group consisting of pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl and morpholinyl;
    • Z3 is —F or —CF3.
Further disclosed is a process for the preparation of a Δ9(11)-steroid (CV)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00071
where W5 is:
      • (1) nothing, there is a double bond between C4 and C5;
      • (2) W6 is W6-1:W6-2 where one of W6-1 or W6-2 is taken together with W5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of W6-1 and W6-2 is —H;
      • (3) W5 is α-O— and W7 is α-W7-1:β-W7-2 where W7-1 is —CO— resulting in a lactone (—O—CO—) with the oxygen atom bonded to the C-5 position in the α-configuration and the carbonyl group bonded to the C-7 position in the α-configuration, W7-2 is —H;
    • where W6 is:
      • (1) —H;—H;
      • (2) is W6-3:W6-4 where one of W6-3 and W6-4 is taken together with W5 to form a double bond between C-5 and C-6 and the other of W6-3 and W6-4 is —H;
      • (3) is W6-3:W6-4 and W7 is W7-3:W7-4 where one of W6-3 and W6-4 is -H; taken together with one of W7-3 or W7-4 to form a double bond between C-6 and C-7, the other of W6-3 and W6-4 is —H, the other of W7-3 and W7-4 is —H;
    • where W7 is:
      • (1) α-W7-5:β-W7-6 where W7-5 is:
        • (a) —H,
        • (b) —C≡N,
        • (c) —C≡C—H,
        • (d) —CH═CH—CH3,
        • (e) —CO—OH,
        • (f) —CO—OW7-5A where W7-5A is:
          • (i) C1–C4 alkyl,
          • (ii) -φ optionally substituted with one thru three C1–C3 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, C1–C3 alkoxy,
        • (g) -φ optionally substituted with one thru three C1–C3 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, C1–C3 alkoxy,
        • (h) —CO—SW7-5A where W7-5A is as defined above,
        • (i) —CO—CH═CH—O—CO—W7-5A where W7-5A is as defined above,
        • (j) —CO—CO—H,
        • (k) CH2—NO2,
        • (l) —S—CO—W7-5A where W7-5A is as defined above,
        • (m) 5-methylfur-2-yl,
        • (n) 5-t-butylfur-2-yl,
          and W7-6 is —H;
      • (3) α-W7-7:β-W7-8 where W7-7 is —H and W7-8 is:
        • (a) —H,
        • (b) —O—CO—(C1–C4 alkyl),
        • (c) —O—CO—OW7-8A where W7-8A is:
          • (i) C1–C4 alkyl,
          • (ii) -φ optionally substituted with optionally substituted with one thru three C1–C3 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, C1–C3 alkoxy,
          • (iii) —CH2—φ where -φ is optionally substituted with one thru three C1–C3 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, C1–C3 alkoxy; which comprises:
    • (1) contacting a 11α-hydroxy steroid (CIV)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00072
where W5, W6 and W7 are as defined above, with a N-fluoroalkylamine reagent of the formula (CVI)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00073
where:
    • Z1 is C1–C4 alkyl;
    • Z2 is C1–C4 alkyl and where Z1 and Z2 together with the attached nitrogen atom form a 5- or 6-member heterocycle selected from the group consisting of pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl and morpholinyl;
    • Z3 is —F or —CF3.
Additionally disclosed is a process for the preparation of a Δ9(11)-7α-substituted steroid of the formula (II)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00074
where R17 is
    • (1) ═O;
    • (3) α-R17-3:β-R17-4 where R17-3 is —OH and where R17-4 is:
      • (a) —CO—CH3,
      • (b) —CO—CH2—OH,
      • (c) —CO—CH2—O—CO—(CH2)0-3—CH3;
    • (4) α-R17-5:β-R17-6 where R17-5 and R17-6 are taken with the attached carbon atom to form a three member epoxide containing —O—CH2— where the attachment of the —O is at R17-6 in the β-orientation and the attachment of the CH2— is at R17-5 in the α-orientation;
    • (5) α-R17-7:β-R17-8 where R17-7 and R17-8 are taken with the attached carbon atom to form a five member lactone containing —O—CO—CH2—CH2— where the attachment of the CH2— is at R17-7 in the α-orientation and the attachment of the —O is at R17-8 in the β-orientation;
    • (6) —O—CH(OR17-9)—CH2—CH2 . . . where the bond from the oxygen (—O) is one of the four bonds at C-17 in the α-configuration and the bond from the methylene group (CH2 . . . ) is another of the four bonds at C-17 in the α-configuration to form a 5 member heterocycle containing one oxygen atom, where R17-9 is —H or C1–C3 alkyl;
    • (7) α-R17-11:β-R17-12 where R17-10 is —(CH2)1-2—CH═CH2 and R17-12 is —OH;
    • where R3, R4, R5, and R6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R7-1 is as defined above, which comprises contacting a 11α-hydroxy 7α-substituted steroid of the formula (II)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00075
where R3, R4, R5, R6, R7-1 and R17 are as defined above, with a N-fluoroalkylamine reagent of formula (CVI).
Disclosed is a process for the preparation of a Δ9(11)-trans enedione of the formula (III-trans)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00076
    • where R17 is:
      • (1) ═O;
      • (3) α-R17-3:β-R17-4 where R17-3 is —OH and where R17-4 is:
        • (a) —CO—CH3,
        • (b) —CO—CH2—OH,
        • (c) —CO—CH2—O—CO—(CH2)0-3—CH3;
      • (4) α-R17-5:β-R17-6 where R17-5 and R17-6 are taken with the attached carbon atom to form a three member epoxide containing —O—CH2— where the attachment of the —O is at R17-6 in the β-orientation and the attachment of the CH2— is at R17-5 in the α-orientation;
      • (5) α-R17-7:β-R17-8 where R17-7 and R17-8 are taken with the attached carbon atom to form a five member lactone containing —O—CO—CH2—CH2— where the attachment of the CH2— is at R17-7 in the α-orientation and the attachment of the —O is at R17-8 in the β-orientation;
    • (6) —O—CH(OR17-9)—CH2—CH2 . . . where the bond from the oxygen (—O) is one of the four bonds at C-17 in the β-configuration and the bond from the methylene group (CH2 . . . ) is another of the four bonds at C-17 in the α-configuration to form a 5 member heterocycle containing one oxygen atom, where R17-9 is —H or C1–C3 alkyl;
      • (7) α-R17-11:f-R17-12 where R17-10 is —(CH2)1-2—CH═CH2 and R17-12 is —OH;
    • where R3, R4, R5, and R6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where Rb, Rc and Rd are as defined above, which comprises contacting a 11α-hydroxy cis enedione of the formula (III-cis)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00077
or a 11α-hydroxy trans enedione of the formula (III-trans)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00078
where R3, R4, R5, R6, R17, Rb, Rc and Rd are as defined above, with a N-fluoroalkylamine reagent of formula (CVI).
Also disclosed is a process to prepare a Δ9(11)-carboxylic acid of the formula (VI)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00079
or salt thereof where R17 is:
    • (1) ═O;
    • (3) α-R17-3:β-R17-4 where R17-3 is —OH and where R17-4 is:
      • (a) —CO—CH3,
      • (b) —CO—CH2—OH,
      • (c) —CO—CH2—O—CO—(CH2)0-3—CH3;
    • (4) α-R17-5:β-R17-6 where R17-5 and R17-6 are taken with the attached carbon atom to form a three member epoxide containing —O—CH2— where the attachment of the —O is at R17-6 in the β-orientation and the attachment of the CH2— is at R17-5 in the α-orientation;
    • (5) α-R17-7:βR17-8 where R17-7 and R17-8 are taken with the attached carbon atom to form a five member lactone containing —O—CO—CH2—CH2— where the attachment of the CH2— is at R17-7 in the α-orientation and the attachment of the —O is at R17-8 in the β-orientation;
    • (6) —O—CH(OR17-9)—CH2—CH2 . . . where the bond from the oxygen (—O) is one of the four bonds at C-17 in the β-configuration and the bond from the methylene group (CH2 . . . ) is another of the four bonds at C-17 in the α-configuration to form a 5 member heterocycle containing one oxygen atom, where R17-9 is —H or C1–C3 alkyl;
    • (7) α-R17-11:β-R17-12 where R17-10 is —(CH2)1-2—CH═CH2 and R17-12 is —OH;
    • where R3, R4, R5, and R6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans), which comprises
    • (1) contacting a 11α-hydroxy-hydroxy compound of the formula (IV-OH)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00080
or a 11α-hydroxy-hydroperoxy compound of the formula (IV-OOH)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00081
or a 11α-hydroxy biscarbonyl compound of the formula (V)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00082
where R3, R4, R5, and R6 are as defined for the cis and trans enedione (III-cis) and (III-trans) and where R7-2, R1-7 and Rb, are as defined above, with a N-fluoroalkylamine reagent of formula (CVI) and
    • (2) contacting the reaction mixture of step (1) with an oxidatively cleaving agent.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Eplerenone is 9α, 11α-epoxy-17β-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one-7α, 21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone, methyl ester and as such contains a 7α-carbomethoxy substituent. It is useful as a pharmaceutical agent for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. A major difficulty in the production of eplerenone is introduction of the 7α-carbomethoxy substituent. The processes and intermediates of the present invention are improved processes for the preparation of eplerenone.
CHART A discloses the general process of the invention when the adduct at the 7α-position, —R7-1 is (-A1). The process of the present invention begins with a protected or unprotected Δ4,6-3-keto steroid (I). Since the steroid A-ring can be protected or not protected, CHART B discloses an improved process for protection of the Δ4,6-3-keto steroid (I) starting material as a C-3 protected Δ4,6-3-ketal steroid (I-P). CHART C discloses an alternative route (ozonolysis) for transformation of the 7α-substituted steroid (II) to eplerenone (IX). CHART D discloses the general process when the steroid A-ring is unprotected and R7-1 is the variable substituent (-A1). CHART E discloses the preferred process for the transformation of a Δ4,6-3-keto steroid or ketal thereof (I) to eplerenone (IX). CHART F discloses the reversible nature of the conversion of the carboxylic acid (VI) with the 5,7-lactone (VII). CHART G discloses the general process of the invention when —R7-1 is (-A2). CHART H discloses the general process of the invention when —R7-1 is (-B), (-C), (-D1), (-D2) or (-D3).
The first step in the process of CHART A is to prepare a 7α-substituted steroid (II) of the formula
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00083
where
    • (I) R3 is ═O; R4 is R4-1:R4-2 where one of R4-1 and R4-2 is —H and the other of R4and R4-2 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached; R6 is —H:—H;
    • (II) R3 is R3-3:R3-4 and R4 is R4-3:R4-4 where one of R3-3 and R3-4 is —O—R31 where R3, is C1–C3 alkyl, the other of R3-3 and R3-4 is taken together with one of R4-3 and R4-4 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached, and the other of R4-3 and R4-4 is —H; R6 is R6-3:R6-4 where one of R6-3 and R6-4 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of R6-3 and R6-4 is —H;
    • (III) R3 is α-R3-5:β-R3-6 where R3-5 is —O—R3-1 and R3-6 is —O—R32 where R31 and R32 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of
      • C1–C3 alkyl and
      • R31 and R32 are taken with the attached —O—C—O— to form a cyclic ketal of 5 or 6 atoms of the formula
        —(CH2)—(CR33R34)n1—(CH2)—
    • where n1 is 0 or 1;
    • where R33 and R34 are the same or different and are —H and C1–C3 alkyl; 4 is —H:—H; R6 is R6-5:R6-6 where one of R6-5 and R6-6 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of R6-5 and R6-6 is —H;
    • (IV) R3 is α-R3-7:β-R3-8 where R3-7 is —O—R31 and R3-8 is —O—R32 where R31 and R32 are as defined above; R4 is R4-7:R4-8 where one of R4-7 and R4-8 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of R4-7 and R4-8 is —H; R6 is —H:—H;
    • where R7-1 is a molecular fragment of the formula (-A1)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00084
where X1 is:
        • —S—,
        • —O— or
        • —NX1-1— and where X1-1 is:
          • —H,
          • C1–C4 alkyl,
          • —CO—OX1-2 where X1-2 is C1–C4 alkyl or —CH2-φ,
          • —CO—X1-2 where X1-2 is as defined above,
          • —CO-φ where -φ is substituted in the o-position with —CO—O—(C1–C4 alkyl),
          • —SO2—(C1–C3 alkyl),
          • —SO2-φ where 100 is optionally substituted with 1 or 2
          •  C1–C4 alkyl,
          •  C1–C4 alkoxy;
      • where Rb is selected from the group consisting of
        • —H,
        • C1–C4 alkyl or
        • phenyl optionally substituted with 1 or 2
          • C1–C4 alkyl,
          • C1–C4 alkoxy,
      • where Rc is selected from the group consisting of:
        • —H,
        • C1–C4 alkyl,
        • C1–C4 alkoxy,
        • —O—Si(R)3 where the R's are the same or different and are —H, C1–C4 alkyl, -φ, C1–C4 alkoxy and —OH,
        • —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,
        • —CO—OCH3 and
        • —CO—Rc-1 where Rc-1 is C1–C4 alkyl or -φ;
      • where Rd is selected from the group consisting of
        • —H,
        • —C≡N,
        • C1–C10 alkyl;
        • C1–C4 alkoxy;
        • —CH2—ORd-1 where Rd-1 is —H or C1–C4 alkyl,
        • —CH2—N(Rd-6)2 where the two Rd-6 are the same or different and are:
          • C1–C4 alkyl,
          • -φ,
          • —CO—Rd-6a where Rd-6a is C1–C4 alkyl or -φ;
        • —CH2—O—CO—Rd-1 where Rd-1 is as defined above,
        • —CH(ORd-1)2 where Rd-1 is as defined above and where the two Rd-1 taken together are:
          • —CH2—CH2—,
          • —CH2—CH2—CH2—,
          • —CH2—C(CH3—)2—CH2—,
        • —CH(—O—CO—Rd-1)2 where Rd-1 is as defined above,
        • —Si(R)3 where R is as defined above,
        • —O—Si(R)3 where R is as defined above,
        • —Sn(Rb-1)3 where Rb-1 is as defined above,
        • —S—Rd-5 where Rd-5 is C1–C4 alkyl or -φ,
        • —N(Rd-6)2 where Rd-6 is as defined above,
          where Rc and Rd taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00085
where E1 are the same or different and are:
        • —H,
        • C1–C4 alkyl,
        • —F, —Cl, —Br, —I,
        • —OE1-1 where E1-1 is:
          • —H,
          • C1–C4 alkyl,
          • -φ or
          • —SiE1-2E1-3E1-4 where E1-2, E1-3 and E1-4 are the same or different and are C1–C4 alkyl or C1–C4 alkoxy,
        • —S-E1-5 where E1-5 is C1–C4 alkyl or -φ,
        • —S—(O)1-2-E1-5 where E1-5 is as defined above,
        • —N(Rd-6)2 where the two Rd-6 are the same or different and are as defined above,
        • —P(O) (O-E1-1)2 where E1-1 is as defined above,
        • —Si(R)3 where R is as defined above;
          —CE1=M   (-B)
      • where E1 is as defined above and
      • where M is:
        • (1) ═O,
        • (2) ═N-E2 where E2 is selected from the group consisting of
        • —H
        • C1–C4 alkyl,
        • C1–C4 alkenyl containing 1 or 2 double bonds,
        • C1–C4 alkynyl containing 1 triple bond,
        • —CO—OE2-1 where E2-1 is —H or C1–C4 alkyl,
        • —C(E2-1)2—OE2-2 where E2-1 are the same or different and are as defined above and where E2-2 is
          • C1–C4 alkyl,
          • -φ or
          • —Si(R)3 where the three R are the same or different and are defined above,
        • —OE2-2 where E2-2 is as defined above,
        • —S-E2-3 where E2-3 is C1–C4 alkyl or -φ,
        • —S—(O)1-2—E2-3 where E2-3 is as defined above,
        • —N(Rd-6)2 where the two Rd6 are the same or different and are as defined above;
        • —Si(R)3 where the three R are as defined above;
      • (3) ═C(E2)2 where the E2 are the same or different and are as defined above,
    • where E1 and E2 are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a ring of 5 thru 7 members, optionally containing 3 thru 5
      • —O—,
      • —S—,
      • —N═,
      • —NX1-1— where X1-1 is as defined above,
      • —CE2═ where E2 is as defined above,
      • —C(Rb)2— where Rb is as defined above, and optionally containing 1 or 2 additional double bonds;
        —C≡C—E2   (-C)
    • where E2 is as defined above;
      —CH2—CH═CH2   (-D1)
      —CH═C═CH2   (-D2)
      —CH2—C≡C—H   (-D3)
    • where R9 is:
      • (1) —H,
      • (2) —OH,
      • (3) -O-(HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUP) where HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUP is selected from the group consisting of
        • —Si(—CH3)3,
        • —Si(—CH2—CH3)3,
        • —CO—CH3,
        • —CO—H and
        • —SiH(CH3)2,
      • (4) —F;
    • where R11 is:
      • (1) ═O,
      • (2) —H:—H,
      • (3) α-R11-1:β-R11-2 where R11-1 is:
        • (a) —H,
        • (b) —O—R11-3 where R11-3 is:
          • (i) —H,
          • (ii) a HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUP) where HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUP is as defined above, and where R11-2 is:
        • (a) —H,
        • (b) —O—R11-4 where R11-4 is:
          • (i) —H,
          • (ii) a HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUP) where HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUP is as defined above, with the proviso that one of R11-1 and R11-2 must be —H,
      • (4) R11-5:R11-6 where one of R11-5 or R11-6 and R9 are taken together with R9 to form a second bond between C-9 and C-11 and the other of R11-5 or R11-6 is —H,
      • (5) α-R11-7:β-R11-8 where R11-7 and R9 are taken together with —O— to form an epoxide between C-9 and C-11 and R11-8 is —H;
where R17 is:
      • (1) ═O;
      • (2) α-R17-1:β-R17-2 where R17-1 is:
        • (a) —H,
        • (b) —C≡C—H,
        • (c) —C≡N,
        • (d) —C≡C—CH2—O—R17-1-1 where R17-1-1 is selected from the group consisting of
          • (i) —H,
          • (ii) —Si(R17-1-2)3 where R17-1-2 are the same or different and are C1–C4 alkyl,
          • (iii) 1-ethoxyethyl,
          • (iv) 2-tetrahydropyranyl,
        • (e) —C≡C—CH2—O-(HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUP), where HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUP is as defined above,
        • (f) —CH2—CH2—CH2—OH,
        • (g) —CH2—CH2—CH2—O-(HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUP) where HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUP is as defined above,
        • (h) —CH2—CH2—CO—O— and where R17-2 is —OH;
      • (3) α-R17-3:β-R17-4 where R17-3 is —OH and where R17-4 is:
        • (a) —CO—CH3,
        • (b) —CO—CH2—OH,
        • (c) —CO—CH2—O—CO—(CH2)0-3—CH3;
      • (4) α-R17-5:β-R17-6 where R17-5 and R17-6 are taken with the attached carbon atom to form a three member epoxide containing —O—CH2— where the attachment of the —O is at R17-6 in the β-orientation and the attachment of the CH2— is at R17-5 in the α-orientation;
      • (5) α-R17-7:β-R17-8 where R17-7 and R17-8 are taken with the attached carbon atom to form a five member lactone containing —O—CO—CH2—CH2— where the attachment of the CH2— is at R17-7 in the α-orientation and the attachment of the —O is at R17-8 in the β-orientation;
      • (6) —O—CH(OR7-9)—H2—CH2 . . . where the bond from the oxygen (—O) is one of the four bonds at C-17 in the β-configuration and the bond from the methylene group (CH2 . . . ) is another of the four bonds at C-17 in the α-configuration to form a 5 member heterocycle containing one oxygen atom, where R17-9 is —H or C1–C3 alkyl;
      • (7) α-R17-11:β-R17-12 where R17-10 is —(CH2)1-2—CH═CH2 and R17-12 is —OH; which comprises:
    • (1) contacting a Δ4,6-3-keto steroid or ketal thereof (I) of the formula
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00086
where
    • (I) R3 is ═O; R4 is R4-1 :R4-2 where one of R4-1 and R4-2 is —H and the other of R4-1 and R4-2 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached;
    • (I-ketal) R3 is R3-9:R3-10 where R3-9 is —O—R31, and R3-10 is —O—R32 where R31 and R32 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of
      • C1–C3 alkyl and
      • R31 and R32 are taken with the attached —O—C—O— to form a cyclic ketal of 5 or 6 atoms of the formula
        —(CH2)—(CR33R34)n1—(CH2)—
    • where n1 is 0 or 1;
      where R33 and R34 are the same or different and are —H and C1–C3 alkyl; R4 is R4-9:R4-10 where one of R4-9 and R4-10 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of R4-9 and R4-10 is —H;
    • where R9, R11 and R17 are as defined above, with an adduct selected from compounds
    • (a) of the formula (A)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00087
    • where X1, Rb, Rc and Rd are as defined above, and
    • where Ra is selected from the group consisting of —H, —ZnL, —BL, —SiL3, —SnL3, —Cu, —CuL, —AlL2, —HgL, —Ag, —MgL, —Li and —COOH, where L is —OH, C1–C4 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —O(C1–C3 alkyl), 2-thienyl, (CH3)2C(O—) —C(O—) C(CH3)2 and
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00088
    • (b) of the formula (A′)
      Rb—CO—CHRb—CHRc—CO—Rd   (A′)
      where Rb, Rd and Rd are as defined above;
    • (c) of the formula (A″)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00089
    • where Re is:
      • C1–C4 alkyl,
      • —CO—(C1–C4 alkyl or -φ),
      • —Si(R)3 where R is as defined above and where X1, Rb, Rd and Rd are as defined above;
    • (d) of the formula (B)
      Ra—CE1═M   (B)
      • where Ra, E1 and M are as defined above;
    • (e) of the formula (C)
      Ra—C≡C—E2   (C)
      • where Ra and E2 are as defined above;
    • (f) of the formulas (D1, D2 and D3)
      Ra—CH2—CH═CH2   (D1)
      Ra—CH═C═CH2   (D2)
      Ra—CH2—C≡C—H   (D3)
      where Ra is as defined above, in the presence of:
    • (1) a Lewis Acid,
    • (2) a proton acid with a pKa of<about 5 or
    • (3) a salt of a secondary amine of the formula
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00090
    • where
      • RS-2 is —H, C1–C4 alkyl, -φ, and —CH2-φ;
      • RS-3 is —H, C1–C4 alkyl;
      • RS-4 is —H, C1–C4 alkyl, -φ;
      • RS-5 is —H, C1–C4 alkyl, -φ;
        and
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00091
    • where
      • RS-2 is —H, C1–C4 alkyl, -φ, and —CH2-φ;
      • RS-4 is —H, C1–C4 alkyl, -φ;
      • RS-5 is —H, C1–C4 alkyl, -φ;
        with an acid of pKa of<about 2.
For the Δ4-3-keto or ketal thereof (I) starting material it is preferred that R3, R4 and R5 are (I) R3 is ═O; R4 is R4-1:R4-2 where one of R4-1 and R4-2 is —H and the other of R4-1 and R4-2 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached; R6 is —H:—H.
For the 7α-substituted steroid (II), there were four sets of steroid A-/B-rings identified above. Groups (I), (III) and (IV) are operable in the processes of the present invention. However, group (II) where R3 is R3-3:R3-4 and R4 is R4-3:R4-4 where one of R3-3 and R3-4 is —O—R31 where R31 is C1–C3 alkyl, the other of R3-3 and R3-4 is taken together with one of R4-3 and R4-4 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached, and the other of R4-3 and R4-4 is —H; R6 is R6-3:R6-4 where one of R6-3 and R6-4 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of R6-3 and R6-4 is —H; is a Δ3,5-3,3-dialkoxy ring system which, as such, can not be transformed to the other intermediates of the present invention. It is useful because it can be transformed to the corresponding Δ4-3-keto steroid A-/B-ring system which is useful in the processes of the present invention.
For the 7α-substituted steroid (II) and other steroidal compounds of the invention, except the 5,7-bislactone (VII), with regard to the steroidal A-/B-rings, it is preferred that R3, R4, R5 and R6 are selected from the group consisting of:
    • (I) R3 is ═O; R4 is R4-1:R4-2 where one of R4-1 and R4-2 is —H and the other of R4-1 and R4-2 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached; R6 is —H:—H;
    • (III) R3 is α-R3-5:β-R3-6 where R3-5 is —O—R31 and R3-6 is —O—R32 where R31 and R32 are taken with the attached —O—C—O— to form a cyclic ketal of 5 atoms of the formula —(CH2)—(CR33R34)n1—(CH2)— where n1 is 0; R4 is —H:—H; R6 is R6-5:R6-6 where one of R6-5 and R6-6 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of R6-5 and R6-6 is —H;
    • (III) R3 is α-R3-5:β-R3-6 where R3-5 is —O—R31 and R3-6 is —O—R32 where R31 and R32 are taken with the attached —O—C—O— to form a cyclic ketal of 6 atoms of the formula —(CH2)—(CR33R34)n1—(CH2)— where n1 is 1 and R33 and R34 are both C1 alkyl; R4 is —H:—H; R6 is R6-5:R6-6 where one of R6-5 and R6-6 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of R6-5 and R6-6 is —H.
For the 7α-substituted steroid (II) and other steroidal compounds of the invention, except the 5,7-bislactone (VII), with regard to the steroidal A-/B-rings, it is more preferred that R3, R4, R5 and R6 are:
    • (I) R3 is ═O; R4 is R4-1:R4-2 where one of R4-1 and R4-2 is —H and the other of R4-1 and R4-2 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached; R6 is —H:—H.
With regard to the steroidal C-ring, it is preferred that R9 and R11 are:
    • (a) R11 is R11-5:R1-6 where one of R11-5 or R11-6 and R9 are taken together with R9 to form a second bond between C-9 and C-11 and the other of R11-5 or R11-6 is —H,
    • (b) α-R11-7:β-R11-8 where R11-7 and R9 are taken together with —O— to form an epoxide between C-9 and C-11 and R11-8 is —H,
    • (c) R9 is —H and R11 is α-R11-1:β-R11-2 where R11-1 is —O—R11-3 where R11-3 is —H, and where R11-2 is —H. It is more preferred that R9 and R11 are:
    • (a) R11 is R11-5:R11-6 where one of R11-5 or R11-6 and R9 are taken together with R9 to form a second bond between C-9 and C-11 and other of R11-5 or R11-6 is —H.
With regard to the steroidal D-ring, it is preferred that R17 is selected from the group consisting of:
    • (a) α-R17-7:β-R17-8 where R17-7 and R17-8 are taken with the attached carbon atom to form a five member lactone containing —O—CO—CH2—CH2— where the attachment of the CH2— is at R17-7 in the α-orientation and the attachment of the —O is at R17-8 in the β-orientation,
    • (b) ═O;
    • (c) α-R17-1:β-R17-2 where R17-1 is —C≡C—H and where R17-2 is —OH,
    • (d) —C≡C—CH2—O—R17-1-1.
With regard to the 7α-substituted steroid (II), it is preferred that R7-1 is substituent of formula (-A1). It is also preferred that X1 is —O—. It is preferred that Rb and Rc are —H and it is preferred that Rd is C1 alkyl. It is preferred that Ra is —H. It is preferred that for Ra that L is
    • —ZnL is —Cl, —Br, —I;
    • —BL is catecholate,
      • two —OH,
      • HO—CH2—CH2—OH,
      • HO—CH2—CH2—CH2—OH,
      • HO—CH2—C(CH3)2—CH2—OH;
    • —SiL3 is C1 alkyl;
    • —SnL3 is C1 or n-C4 alkyl;
    • —CuL is 2-thienyl or —CN and
        • —AlL2 is C1–C2 alkyl.
          When Ra is Cu, there can be two Ra groups for one Cu in which case the Cu is anionic.
The preferences for the variable substituents R3, R4, R5, R6, R7-1, R9, R11, R17, Ra, Rb, Rc, Rd and X1are not just for the Δ4,6-3-keto steroid or ketal thereof (I) and/or the 7α-substituted steroid (II), but rather are for all the compounds (I) thru (XV) of the invention, except as expressly noted. Similarly, the preferences for other variable substituents such as R7-2 discussed below and/or chemical reagents used in this patent such as oxygen donating agent, halogenating agent, isomerization catalyst, hydroperoxy-deoxygenating agent, acid forming agent, acylation catalyst, oxidatively cleaving agent, deoxygenating agent, are defined the same throughout the patent as the first time they arc discussed. Since many of these variable substituents and chemical reagents are referred to numerous times, it would be redundant each time they are used to repeatedly mention what is included, what is preferred and more preferred.
It is preferred that the acid reactant be a Lewis acid. The Lewis acid must be electrophilic enough to complex with the Δ4,6-3-keto steroid or ketal thereof (I), but not so electrophilic that it complexes with the nucleophilic reagent (A1), (A2), (B), (C), (D1), (D2) or (D3) as is known to those skilled in the art. Further, it is preferred that the Lewis Acid be used in the presence of an alcohol selected from the group consisting of C1–C3 alcohols, ethylene glycol, 1,2- or 1,3-propylene glycol, 2,2-dimethyl- or 2,2-diethyl-1,3-propylene glycol and phenol. It is more preferred that the alcohol be a C1–C3 alcohol or mixture thereof. Useful Lewis acids include those selected from the group consisting of
    • BX3, AlX3, SnX2, SnX4, SiX4, MgX2, ZnX2, TiX4,
    • Rh(acac) (CH2CH2)2(2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl),
    • Rh(CH3—C≡N)2(cyclooctadiene) (BF4),
    • Rh(acac)(CH2CH2)2(dppb),
    • LiClO4,
    • K10 Montmorillonite clay,
    • Yb(OTf)3,
    • LiCo(B9C2H11)2,
    • PdX2,
    • CrX3,
    • FeX3,
    • CoX3,
    • NiX2,
    • SbX5,
    • InX3,
    • Sc(OTf)3,
    • φ3C+X−
    • (R)3SiX where R is C1–C4 alkyl and -φ; where X is selected from the group consisting of F−, Cl−, Br−, I−, —O—SO2CF3 −, PF6 −, BF4 −, and ClO4 −;
    • Pd(CH3—CO—O−)2;
    • BF3-diethyletherate complex;
    • BF3-acetic acid complex;
    • BF3-methyl-t-butyl ether complex;
    • BF3-di-n-butyletherate complex;
    • BF3-dimethyletherate complex;
    • BF3-dimethylsulfide complex;
    • BF3-phenol complex;
    • BF3-phosphoric acid complex and
    • BF3-tetrahydrofuran complex. It is preferred that the Lewis acid is selected from the group consisting of BF3, BF3-diethyletherate complex, BF3-acetic acid complex, BF3-methyl-t-butyl ether complex, BF3-di-n-butyletherate complex, BF3-dimethyletherate complex, BF3-dimethylsulfide complex, BF3-phenol complex, BF3-phosphoric acid complex and BF3-tetrahydrofuran complex. It is more preferred that the Lewis acid is BF3-diethyletherate. It is even more preferred that the BF3-diethyletherate is used in the presence of C1–C3 alcohol and still more preferred is the use of the BF3-diethyletherate in the presence of C2 alcohol. Useful acids with a pKa of<about 5 are selected from the group consisting of formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, benzoic acid, acid, hydrofluoric acid, fluoroboric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, perchloric acid, trifluoroacetic and trichloroacetic. It is preferred that the acid with a pKa of<about 5 is acetic acid. When performing the transformation of the Δ4,6-3-keto steroid or ketal thereof (I) to the corresponding 7α-substituted steroid (II), at least one equivalent of the reagent of formulas (A), (B) or (C) should be used, it is preferable to use from one to two equivalents. Use of additional reagent is not a problem, but rather a waste of compound. The reaction can be carried out in a variety of solvents, such as in a solvent/solvent mixture selected from the group consisting of:
    • C1–C6 alcohols,
    • a solvent mixture of C1–C6 alcohols and a solvent selected from the group consisting of acetonitrile, nitromethane, toluene, methylene chloride and acetic acid. One factor to be considered in selecting a Lewis acid and solvent is the acid sensitivity of the 7α-substituted steroid (II). The reaction must be performed with a Lewis acid and in a solvent where the product is stable as is known to those skilled in the art. It is preferred that the solvent be a protic solvent, one that has a pKa of less than about 19. The reaction can be performed in a temperature range of from about −78° to about 60°; preferably in a temperature range of from about −40° to about −15°. It is more preferred to perform the reaction at about −20°. The reaction normally will take from a few hours to a day depending on the number of equivalent used and the reaction temperature.
Useful 7α-substituted steroids (II) include those selected from the group consisting of:
  • 17β-hydroxy-7α-(5′-methyl-2′-furyl)-pregna-4,9-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone,
  • 11α, 17β-dihydroxy-7α-(5′-methyl-2′-furyl)-pregn-4-en-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone,
  • 9α, 11α-epoxy-17β-hydroxy-7α-(5′-methyl-2′-furyl)-pregn-4-en-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone,
  • 17β-hydroxy-7γ-(5′-t-butyl-2′-furyl)-pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone,
  • 11α, 17β-dihydroxy-7α-(5′-t-butyl-2′-furyl)-pregn-4-en-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone,
  • 11α, 17β-dihydroxy-7α-(4′-bromo-2′-furyl)-pregn-4-en-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone,
  • 11α, 17β-dihydroxy-7α-(4′-methyl-2′-furyl)-pregn-4-en-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone and
  • 7α-allyl-17β-hydroxypregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one, 21 -carboxylic acid, γ-lactone.
Rather than carrying the 7α-substituted steroid (II) on to the next step in situ, it is preferred to isolate and purify the 7α-substituted steroid (II) before performing the next step. The preferred method of purification of the 7α-substituted steroid (II) is by crystallization. The process for purifying the 7α-substituted steroid of formula (II) comprises crystallizing the 7α-substituted steroid (II), which contains greater than 5% of the 7β-isomer from a solvent selected from the group consisting of ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate and butyl acetate. It is preferred to obtain the 7α-substituted steroid (II) in greater than 99.8% isomeric purity and it is preferred that the crystallization solvent is n-propyl acetate. Crystallization co-solvents may be used.
The next step in the process of CHART A, is the conversion of the 7α-substituted steroid (II) to the corresponding cis-enedione (II-cis), by an oxidative process which comprises (1) contacting the 7α-substituted steroid of formula (II) with an agent selected from the group consisting of:
    • (a) a halogenating agent in the presence of water and a base whose conjugate acid has a pKa of>about 8,
    • (b) an oxygen donating agent,
    • (c) electrochemical oxidation,
    • (d) a quinone in the presence of water or
    • (e) nonquinone oxidants. It is preferred that the agent be a halogenating agent. Useful halogenating agents include those selected from the group consisting of dibromodimethylhydantoin, dichlorodimethylhydantoin, diiododimethylhydantoin, N-chlorosuccinamide, N-bromosuccinamide, N-iodosuccinamide, trichloroisocyanuric acid, t-butylhypochlorite and 3-bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin; it is preferred that the halogenating is dibromodimethylhydantoin. When using a halogenating agent, the amount used should be at least one equivalent of the halogenating agent; preferably from about 1.0 to about 1.05 equivalents of the halogenating agent are used. It is more preferred that the amount of halogenating agent be about 1.01 equivalents. The reason is that one equivalent is required to complete the reaction but any excess needs to be quenched. Suitable quenching agents include bisulfite, isobutylvinyl ether, 2-methylfuran and hypophosphorous acid. Useful oxygen donating agents include those selected from the group consisting of:
    • a peracid,
    • singlet oxygen followed by either phosphite or thiourea,
    • triplet oxygen,
    • hydrogen peroxide with a ketone selected from the group consisting of Q4-CO-Q5 where Q4 and Q5 are the same or different and are:
      • C1–C4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1 thru 9 —Cl or —F, and where the
      • Q4 and Q5 are taken together with the attached carbon atom to form a cyclic ketone of 5 thru 7 members and ketones of the formula:
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00092
    • hydrogen peroxide in combination with methyltrioxorhenium,
    • trichloroacetonitrile/hydrogen peroxide,
    • trichloroacetamide/hydrogen peroxide,
    • DDQ/water,
    • p-chloranil/water,
    • φ-C(CH3)2—O—OH or an alkylhydroperoxide in combination with a metal containing activator, where alkyl is from C4–C10 alkyl and metal containing activator is selected from the group consisting of Ti(isopropoxide)4, peroxotungstophosphate, VO(acetylacetonate)2 and MO hexacarbonyl. It is preferred that the oxygen donating agent is a peracid. Useful peracids include those selected from the group consisting of:
    • (a) perbenzoic acid optionally substituted with 1 or 2 —Cl or —NO2,
    • (b) percarboxylic acids of the formula Cn2(Q6)2n2+1—CO3H where n2 is 1 thru 4 and Q6 is —H, —Cl or —F,
    • (c) perphthalic acid and
    • (d) magnesium peroxyphthalate. An excess oxygen donating agent present must also be quenched as was done for the halogenating agents. Base is required to neutralize the acid produced during the transformation of the 7α-substituted steroid (II) to the cis-enedione (III-cis). Use bases include those selected from the group consisting of acetate, bicarbonate, carbonate, propionate, benzoate, dibasic phosphate and borate; it is more preferred that the base be acetate. For example, when the halogenating agent is dibromodimethylhydantoin, hydrobromic acid is produced. Hence, one equivalent of base per equivalent of acid produced is required. In practice, a slight excess is used, about 1.5 equivalents. Suitable solvents for this reaction are those which are water miscible and which dissolves both the 7α-substituted steroid (II) and the halogenating agent or oxygen donating agent. Acetone and THF are preferred solvents. The reaction is performed at room temperature, about 20 to about 25°. The reaction takes a few hours depending on the reactivity of the oxygenating donating agent or halogenating agent. When formed, the cis-enedione (III-cis) does not have to be isolated and purified, but rather can be used in subsequent transformations “as is” or in situ. It is preferred that the cis-enedione (III-cis) is 17β-hydroxy-7α-(cis-1′,4′-dioxopent-2′-en-1′yl)pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone. Other oxidants useful for transformation of the 7α-substituted steroid (II) to the cis-enedione (III-cis) include quinones (listed elsewhere). The 7α-substituted steroid (II) is contacted with a stoichiometric amount of quinone and at least a stoichiometric amount of water in a water-miscible organic solvent. The contacting is preferably done at around room temperature. In addition, the oxidation can be accomplished by electrochemistry. The electrochemical oxidation is accomplished by contacting the 7α-substituted steroid (II) with a sub-stoichiometric amount of a quinone (preferably DDQ) and at least a stoichiometric amount of water in an electrochemical cell using standard electrochemical techniques such as are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,270,994. Finally, the oxidation can be accomplished with non-quinone agents which include, manganic acetate, potassium permanganate, ceric ammonium nitrate, iodosobenzene, iodobenzenediacetate, iodobenzenebistrifluoroacetate, chromic acid (“Jones reagent”), and lead tetraacetate. These reactions are typically run in aqueous acetone as solvent at around room temperature (20–25°), although many water-miscible organic co-solvents can be used in place of acetone. Other oxidizing agents that effect this transformation include hydrogen peroxide or an organic hydroperoxide (listed elsewhere) in combination with a metal catalyst such as methyltrioxorhenium, palladium acetate, ruthenium trichloride, or ruthenium tetroxide. These reactions can be run in any solvent in which the 7α-substituted steroid (II) is soluble such as methylene chloride, acetone, etc. The reactions involving ruthenium catalysts are preferably run in aqueous acetonitrile.
In the process of CHART A, the cis-enedione (III-cis) can be transformed to the corresponding trans-enedione (III-trans) or it can be converted to the peroxy compound (IV-OOH), the hydroxy compound (IV-OH), the biscarbonyl compound (V) or the carboxylic acid (VI) or mixture thereof. When the term carboxylic acid (VI) is used, it refers to and includes the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. These will include the sodium, potassium, lithium, magnesium, tetrabutylammonium and the carboxylic acid salts with DBU, tetramethylquanidine, triethylamine and others. The identity of the particular cation is not important since eventually it is lost when forming an acid which ultimately is converted to the methyl ester (VIII) and eplerenone (IX) which requires a methyl ester at the 7α-position. It is preferable to convert the cis-enedione (III-cis) to the corresponding trans-enedione (III-trans) rather than convert the cis-enedione (III-cis) to a mixture of peroxy (IV-OOH), hydroxy (IV-OH) and biscarbonyl (V) compounds.
When the cis-enedione (III-cis) is transformed to the corresponding trans-enedione (III-trans), the cis-enedione (III-cis) is contacted with an isomerization catalyst which can be either a chemical agent including:
    • (a) a strong acid of pKa of<about 2;
    • (b) a tertiary amine whose conjugate acid has a pKa>about 8 and
    • (c) salt of a tertiary amine whose conjugate acid has a pKa>about 8,
    • (d) I2,
    • (e) (C1–C4)3P,
    • (f) φ3P, or a physical agent such as
    • (g) heating to about 80°.
It is preferred that the isomerization catalyst be a strong acid of pKa of<about 2. When the isomerization catalyst is a strong acid of pKa of<about 2, useful strong acids of pKa of<about 2 include those selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodoic acid, hydrofluoroic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, trichloroacetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid, it is preferred that the strong acid of pKa of<about 2 be hydrochloric acid. When the isomerization catalyst is a strong acid of pKa of<about 2, it is preferred that it be used in anhydrous form or if used in as an aqueous mixture that the reaction be performed as a two phase system with the aqueous phase being separate. When the isomerization catalyst is a tertiary amine whose conjugate acid has a pKa>about 8, useful tertiary amines whose conjugate acid has a pKa>about 8 include those selected from the group consisting of (Q3)3N were Q3 is C1–C3 alkyl, DBU, DBN, DABCO, pyridine, p-dimethylaminopyridine and pyrrolidinylpyridine. When the isomerization catalyst is salt of a tertiary amine whose conjugate acid has a pKa>about 8, it is preferred that the salt of a tertiary amine whose conjugate acid has a pKa>about 8 be pyridine hydrochloride. Regardless of which chemical agent is used, only a catalytic amount is required. For example, after formation of the cis-enedione (III-cis) just adding commercial chloroform containing the usual impurity of hydrochloric acid is sufficient to effect the transformation to the corresponding trans-enedione (III-trans), see EXAMPLE 4, Part 2. The isomerization of cis-enedione (III-cis) to the corresponding trans-enedione (III-trans) can be performed at 20–25° (room temperature). At room temperature, the reaction usually takes a few hours. It is necessary to monitor the course of the reaction by standard methods such as LC or TLC to ensure that it does not go too long. If the reaction goes too long, the reaction reforms the 7α-substituted steroid (II) with a Δ6-double bond. Once the reaction has proceeded to completeness where it is desirous to terminate the reaction, the reaction can be terminated as follows. When the isomerization catalyst is an acid or salt of a tertiary amine whose conjugate acid has a pKa of>8, one can terminate the reaction by washing with water. If aqueous acid is used as the isomerization catalyst, it is best to separate the phases and then wash the non-aqueous phase with water. If the isomerization catalyst is a tertiary amine whose conjugate acid has a pKa of>8, then the reaction mixture is washed with aqueous acid followed by water. The trans-enedione (III-trans) can be isolated and purified, however it is preferred not to isolate and purify it but rather carry it on in situ.
In the process of CHART A, the next step is the conversion of either the cis-enedione (III-cis) or trans-enedione (III-trans), or mixture thereof, to the corresponding hydroperoxy (IV-OOH) compound, hydroxy (IV-OH) compound, biscarbonyl (V) compound and/or the carboxylic acid (VI) or mixtures thereof. The cis-enedione (III-cis) or trans-enedione (III-trans), or mixture there of, is transformed to the corresponding hydroxy compound, peroxy compound (IV-OOH), or biscarbonyl compound (V) or carboxylic (VI) by contacting the cis-enedione (III-cis) or trans-enedione (III-trans) or a mixture thereof, with ozone in the presence of an alcohol of the formula R7-2—OH where R7-2 is —H or C1–C4 alkyl optionally substituted with one or two —OH. This includes water, methanol, ethanol, propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, etc. It is preferred that R7-2 is —H, C1 or is iso-C3; it is more preferred that R7-2 is a mixture of —H, C1 and iso-C3. This means a mixture of water, methanol and isopropanol is the preferred R7-2—OH. The steroidal starting materials must be in solution using a solvent that will dissolve them at the cold temperatures at which it is preferred to perform this reaction. Methylene chloride is the preferred solvent. The reaction temperatures can be as low as about −100° up to about 40°. It is preferred that the temperature be from about −78° to about −20°; it is more preferred that the temperature be about −50°. The lower the temperature, the more selectivity; the higher the temperature the less selectivity. Hence, the actual temperature used will depend on the particular reactants used and the degree of selectivity desired. The reaction is permitted to run until the starting material is reduced to a small amount. The ozone must be stopped when the starting material is consumed or the ozone will destroy the product by reacting with the Δ4- and/or Δ9(11)-double bonds if present. The alcohol, R7-2—OH, is used in a large excess to efficiently trap the carbonyl oxide intermediate produced. Further, the reaction, temperature, the time the reaction is permitted to run and the nature of the particular alcohol, R7-2—OH, determines the identity of the product or if more than one product is produced, the ratio of products. If the alcohol, R7-2—OH, has a hindered R7-2 group, then the product is more likely to be the biscarbonyl compound (V), all other things being equal. Similarly, if the alcohol, R7-2—OH, does not have a hindered R7-2 group, such as methyl, then the product is more likely to be the hydroxy compound (IV-OH), all other things being equal. The preferred product produced by the oxidation process is the carboxylic acid (VI).
The hydroperoxy compound (IV-OOH) can be converted to the corresponding hydroxy compound (IV-OH) by contacting the hydroperoxy compound (IV-OOH) with a hydroperoxy-deoxygenating agent. It is preferred to use a mild hydroperoxy-deoxygenating agent, one which both deoxygenates, and second does not add to the steroid molecule. Useful hydroperoxy-deoxygenating agents include those selected from the group consisting of:
    • Q1Q2S where Q1 and Q2 are the same or different and are C1–C4 alkyl or phenyl,
    • bisulfite,
    • sulfite,
    • thiosulfate,
    • tetrahydrothiophene,
    • hydrosulfite,
    • thiourea,
    • butyl vinyl ether,
    • (C1–C4 alkyl)3 phosphine,
    • triphenylphosphine, and
    • tetramethylethylene. It is preferred that the hydroperoxy-deoxygenating agent is dimethylsulfide. When the hydroperoxy-deoxygenating agent is bisulfite and sulfite, sodium and potassium are the preferred cations. One equivalent of the hydroperoxy-deoxygenating agent is required, but more then one equivalent, such as about two equivalents, are normally used to ensure that all of the hydroperoxy compound (IV-OOH) is reduced. The reaction is performed at 20–25° and is usually complete in about 1 hour. The hydroxy compound (IV-OH) can be isolated and purified if desired, however, it is preferable to carry it on in situ without isolating or purifying it. It is preferred that the hydroxy compound (IV) is 17β-hydroxy-7α-(1′-oxo-2′-isopropoxy-2′-hydroxy-ethyl)pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone.
The hydroperoxy compound (IV-OOH) can be transformed to the corresponding carboxylic acid (VI) by contacting the hydroperoxy compound (IV-OOH) with a carboxylic acid forming agent selected from the group consisting of:
    • (a) heat,
    • (b) a base whose conjugate acid has a pKa of about 5 or above,
    • (c) an acid which has a pKa of less than about 3,
    • (d) an acylating agent. When the carboxylic acid forming agent is (a) heat, the reaction mixture should be heated to the range of from about 30° to about 120°; preferably from about 80° to about 90°. When the carboxylic acid forming agent is, (b) a base whose conjugate acid has a pKa of about 5 or above, useful bases include inorganic bases selected from the group consisting of hydroxide, bicarbonate, and carbonate and organic bases selected from the group consisting of (Q3)3N were Q3 is C1–C3 alkyl, DBU, DBN, DABCO, pyridine and p-dimethylaminopyridine. It is preferred that the base is bicarbonate. Sufficient base is necessary to neutralize the steroid acid produced and any additional acid by-products. When the carboxylic acid forming agent is, (c) an acid which has a pKa of less than about 3, useful acids include those selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid and organic acids of the formula of Racid-1—COOH where Racid-1 is —H and C1–C3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1 thru 3 —Cl and —F; preferred are formic acid and trifluoroacetic acid. While catalytic amounts of acid are sufficient, several equivalent are preferred. When the carboxylic acid forming agent is, (d) an acylating agent, useful acylating agents are selected from the group consisting of Racid-2—CO—O—CO—Racid-2 where Racid-2 is
    • —H,
    • C1–C3 alkyl optionally substituted with 1 thru 3 —Cl and —F and
    • -φ. It is preferred that acylating agent is acetic anhydride or trifluoracetic anhydride. One equivalent of the acylating agent is required. When using an acylating agent, it is preferred to use it with an acylation catalyst. Preferred acylation catalysts are pyridine and p-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP). With regard to solvents, it is important to perform the process under homogenous reaction conditions to avoid decomposition of the hydroperoxy compound (IV-OOH). This means using one phase conditions. Therefore, the solvent of choice will depend on the carboxylic acid forming agent used. If the carboxylic acid forming agent requires water to dissolve the reagent such as when the carboxylic acid forming agent is bicarbonate, then a water miscible organic solvent such as acetone, methanol, DMF or isopropanol is required. If the carboxylic acid forming agent is pyridine then the organic solvent can be a water immiscible organic solvent such as acetonitrile, methylene chloride or ethyl acetate. Hence, the selection of the solvent depends on the nature of the carboxylic acid forming agent used as is know to those skilled in the art. With the exception of the carboxylic acid forming agent (a) heat, the other acid forming agents (b), (c) and (d) can all be reacted at 20–25°. The reaction is quite fast and is usually over in less than one hour.
Both the hydroxy compound (IV-OH) and the biscarbonyl compound (V) are converted to the corresponding carboxylic acid (VI) in the same manner. The process involves contacting the hydroxy compound (IV-OH) or the biscarbonyl compound (V), or mixture thereof, with an oxidatively cleaving agent. Useful oxidatively cleaving agents are selected from the group consisting of:
    • (1) hydrogen peroxide with a carboxylic acid forming agent selected from the group consisting of:
      • (a) heat,
      • (b) a base whose conjugate acid has a pKa of about 5 or above,
      • (c) an acid which has a pKa of less than about 3,
      • (d) an acylating agent and an acylation catalyst;
      • (2) KHSO5;
      • (3) hydrogen peroxide with a ketone selected from the group consisting of Q4-CO-Q5 where Q4 and Q5 are the same or different and are:
        • C1–C4 alkyl optionally substituted with 1 thru 9 —Cl or —F,
        • where the Q4 and Q5 are taken together with the attached carbon atom to form a cyclic ketone of 5 thru 7 members, and ketones of the formula:
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00093
      • (4) hydrogen peroxide in combination with methyltrioxorhenium,
      • (5) φ-C(CH3)2—O—OH or an alkylhydroperoxide in combination with a metal containing activator, where alkyl is from C4–C10 alkyl and metal containing activator is selected from the group consisting of Ti(isopropoxide)4, peroxotungstophosphate, VO(acetylacetonate)2 and Mo hexacarbonyl;
      • (6) peracids selected from the group consisting of
        • (a) perbenzoic acid optionally substituted with 1 or 2 —Cl or —NO2,
        • (b) percarboxylic acids of the formula Cn2(Q6)2n2+1—CO3H where n2 is 1 thru 4 and Q6 is —H, —Cl or —F,
        • (c) perphthalic acid,
        • (d) magnesium peroxyphthalate. It is preferred that the oxidatively cleaving agent is hydrogen peroxide with a carboxylic acid forming agent. When the carboxylic acid forming agents are (a) heat, (b) a base whose conjugate acid has a pKa of about 5 or above, (c) an acid which has a pKa of less than about 3 or (d) an acylating agent and an acylation catalyst, they should be used in the same manner as discussed above for the transformation of the hydroperoxy compound (IV-OOH) to the corresponding carboxylic acid (VI). As stated above, one equivalent of the oxidatively cleaving agent is required. Two equivalents are normally used and the reaction is monitored so that when the reaction nears completion it is stopped, or quenched, and worked up before the oxidatively cleaving agent attacks the Δ4- and/or Δ9(11)-steroid double bonds. Hydrogen peroxide and bicarbonate are preferred as the oxidatively cleaving agent. With regard to solvents it is important to perform the process under homogenous reaction conditions, meaning one phase conditions. Therefore, the solvent of choice will depend on the oxidatively cleaving agent used. If the carboxylic acid forming agent requires water to dissolve the reagent such as when the carboxylic acid forming agent is bicarbonate, then a water miscible organic solvent such as acetone, DMF, methanol or isopropanol is required. If the carboxylic acid forming agent is pyridine then the organic solvent can be a water immiscible organic solvent such as acetonitrile, methylene chloride or ethyl acetate. Hence, the selection of the solvent depends on the nature of the carboxylic acid forming agent used as is known to those skilled in the art. With the exception of the carboxylic acid forming agent (a) heat, the other acid forming agents (b), (c) and (d) can all be reacted at 20–25°. The reaction is quite fast and is usually over in less than one hour. If the reaction mixture contains some hydroperoxy compound (IV-OOH), then it is useful to first treat the reaction mixture with a hydroperoxy-deoxygenating agent. It is preferred that the hydroperoxy-deoxygenating agent is dimethylsulfide.
There are a number of processes to transform a carboxylic acid (VI) to the corresponding 5,7-lactone (VII), where the C- and D-rings of the starting carboxylic acid (VI) and product 5,7-lactone are the same. The processes differ depending on the nature of the steroid A-/B-rings of the starting carboxylic acid (VI). They use different reactants and produce 5,7-lactones (VII) with different steroid A-/B-rings. One of these processes produces a 5,7-lactone of formula (VII)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00094
    • where
      • (Va) R2 is —H:—H; R3 is ═O; R4 is —H:—H;
      • (Vb) R2 is —H:—H; R3 is R3a:R3b where both R3a and R3b are —OH and R4 is —H:—H;
    • where R9, R11 and R11 are as defined above, which comprises:
    • (1) contacting a carboxylic acid of formula (VI)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00095
    • where
      • (I) R3 is ═O; R4 is R4-1:R4-2 where one of R4-1 and R4-2 is —H and the other of R4-1 and R4-2 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached; R6 is —H:—H;
      • (III) R3 is α-R3-5:β-R3-6 where R3-5 is —O-R31 and R3-6 is —O—R32 where R31 and R32 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of
    • C1–C3 alkyl and
    • R31 and R32 are taken with the attached —O—C—O— to form a cyclic ketal of 5 or 6 atoms of the formula
      —(CH2)—(CR33R34)n1—(CH2)—
    • where n1 is 0 or 1;
    • where R33 and R34 are the same or different and are —H and C1–C3 alkyl; R4 is —H:—H; R6 is R6-5:R6-6 where one of R6-5 and R6-6 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of R6-5 and R6-6 is —H;
      • (IV) R3 is α-R3-7:β-R3-8 where R3-7 is —O—R31 and R3-8 is —O—R32 where R31 and R32 are as defined above; R4 is R4-7:R4-8 where one of R4-7 and R4-8 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of R4-7 and R4-8 is —H; R6 is —H:—H;
    • where R9, R11 and R17 are as defined above; with a reaction medium which has a pH of less than about 5. The conversion of the carboxylic acid (VI) to the corresponding 5,7-lactone (VII) is an equilibrium reaction. The lower the pH used for the reaction medium the more the equilibrium shifts toward the 5,7-lactone (VII), hence the desire to keep the pH less than 5 and preferably in the range of 1 thru 5. It is preferred to perform the reaction under anhydrous conditions; under anhydrous conditions it is preferred that the acid be a strong acid of pKa less than about 2. Useful strong acids include those selected from the group consisting of fluorosulfonic, chlorosulfonic, benzenesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, trifluoromethanesulfonic, trifluoroacetic, trichloroacetic, hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric and nitric; it is preferred that the acid is benzenesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic or methanesulfonic acid. Alternatively, the process can be performed using aqueous acid as the catalyst. Under these conditions it is preferred to perform the process in a two-phase system. The amount of acid used in not very important and can be present in an amount from catalytic to excess. Bases are also operable to catalyze the reaction of the carboxylic acid (VI) to the corresponding 5,7-lactone (VII) as long as they are used in a catalytic amount. Useful bases include those selected from the group consisting of hydroxide, bicarbonate, carbonate, DBU, DBN, DABCO, pyridine, p-dimethylaminopyridine, Q7—COO31 where Q7 is —H, C1–C3 alkyl or -φ, (Q3)3N where Q3 is C1–C3 alkyl; preferred are hydroxide, bicarbonate, carbonate, triethylamine or pyridine. The solvents for the transformation of the carboxylic acid (VI) to the corresponding 5,7-lactone (VII) are helpful in effecting the equilibrium of the reaction. It is preferred to use a solvent in which the starting carboxylic acid (VI) is soluble and in which the 5,7-lactone (VII) is not soluble. That way the 5,7-lactone (VII) precipitates out as it is formed pushing the equilibrium towards the desired 5,7-lactone (VII). A preferred solvent is acetone. This reaction is performed from about 0° to about 25° and is complete in a few hours. Depending on the pH of the reaction medium and solvent used, ratios of<95/5 of carboxylic acid (VI)/5,7-lactone (VII) are obtained. Since this process step is an equilibrium reaction, the pH of the reaction medium helps control the final position of the equilibrium as is known to those skilled in the art.
A second process for producing a 5,7-lactone of formula (VII)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00096
    • where
      • (Va) R2 is —H:—H, R3 is ═O and R4 is —H:—H;
    • where R9, R11 and R17 are as defined above, comprises:
    • (1) contacting a carboxylic acid of formula (VI)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00097
    • where
    • (I) R3 is ═O; R4 is R4-1:R4-2 where one of R4-1 and R4-2 is —H and the other of R4-1 and R4-2 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached; R6 is —H:—H;
    • where R9, R11 and R17 are as defined above; under anhydrous conditions with an anhydrous reaction medium of pH less than about 5. It is preferred that the reaction medium contains an acid which has a pKa of<about 4. Useful acids which have a pKa of<about 4 include those selected from the group consisting of fluorosulfonic, chlorosulfonic, benzenesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, trifluoromethanesulfonic, trifluoroacetic, trichloroacetic, hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric and nitric. It is preferred that the acid is benzenesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic or methanesulfonic. It is also preferred that the carboxylic acid (VI) is reacted with the acid in a two-phase system. The process also includes reacting the carboxylic acid (VI) with a catalytic amount of base. Useful bases include those selected from the group consisting of hydroxide, bicarbonate, carbonate, DBU, DBN, DABCO, pyridine, p-dimethylaminopyridine, Q7—COO− where Q7 is —H, C1–C3 alkyl or -φ, (Q3)3N where Q3 is C1–C3 alkyl.
A third process for producing a 5,7-lactone of formula (VII)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00098
    • where
      • (Vc) R2 is —H:—H, R3 is —O—R3a:—O—R3b where R3a and R3b the same and are C1–C3 alkyl or where R3a and R3b are taken together with the attached —O—C—O— to form a cyclic ketal of 5 or 6 atoms of the formula
        —(CH2)—(CR33R34)n1—(CH2)—
    • where n1 is 0 or 1;
    • where R33 and R34 are the same or different and are —H and C1–C3 alkyl, and R4is —H:—H;
      • (VI) R2 is —H:—H; R3 is R3c:R3d and R4 is R4c:R4d where one of R3c and R3d is taken with one of R4, or R4d to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of R3, and R3d is CH3—O— or C2H5—O—; and the other of R4c and R4d is —H; or
      • (VII) R2 is R2e:R2f and R3 is R3e:R3f where one of R2e and R2f is taken with one of R3e or R3f to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of R2e and R2f is —H, and the other of R3e and R3f is CH3—O— or C2H5—O—; or mixtures thereof;
    • where R9, R11 and R17 are as defined above, comprises:
    • (1) contacting a carboxylic acid of formula (VI)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00099
    • where
      • (III) R3 is α-R3-5:β-R3-6 where R3-5 is —O—R31 and R3-6 is —O—R32 where R31 and R32 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of
    • C1–C3 alkyl and
    • R31 and R32 are taken with the attached —O—C—O— to form a cyclic ketal of 5 or 6 atoms of the formula
      —(CH2)—(CR33R34)n1—(CH2)—
where n1, is 0 or 1;
where R33 and R34 are the same or different and are —H and C1–C3 alkyl; R4 is —H:—H; R6 is R6-5:R6-6 where one of R6-5 and R6-6 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of R6-5 and R6-6 is —H;
    • (IV) R3 is α-R3-7:β-R3-8 where R3-7 is —O—R31 and R3-8 is —O—R32 where R31 and R32 are as defined above; R4 is R4-7:R4-8 where one of R4-7 and R4-8 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of R4-7 and R4-8 is —H; R6 is —H:—H;
    • where R9, R11 and R17 are as defined above; with at least a catalytic amount of acid. It is preferred that the acid have a pKa of<about 4 and are as discussed above.
The present invention includes a process for the preparation of a methyl ester of formula (VIII)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00100
    • where
      • (I) R3 is ═O; R4 is R4-1:R4-2 where one of R4-1 and R4-2 is —H and the other of R4-1 and R4-2 is taken together with R5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached; R is —H:—H;
    • where R9, R11 and R17 are as defined above, which comprises:
    • (1) contacting a 5,7-lactone of the formula (VII)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00101
    • where R4 is —H:—H and where R3, R9, R11, and R17 are defined above, with base, and
    • (2) contacting the reaction mixture of step (1) with a methylating agent. The base needs to be strong enough to open the 5,7-lactone (VII) but of the type that will not react with the methylating agent, a weak nucleophile. Useful bases include those selected from the group consisting of bicarbonate, carbonate, hydroxide and RbaseO− where Rbase is C1–C4 alkyl. It is preferred that the base is bicarbonate. The amount of base required is from about 1 to about 1.5 equivalents. Useful methylating agents include those selected from the group consisting of dimethylsulfate, methyl iodide, methyl bromide, trimethylphosphate, dimethylcarbonate and methyl chloroformate; preferred is dimethylsulfate. The amount of methylating agent used should be the same as the number of equivalents of base used or a very slight excess over that. The preferred method of the process is to react it in a sequential manner in a two-step reaction with base first and then the methylating agent. If the reaction is performed all in one step, the base reacts with the methylating reagent necessitating the need for more base and more methylating agent. The more efficient way is to first react the 5,7-lactone (VII) with at least one equivalent of base, preferably from about 1 to about 1.5 equivalents and then to react the salt of the carboxylate acid (VI) which is formed with the methylating agent. The solvent used will depend on the nature of the base used. If it is water soluble, such as bicarbonate or hydroxide, then a mixture of water and a water miscible organic solvent is preferred. These water miscible organic solvents include, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, THF and DMF. If the base is water soluble and the solvent is a mixture of water and a water immiscible solvent, then a phase transfer catalyst, such as tetrabutylammonium bisulfate or tributylmethylammonium chloride is used. If the base is soluble in a water immiscible organic solvent, one that will also dissolve the 5,7-lactone (VII), then a water-immiscible organic solvent is suitable. The reaction temperature is dependent on the reactivity of the methylating agent. If an agent such as dimethylcarbonate is used the reaction will go slow and heat up to about 150° may be necessary. On the other hand, if a more reactive agent such as dimethylsulfate is used the reaction goes in about 1 hour at 40°. While in theory one equivalent of base and one equivalent of methylating agent should be sufficient, in practice more than one equivalent is needed for the optimum reaction conditions.
The 5,7-lactone (VII) can be transformed to the (salt of the) corresponding carboxylic acid (VI) by contacting the 5,7-lactone of formula (VII), with a reaction medium which as a pH>7. The reaction is similar to the transformation of the 5,7-lactone (VII) to the methyl ester (VIII) except that no methylating agent is used. Since only base is used, the product produced is the salt of the carboxylic acid (VI). Further, since no methylating agent is present, the amount of base used is not critical. If the acid form of the carboxylic acid (VI), is desired the salt form can be acidified to produced the corresponding acid form of the carboxylic acid (VI) as is known to those skilled in the art.
There are numerous alternative routes using the present invention as set forth in CHART A as will be explained below and is known to those skilled in the art. For example, the steroid A-ring can be protected, as compound (I-P), see CHART B and the explanation below, during the transformation of (I) to (II) or used in the unprotected form (I). Further, the C- and D-rings can have a variety of functionality during the various steps of the process. The C-ring functionality includes, for example, 9α-hydroxy, 9α-O-(HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUP), 9α-F, 11-keto, 11-saturated, 11α-hydroxy, 11α-O-(HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUP), 11β-hydroxy, 11β-O-(HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUP), Δ9(11)- and 9α,11αa-epoxy. The D-ring functionality includes, for example, 17-keto, 17β-hydroxy, 17α-ethynyl-17β-hydroxy, 17α-cyano-17β-hydroxy, 17α-C≡C—CH2—O—(—H or substituted silyl)-17β-OH, 17α-C≡C—CH2—O—(HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUP)-17β-OH, 17α-CH2—CH2—CH2—OH—17β-OH, 17α-CH2—CH2—CH2—O—(HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUP)-17β-OH, 17α-hydroxy-17β-CO—CH3, 17β-CO—CH2—OH, 17β-CO—CH2—O—CO—(CH2)0-3—CH3; 17β-O—CH2-17α resulting in a three member epoxide, γ-lactone and —CH—(OR17-9)—CH2—CH2 . . . where the bond from the oxygen (—O) is one of the four bonds at C-17 in the β-configuration and the bond from the methylene group (CH2 . . . ) is another of the four bonds at C-17 in the α-configuration to form a 5 member heterocycle containing one oxygen atom, where R17-9 is —H or C1–C3 alkyl. However, the D-ring functionality for the compounds of the processes of claims 539, 548 and 556 does not include R17-2 being hydroxyl. HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUPs are well known to those skilled in the art. The same HYDROXY PROTECTING GROUPs are operable at C-9, C-11 and C-17 and are selected from the group consisting of: —Si(—CH3)3, —Si(—CH2—CH3)3, —CO—CH3, —CO—H and —SiH(CH3)2.
At some point the A-ring, if it is not already the required Δ4-3-keto functionality, must be transformed to the Δ4-3-keto functionality. Likewise, with the C-ring, if it is not already the required 9α,11α-epoxide functionality, it must be transformed to the 9α,11α-epoxide. Similarly, if the D-ring is not already the required γ-lactone, it must be transformed to the γ-lactone. However, those transformations can take place either before, during or after various other processes and/or steps of CHART A. It is preferred to start with the A-ring with Δ4-3-keto functionality, the C-ring with Δ9(11)-functionality and the D-ring as the γ-lactone. With regard to the C-ring, it is preferred to maintain the Δ9(11)-functionality throughout the process of the invention until the —CO—O—CH3 group is fully synthesized at the 7α-position and then transform the Δ9(11)-functionality to the corresponding 9α,11α-epoxide. With regard to the C-ring one could start with a 11-keto functionality and at some point in the process reduce it to the 11α-hydroxy functionality and then at some later point dehydrate the 11α-hydroxy functionality to the corresponding Δ9(11)-olefin functionality by either the processes of EXAMPLEs 18–20 using PCI5 or by the process of EXAMPLE 31 using N-(1,1,2,2,3,3,3) hexafluoropropyldiethyl-amine which is known as Ishikawa reagent. There is a thorough discussion below as to how the dehydration of an 11α-hydroxy steroid should be performed using the Ishakawa reagent to produce the corresponding Δ9(11)-olefin. If the dehydration of the 11α-hydroxy to the corresponding Δ9(11)-olefin takes place with a 5′-methyl-2′-furyl substituent at C-7α, with a formula (II) compound, it appears PCI5 is preferred, but if the dehydration takes place on the methyl ester (VII), then the Ishikawa reagent is preferred. The Δ9(11)-olefin is then converted to the desired 9α(11α-epoxide functionality by means well known to those skilled in the art. Likewise, with regard to the D-ring, one need not start with the γ-lactone in the Δ4,6-3-keto steroid or ketal thereof (I) starting material. One could start with 17-keto or 17β-hydroxy, etc and then at a desired point covert the starting D-ring 17-functionality to the desired γ-lactone. The preferred process including what functionality is desired to start with, and where the conversions are made, is set forth in CHART E. In short, it is desired to start with the same functionality as is desired in the end product for the A-ring and D-rings. It is preferred to start with the C-ring having the Δ9(11)-olefin functionality which is transformed to the desired 9α,11α-epoxide functionality after the 7α-substituent is finalized as —CO—O—CH3. However, as explained above and is known to those skilled in the art, there are numerous alternative ways of preparing eplerenone by the process of CHART A starting with different functionality in the A-, C- and D-rings.
CHART B discloses a process to produce the protected Δ4,6-ketal steroid (I-P), from the corresponding Δ3,5-3-alkyl enol ethers which are readily available from the corresponding Δ4-3-keto steroids by processes known to those skilled in the art. It is preferred use the unprotected Δ4,6-3-keto steroid (I) as the starting material in the process of CHART A. However, steroidal Δ4,6-3-ketals (I-P) can also be used as the starting material of the process of CHART A. In the process of CHART B, the Δ4,6-3-ketal steroid (I-P)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00102
  • where R31 and R32
    • (1) the same or different and are C1–C3 alkyl, and
    • (2) taken with the attached —O—C—O— to form a cyclic ketal of 5 or 6 atoms of the formula
      —(CH2)—(CR33R34)n1—(CH2)—
      • where n1 is 0 or 1;
      • where R33 and R34 are the same or different and are
        • —H,
        • C1–C3 alkyl,
          is produced from the corresponding Δ3,5-3-alkyl enol ether
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00103
  • where R3 is
    • C1–C3 alkyl,
    • CH3—CO—,
    • Φ—CO— or
    • RSi-1RSi-2RSi-3Si— where RSi-1, RSi-2 and RSi-3 are the same or different and are C1–C4 alkyl; by contacting the Δ3,5-3-alkyl enol ether (Alkyl enol ether) with a hydride abstractor and an alcohol selected from the group consisting of alcohols of the formula:
    • (a) R31—OH, where R31 is as defined above,
    • (b) R32—OH, where R32 is as defined above,
    • (c) HO—(CH2)—(CR33R34)n1—(CH2)—OH where n1, R33 and R34 are as defined above,
    • (d) HO—CH2—CH2—OH, by (1) contacting the Δ3,5-3-enol ether (3-alkyl enol ether). Useful hydride abstractors include those selected from the group consisting of
    • DDQ,
    • p-chloranil,
    • o-chloranil,
    • Mn+3, Mn+7, Pb+4, Pd+2, Ru+8, Cr+6,
    • o-iodoxybenzoic acid,
    • o-iodoxybenzoic acid complex with DMSO,
    • o-iodoxybenzoic acid complex with
      • 4-methoxypyridine-N-oxide,
      • N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide,
      • trimethylamine-N-oxide,
    • iodic acid (HIO3),
    • iodine pentoxide (I2O5),
    • ceric ammonium nitrate,
    • iodosobenzene,
    • iodobenzenebistrifluoroacetate,
    • iodobenzenediacetate,
    • tritylfluoroborate, and by electrochemical oxidation with a catalytic amount of a hydride abstractor. It is preferred that the hydride abstractor is p-chloranil or DDQ, more preferably DDQ. One equivalent of the hydride abstractor is required; more is not harmful, just wasteful. It is preferred that the alcohol is neopentylglycol also known as dimethylpropyleneglycol or 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol. The solvent needs to dissolve the 3-alkyl enol ether (3-alkyl enol ether) starting material. Suitable solvents include methylene chloride, acetonitrile, THF, and the alike. The reaction is operable in the temperature range of about −78° to about 40°, preferred is about −15°. The reaction is very rapid and is complete in a few minutes at −15°. The entire process is preferably performed under essentially anhydrous conditions. The term “hydride abstractor” as used herein means the reagent effects the net removal of one of the hydrogen atoms at C-7 of the 3-dienol ether, and does not imply any mechanism by which this removal occurs. It is preferred that the a Δ4,6-ketal (I-P) is selected from the group consisting of
17β-hydroxypregna-4,6,9(11)-trien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone, cyclic 3-(2′,2′-dimethyl-1′,3′-propanediyl ketal),
17β-hydroxypregna-4,6,9(11)-trien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone, cyclic 3-ethanediyl ketal.
CHART C discloses that the 7α-substituted steroid (II) can also be transformed to the corresponding cis-oxyenedione (X-cis) by (1) contacting the 7α-substituted steroid (II) with ozone in the presence of a C1–C4 alcohol and (2) contacting the mixture of step (1) with a hydroperoxy-deoxygenating agent. The preferences for R7-1, X1 Rb, Rc, Rd and the other variable substituents are as set forth above as previously stated. The 7α-substituted steroid (II) is dissolved in a suitable C1–C4 alcohol, or mixture thereof. It is preferred that the C1–C4 alcohol is a C1 and C3 alcohols; it is more preferred the alcohol is a C1 alcohol. Cosolvents such as methylene chloride can also be used if necessary. The nature of the solvent/co-solvent is not critical as long as it will dissolve the reactants at the cold temperature at which the process is performed. The nature of the alcohol is not critical as it is eventually lost from the steroid molecule. The reaction temperatures can be as low as about −100° up to about 40°. It is preferred that the temperature be from about −78° to about −20°; it is more preferred that the temperature be about −50°. Ozone is passed thru the reaction mixture as is known to those skilled in the art until the process of step (1) is complete. The course of the reaction is monitored as is known those skilled in the art. When the reaction of step (1) is complete, the reaction mixture of step (1) is contacted with a hydroperoxy-deoxygenating agent. It is preferred that the hydroperoxy-deoxygenating agent is trimethylphosphite. It is realized that for other processes of this invention the preferred hydroperoxy-deoxygenating agent was dimethylsulfide, but here the preferred agent is trimethylphosphite. The reaction mixture is then slowly permitted to warm to 20–25°. The reaction will proceed rapidly when it reaches the correct temperature for the particular 7α-substituted steroid (II). The cis-oxyenedione (X-cis) product can be carried along without isolation and purification if desired.
CHART C further discloses that the cis-oxyenedione (X-cis) can be transformed to the corresponding trans-oxyenedione (X-trans). The process is performed in the same manner and same way that the cis-enedione (III-cis), of CHART A, was transformed to the corresponding trans-enedione (III-trans).
The cis-oxyenedione (X-cis) or the trans-oxyenedione (X-trans), or a mixture thereof, can be transformed to the corresponding hydroperoxy compound (IV-OOH), and/or hydroxy compound (IV-OH), and/or biscarbonyl compound (V) and/or carboxylic acid (VI) or mixture thereof in the same manner and same way as the cis-enedione (III-cis) or the trans-enedione (III-trans), or a mixture thereof, was transformed to the corresponding hydroperoxy compound (IV-OOH), and/or hydroxy compound (IV-OH), and/or biscarbonyl compound (V) and/or carboxylic acid (X) or mixture thereof. The hydroperoxy compound (IV-OOH), and/or hydroxy compound (IV-OH), and/or biscarbonyl compound (V) and/or carboxylic acid (X) or mixture thereof are then transformed to eplerenone (IX) in the same manner and same was as previously discussed for the process of CHART A.
The cis-oxyenedione (X-cis) or the trans-oxyenedione (X-trans), or a mixture thereof, can be transformed to the corresponding carboxylic acid (VI) by reaction with an oxidatively cleaving agent in the same manner and same way as the hydroxy compound (IV-OH), and/or biscarbonyl compound (V) are transformed to the corresponding carboxylic acid (VI).
CHART D sets forth the preferred process of the invention (when R7-1 is -A1) with regard to the steroid A-/B-ring, that the steroid A-ring is not protected. However, given the different variable substituents of the steroid C- and D-rings and combinations of variable substituents possible, in some cases it may be preferred to protect the steroid A-ring as would be apparent to one skilled in the art. But in general, it is preferred that the steroid A-ring not be protected and the preferred process be that of CHART D.
CHART E sets forth the preferred process of the invention with the preferred variable substituents for each intermediate for the conversion of the Δ4,6-3-keto steroid (I) to eplerenone (IX).
CHART F discloses the reversible nature of the conversion of the carboxylic acid (VI) with the 5,7-lactone (VII).
CHART G discloses the general process of the invention when the adduct —R7-1 is the cyclic adduct (-A2). The 7α-substituted steroid (II) is formed in the same manner as discussed above for CHART A when the adduct is (-A1). Then the 7α-substituted steroid (II) where R7-1 is (-A2) is reacted in the same way, with the same reagents as used in CHART A for (-A1) to give intermediates of the same type as the intermediates of CHART A for adduct (-A1). The processes of CHARTs A and G are analogous, the reactants are the same and used in the same order. The intermediates produced are either isomers or homologs of each other.
CHART H discloses the general process of the invention when the adduct R7-1 is (-B), (-C), (-D1), (-D2) and (-D3). The process of CHART H is a two step process. The first step of the process is to transform the Δ4,6-3-keto steroid or ketal thereof (I) starting material to the corresponding 7α-substituted steroid (II) where R7-1 is a substituent selected from the group consisting of
—CRb2═M  (-B)
—C≡C—Rc2  (-C)
—CH2—CH═CH2  (-D1)
—CH═C═CH2  (-D2)
—CH2—C≡C—H  (-D3)
The second step is oxidative cleavage of the 7α-substituent to give a carboxylic acid functionality, —CO—OH of the carboxylic acid (VI). In the olefinic substituent (-B), “M” is a group which forms a double bond with carbon and is restricted to carbon, nitrogen and oxygen. The substituent Rb2 is a group that can be transformed into a hydroxyl group by either oxidation or hydrolysis. With the acetylenic substituent (-C), the group Rc2 can be virtually any group since it is ultimately lost when the triple bond is cleaved to a carboxylic acid (VI). Likewise with the three-carbon unsaturated substituents (-D1), (-D2) and (-D3), two of the three carbon atoms are cleaved oxidatively, leaving a carboxylic acid group. In transforming the Δ4,6-3-keto steroid or ketal thereof (I) starting material to the corresponding 7α-substituted steroid (II), the Δ4,6-3-keto steroid or ketal thereof (I) starting material is reacted with the nucleophile selected from the group consisting of
    • (d) of the formula (B)
      Ra—CE1═M  (B)
    • (e) of the formula (C)
      Ra—C≡C—E2  (C)
    • (f) of the formulas (D1, D2 and D3)
      Ra—CH2—CH═CH2  (D1)
      Ra—CH═C═CH2  (D2)
      Ra—CH2—C≡C—H   (D3)
  • where Ra, E1, E2, M are as defined above, in the presence of:
    • (1) a Lewis Acid,
    • (2) a proton acid with a pKa of<about 5 or
    • (3) a salt of a secondary amine of the formula
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00104
with an acid of pKa of<about 2. The Lewis acid both accelerates the conjugate addition and favors formation of the 7α-stereochemistry.
Adducts (-B) and (-C) are transformed into —CO—OH of carboxylic acid (VI) by treatment with one or more oxidizing agents. The oxidizing agent(s) must be capable of cleaving the C═M double bond to a carbon-oxygen double bond, cleaving the C—Rb2 single bond to a carbon-oxygen single bond, and cleaving the carbon-carbon triple bond to carboxylic acid. The choice of oxidizing agent(s) depends on the inherent difficulty of oxidation of the substituent —CRb2═M or —C≡C—Rc2. The greater the difficulty of oxidation, the stronger the oxidizing agent that will be required. Suitable oxidizing agents include ozone, singlet oxygen, triplet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, hydroperoxides, percarboxylic acids, hypohalites, and the like. In the case of 2-methylfuran adduct (II), transformation into carboxylic acid (VI) is preferably accomplished by treatment with potassium hypobromite followed by ozone followed by dimethylsulfide followed by hydrogen peroxide.
The allyl adduct (-D1) is transformed into —CO—OH of the carboxylic acid (VI) by double bond isomerization to —CH═CH—CH3 followed by ozonization with an oxidative work-up (such as sodium chlorite). The double bond isomerization can be accomplished by any of the following reagents, rhodium trichloride in ethanol at reflux, HRuCl[P(-φ)3]3 at about 90°, LiNH(CH2)3NH2 (lithium 1,3-diaminopropane) at 20–25°, PdCl2(φ-CN)2 in toluene at about 80°, HRh(CO)[P(-φ)3]3 at 20–25°, ClRh[P(-φ)3]3 in toluene at reflux, Cl2Ru[P(-φ)3]3 at 100° and cobalt chloride/sodium borohydride/P(-φ)3 at about −18°.
The propargyl adduct (-D2) is transformed into the —CO—OH functionality of the carboxylic acid (VI) by base or transition metal-catalyzed isomerization to adduct (-C) when Rc2 is C1 alkyl, which is cleaved by the method discussed above. Suitable bases for isomerization of (-D2) to (-C) include sodium amide in ammonia or THF, potassium 3-aminopropylamide (known as “KAPA”) in THF, potassium hydroxide in ethylene glycol at about 150°, potassium (-butoxide in DMSO or t-butanol, or sodium or potassium hydride in DMF or THF. Suitable transition metal catalysts include Yb[φ2C═N−φ](HMPA)4 and HCo(N2) [P(-φ)3]3.
The allenyl adduct (-D3) is transformed into the —CO—OH functionality of the carboxylic acid (VI) by ozonization with an oxidative work-up (such as sodium chlorite).
The present invention includes a four-step process for the transformation of a 7α-substituted steroid (II) to the corresponding carboxylic acid (VI) product. The four steps are (1) ring opening, (2) ozonolysis, (3) reaction with a hydroperoxy deoxygenating agent and (4) reaction with an oxidatively cleaving agent. The four-step process of the invention produces better yields of the carboxylic acid (VI) than expected based on prior art process steps. The carboxylic acid (VI) is obtained by:
    • (1) contacting the 7α-substituted steroid of formula (II) with an agent selected from the group consisting of:
      • (a) a halogenating agent in the presence of water and a base whose conjugate acid has a pKa of>about 8,
      • (b) an oxygen donating agent,
      • (c) electrochemical oxidation,
      • (d) a quinone in the presence of water or
      • (e) nonquinone oxidants; and
    • (2) contacting the reaction mixture of step (1) with ozone in the presence of an alcohol of the formula R7-2—OH;
    • (3) contacting the reaction mixture of step (2) with a hydroperoxy deoxygenating agent and
    • (4) contacting the reaction mixture of step (3) with an oxidatively cleaving agent. Each of these steps was thoroughly discussed above when the steps of the process were discussed individually. This process combines those same steps and they are practiced in the same manner and same way as discussed above.
The present invention includes a three-step process for the transformation of a 7α-substituted steroid (II) to the corresponding carboxylic acid (VI) product, see EXAMPLE 34, Step (1). The three steps are (1) ozonolysis, (2) reaction with a hydroperoxy deoxygenating agent and (3) reaction with an oxidatively cleaving agent. The three-step process of the invention is a process to prepare the carboxylic acid (VI) which comprises:
    • (1) contacting a 7α-substituted steroid (II) with ozone in the presence of an alcohol of the formula R7-2—OH;
    • (2) contacting the reaction mixture of step (1) with a hydroperoxy deoxygenating agent and
    • (3) contacting the reaction mixture of step (2) with an oxidatively cleaving agent. Each of these steps was thoroughly discussed above when the steps of the process were discussed individually. This process combines those same steps and they are practiced in the same manner and same way as discussed above. The carboxylic acid (VI) can be readily transformed to its tautomer-like the bislactone (VII) by contacting with an acid, see EXAMPLE 34, Step (2). In the process of the invention it is the carboxylic acid (VI) which is transformed to the methyl ester (VIII) and ultimately to eplerenone (IX). It is possible to isolate and purify this carboxylic acid (VI) by crystallization. However, one runs the risk that it will isomerize to the bislactone (VII) which is more thermodynamically stable. Therefore, as a practical matter it is preferable not to stop at the end of EXAMPLE 34, Step (1) but carry on thru the reaction mixture and isolate and crystallize the bislactone (VII). Hence, it is easier and preferable to carry the process exemplified in EXAMPLE 34 on thru Step (2), purify the bislactone (VII) obtained and then convert the bislactone (VII) back to the carboxylic acid (VI) for transformation to the methyl ester (VIII).
Eplerenone (IX) is a pharmaceutical agent useful for the treatment of hyperaldosteronism, edema, hypertension and congestive heart failure, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,559,332.
The present invention also includes a novel process to transform 11α-hydroxy steroids to the corresponding Δ9(11)-steroids. The Δ9(11)-functionality is very useful in producing eplerenone (IX) because it is readily transformed to the corresponding 9α,11α-epoxide functionality of eplerenone (IX).
The 11α-hydroxy steroid (CIV) starting materials are known to those skilled in the art. More particularly, the 11α-hydroxy-17-lactone (CI), 11α,17β-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one-7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone, methyl ester, is known, see, Drugs of the Future, 24(5), 488–501 (1999), compound (VI).
For the 11α-hydroxy steroids (CIV) it is preferred that the steroid A-ring is:
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00105
    • (1) W1 is —H:—H and W2 is —H:—H or W1 is W1-1:W1-2 and W2 is W2-1:W2-2 where one of W1-1 or W1-2 is taken together with one of W2-1 or W2-2 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other or W1-1 or W1-2 and W2-1 or W2-2 is —H; W3 is ═O, W4 is W4-1:W4-2 where one of W4-1 and W4-2 is taken together with W5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of W4-1 and W4-2 is —H;
    • (2) W3 is ═O, W4 is —H:—H and W5 is in the α-orientation and is . . . O—CO— (attached at C7 to form a 5,7-lactone) and where W1 and W2 are as defined above;
(3) W3 is —O—W3-3:—O—W3-4; W4 is W4-3:W4-4, where one of W4-3 and W4-4 is taken together with W5 to form a second bond between the atoms to which they are attached and the other of W4-3 and W4-4 is —H; W3-3 and W3-4 are:
      • (a) the same or different and are C1–C5 alkyl,
      • (b) taken together to form a cyclic moiety selected from the group consisting of:
        • (i) —CH2—CH2—,
        • (ii) —CH2—CH2—CH2—,
        • (iii) —CH2—C(CH3)2—CH2—; and where W1 and W2 are as defined above;
    • (4) W3 is —O—W3-3:—O—W3-4; W4 is —H:—H; W5 forms a second bond between C5 and C6; W3-3 and W3-4 are as defined above:
    • (5) W3 is W3-5:W3-6; where
      • (a) one of W3-5 and W3-6 is —H and the other of W3-5 and W3-6 is:
        • (i) —O— W3-5A where W3-5A is C1–C3 alkyl,
        • (ii) —O—CO—W3-5A where W3-5A is as defined above,
        • (iii) —N(W3-5A)2 where W3-5A is as defined above,
        • (iv) piperazinyl,
        • (v) morpholinyl,
        • (vi) piperidinyl,
      • (b) W3-5 and W3-6 are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a cyclic moiety including:
        • (i) —O—CH2—CH2—O—,
        • (ii) —O—CH2—CH2—CH2—O—,
        • (iii) —O—CH2—C(CH3)2—CH2—O— and where W4 is —H:—H; W5 forms a second bond between C5 and C6;
    • (6) W3 is W3-7:W3-8 and where W4 is W4-7:W4-8 where
      • (a) one of W3-7 and W3-8 is:
        • (i) —O—W3-7A where W3-7A is C1–C3 alkyl,
        • (ii) —O—CO—W3-7A where W3-7A is as defined above,
        • (iii) —N(W3-7A)2 where W3-7A is as defined above,
        • (iv) piperazinyl,
        • (v) morpholinyl,
        • (vi) piperidinyl, and where the other of W3-7 and W3-8 is taken together with one of W4-7 and W4-8 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of W4-7 and W4-8 is —H; W5 forms a second bond between C5 and C6;
    • (7) W3 is α-W3-9:β-W3-10; where W3-9 is —H and W3-10 is:
      • (a) —O—CO—W3-10A where W3-10A is C1–C3 alkyl,
      • (b) —O—CO—O—W3-10B where W3-10B is
        • (i) C1–C4 alkyl,
        • (ii) -φ optionally substituted with one thru three C1–C3 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, C1–C3 alkoxy,
        • (iii) —CH2-φ where φ is optionally substituted with one thru three C1C3 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, C1–C3 alkoxy; where WR4 is —H:—H; and W5 forms a second bond between the carbon atoms at C5 and C6; and where W1 and W2 are as defined above;
    • (8) W3 is α-W3-9:β-W3-10; where W4 is W4-9:W4-10 where W3-9 and W3-10 are as defined above; where one of W4-9 and W4-10 taken together with W5 forms a second bond between the atoms to which they are attached and the other of W4-9 and W4-10 is —H; and where W1 and W2 are as defined above.
It is more preferred that the steroid A-ring functionality be:
    • (1) W1 is —H:—H and W2 is —H:—H or W1 is W1-1:W1-2 and W2 is W2-1:W2-2 where one of W1-1 or W1-2 is taken together with one of W2-1 or W2-2 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other or W1-1 or W1-2 and W2-1 or W2-2 is —H; W3 is ═O, W4 is W4-1:W4-2 where one of W4-1 and W4-2 is taken together with W5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of W4-1 and W4-2 is —H;
    • (7) W3 α-W3-9:β-W3-10; where W3-9 is —H and W3-10 is:
      • (b) —CO—W3-10A where W3-10A is C1–C3 alkyl,
      • (c) —CO—O—W3-10B where W3-10B is
        • (i) C1–C4 alkyl,
        • (ii) -φ optionally substituted with one thru three C1–C3 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, C1–C3 alkoxy,
        • (iii) —CH2-φ where φ is optionally substituted with one thru three C1–C3 alkyl, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, C1–C3 alkoxy; where WR4 is —H:—H; and W5 forms a second bond between the carbon atoms at C5 and C6; and where W1 and W2 are as defined above.
It is even more preferred that the steroid A-ring functionality be:
    • (1) W1 is —H:—H and W2 is —H:—H or W1 W1-1:W1-2 and W2 is W2-1:W2-2 where one of W1-1 or W1-2 is taken together with one of W2-1 or W2-2 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other or W1-1 or W1-2 and W2-1 or W2-2 is —H; W3 is ═O, W4 is W4-1:W4-2 where one of W4-1 and W4-2 is taken together with W5 to form a second bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached and the other of W4-1 and W4-2 is —H;
For the 11α-hydroxy steroids (CIV), it is preferred that the steroid D-ring is:
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00106
    • where W17 is:
      • (1) ═O,
      • (2) α-W17-1:β-W17-2 where:
        • (a) W17-1 and W17-2 are taken together with the attached carbon atom to form an epoxide of the formula . . . CH2—O—,
        • (b) W17-1 and W17-2 are taken together with the attached carbon atom to form a lactone of the formula . . . CH2—CH2—CO—O—;
      • (3) α-W17-3:β-W17-4 where
        • (a) W17-3 is:
          • (i) —H,
          • (ii) —O—CO—W17-3A where W17-3A is —H or —CO—W17-3B where W17-3B is C1–C4 alkyl or -φ and
        • (b) W17-4 is —CO—CH3;
      • (4) α-W17-5:β-W17-6 where
        • (a) W17-5 is:
          • (i) —O—CO—W17-5A where W17-5A is C1–C4 alkyl or -φ,
        • (b) W17-6 is:
          • (i) —CO—CH2—O—W17-6A where W17-6A is C1–C4 alkyl or -φ.
For the eplerenone-type compounds, it is preferred that W17 is:
    • (1) ═O,
    • (2) α-W17-1:β-W17-2 where:
      • (a) W17-1 and W17-2 are taken together with the attached carbon atom to form an epoxide of the formula . . . CH2—O—,
      • (b) W17-1 and W17-2 are taken together with the attached carbon atom to form a lactone of the formula . . . CH2—CH2—CO—O—.
It is more preferred that for the eplerenone-type compounds that W17 is:
    • (1) ═O,
    • (2) α-W17-1:β-W17-2 where:
      • (b) W17-1 and W17-2 are taken together with the attached carbon atom to form a lactone of the formula . . . CH2—CH2—CO—O—.
For the progesterones and hydroxyprotesterones it is preferred that that W17 is:
    • (3) α-W17-3:β-W17-4 where
      • (a) W17-3 is:
        • (i) —H,
        • (ii) —O—CO—W17-3A where W17-3A is —H or —CO—W17-3B where W17-3B is C1–C4 alkyl or -φ and
      • (b) W17-4 is —CO—CH3.
For the corticoids it is preferred that W17 is:
    • (4) α-W17-5:β-W17-6 where
      • (a) W17-5 is:
        • (i) —O—CO—W17-5A where W17-5A is C1–C4 alkyl or -φ,
      • (b) W17-6 is:
        • (i) —CO—CH2—O—W17-6A where W17-6A is C1–C4 alkyl or -φ.
The preferred combinations of steroid A-, B- and D-rings, especially for the eplerenone-type compounds, includes the ring systems set forth in CHART C. The 11α-hydroxy steroids (CIV) of CHART C are known to those skilled in the art or can be readily prepared by known methods from known compounds.
In the process of the present invention the 11α-hydroxy-17-lactones (CI) or 11α-hydroxy steroids (CIV) starting material is contacted with a N-fluoroalkylamine reagent of the formula (CVI)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00107
where:
    • Z1 is C1–C4 alkyl;
    • Z2 is C1–C4 alkyl and where Z1 and Z2 together with the attached nitrogen atom form a 5- or 6-member heterocycle selected from the group consisting of pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl and morpholinyl;
    • Z3 is —F or —CF3. It is preferred that Z1 and Z2 are C1–C3 alkyl. It is more preferred that Z1 and Z2 are C1 alkyl or C2 alkyl. It is preferred that the N-fluoroalkylamine (CVI) is N-(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropyl)diethylamine, which is known as Ishikawa reagent, or 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-N,N-dimethylamine.
The process of the invention is preferably performed by use of about 1 equivalent of 11α-hydroxy-17-lactone (CI) or 11α-hydroxy steroid (CIV) and from about 1 to about 1.5 equivalents of Ishikawa reagent; more preferred is about 1.2 equivalents of Ishikawa reagent. It is preferable to perform the process of the invention in a temperature range of from about 20 to about 82°; more preferably from about 40 to about 70°. The reaction usually takes from about 1 hr to about 24 to complete depending on reaction conditions especially temperature and concentration. For example at about 60° and 0.8 molar, the reaction takes about 3 hours.
The 11α-hydroxy-17-lactone (CI) or 11α-hydroxy steroid (CIV) can be added to the N-fluoroalkylamine reagent (CVI) or the N-fluoroalkylamine reagent (CVI) can be added to the 11α-hydroxy-17-lactone (CI) or 11α-hydroxy steroid (CIV); it is more practical to add the N-fluoroalkylamine reagent (CVI) to the 11α-hydroxy-17-lactone (CI) or 11α-hydroxy steroid (CIV).
It is preferred to perform the process of the present invention in a solvent that is dry (KF is <0.5%), such as acetonitrile.
The Δ9(11)-17-lactone of formula (CII), 17β-hydroxypregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone, methyl ester, is known, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,559,332, Example 1(d) and International Publication WO98/25948, page 284. It is useful in the preparation of a pharmaceutical agent, 9α,11α-epoxy-17β-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one-7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone, methyl ester, known as eplerenone (CIII).
The steroid C-ring functionality Δ9(11)-of compounds (CII) and (CV) is a very useful functionality to chemists skilled in the art of steroids. It can be readily transformed to the corresponding 9α,11α-epoxy functionality and the 9α-fluoro-11β-hydroxy functionality as well as 11-keto and others as is well known to those skilled in the art. These compounds are useful pharmaceutical agents. Hence, the process of the invention as it pertains to the transformation of the 11α-hydroxy steroid (CIV) to the corresponding Δ9(11)-steroid (CV) is a very useful process and is operable with a wide variety of 11α-hydroxy steroids (CIV) as is apparent to those skilled in the art. This includes progesterones, 17α-hydroxyprogesterones, corticoids as well as the usual common derivatives and analogs thereof such as esters, etc. Therefore, the process produces Δ9(11)-steroids (CV) which are useful intermediates in the preparation of pharmaceutically useful steroids. One skilled in the art with a given Δ9(11)-steroid (CV) would know how to transform it to a pharmaceutically useful product.
The present invention also includes a number of processes for transforming 11α-hydroxy compounds to the corresponding Δ9(11)-compounds by one or more processes described above. For example, described are processes for the transformation of (1) a 11α-hydroxy-7α-substituted steroid (II) to the corresponding Δ9(11)-7α-substituted steroid (II), (2) a process for transforming a 11α-hydroxy cis enedione (III-cis) or 11α-hydroxy trans enedione (III-trans) to the corresponding Δ9(11)-trans enedione (III-trans) and (3) for transforming a 11α-hydroxy-hydroxy compound (IV-OH) or a 11α-hydroxy-hydroperoxy compound (IV-OOH) or a 11α-hydroxy biscarbonyl compound (V) or mixture thereof to the corresponding Δ9(11)-carboxylic acid (VI).
DEFINITIONS AND CONVENTIONS
The definitions and explanations below are for the terms as used throughout this entire document including both the specification and the claims.
I. Conventions for Formulas and Definitions of Variables
The chemical formulas representing various compounds or molecular fragments in the specification and claims may contain variable substituents in addition to expressly defined structural features. These variable substituents are identified by a letter or a letter followed by a numerical subscript, for example, “Z1” or “Ri” where “i” is an integer. These variable substituents are either monovalent or bivalent, that is, they represent a group attached to the formula by one or two chemical bonds. For example, a group Z1 would represent a bivalent variable if attached to the formula CH3—C(═Z1)H. Groups Ri and Rj would represent monovalent variable substituents if attached to the formula CH3—CH2—C(Ri)(Rj)H2. When chemical formulas are drawn in a linear fashion, such as those above, variable substituents contained in parentheses are bonded to the atom immediately to the left of the variable substituent enclosed in parenthesis. When two or more consecutive variable substituents are enclosed in parentheses, each of the consecutive variable substituents is bonded to the immediately preceding atom to the left which is not enclosed in parentheses. Thus, in the formula above, both Ri and Rj are bonded to the preceding carbon atom. Also, for any molecule with an established system of carbon atom numbering, such as steroids, these carbon atoms are designated as Ci, where “i” is the integer corresponding to the carbon atom number. For example, C6 represents the 6 position or carbon atom number in the steroid nucleus as traditionally designated by those skilled in the art of steroid chemistry. Likewise the term “R6” represents a variable substituent (either monovalent or bivalent) at the C6 position.
Chemical formulas or portions thereof drawn in a linear fashion represent atoms in a linear chain. The symbol “—” in general represents a bond between two atoms in the chain. Thus CH3—0—CH2—CH(Ri)—CH3 represents a 2-substituted-1-methoxypropane compound. In a similar fashion, the symbol “═” represents a double bond, e.g., CH2═C(Ri)—O—CH3, and the symbol “≡” represents a triple bond, e.g., HC≡C—CH(Ri)—CH2—CH3. Carbonyl groups are represented in either one of two ways: —CO— or —C(═O)—, with the former being preferred for simplicity.
Chemical formulas of cyclic (ring) compounds or molecular fragments can be represented in a linear fashion. Thus, the compound 4-chloro-2-methylpyridine can be represented in linear fashion by N*═C(CH3)—CH═CCl—CH═C*H with the convention that the atoms marked with an asterisk (*) are bonded to each other resulting in the formation of a ring. Likewise, the cyclic molecular fragment, 4-(ethyl)-1-piperazinyl can be represented by —N*—(CH2)2—N(C2H5)—CH2-C*H2.
A rigid cyclic (ring) structure for any compounds herein defines an orientation with respect to the plane of the ring for substituents attached to each carbon atom of the rigid cyclic compound. For saturated compounds which have two substituents attached to a carbon atom which is part of a cyclic system, —C(X1)(X2)— the two substituents may be in either an axial or equatorial position relative to the ring and may change between axial/equatorial. However, the position of the two substituents relative to the ring and each other remains fixed. While either substituent at times may lie in the plane of the ring (equatorial) rather than above or below the plane (axial), one substituent is always above the other. In chemical structural formulas depicting such compounds, a substituent (X1) which is “below” another substituent (X2) will be identified as being in the alpha (α) configuration and is identified by a broken, dashed or dotted line attachment to the carbon atom, i.e., by the symbol “ - - - ” or “ . . . ”. The corresponding substituent attached “above” (X2) the other (X1) is identified as being in the beta (β) configuration and is indicated by an unbroken line attachment to the carbon atom.
When a variable substituent is bivalent, the valences may be taken together or separately or both in the definition of the variable. For example, a variable Ri attached to a carbon atom as —C(═Ri)— might be bivalent and be defined as oxo or keto (thus forming a carbonyl group (—CO—) or as two separately attached monovalent variable substituents α-Ri-j and β-Ri-k. When a bivalent variable, Ri, is defined to consist of two monovalent variable substituents, the convention used to define the bivalent variable is of the form “α-Ri-j:β-Ri-k” or some variant thereof. In such a case both α-Ri-j and β-Ri-k are attached to the carbon atom to give —C(α-Ri-j)(β-Ri-k)—. For example, when the bivalent variable R6, —C(═R6)— is defined to consist of two monovalent variable substituents, the two monovalent variable substituents are α-R6-1:β-R6-2, . . . α-R6-9:β-R6-10, etc, giving —C(α-R6-1)(β-R6-2)—, . . . —C(α-R6-9)(β-R6-10)—, etc. Likewise, for the bivalent variable R11, —C(═R11)—, two monovalent variable substituents are α-R11-1:β-R11-2. For a ring substituent for which separate α and β orientations do not exist (e.g. due to the presence of a carbon carbon double bond in the ring), and for a substituent bonded to a carbon atom which is not part of a ring the above convention is still used, but the α and β designations are omitted.
Just as a bivalent variable may be defined as two separate monovalent variable substituents, two separate monovalent variable substituents may be defined to be taken together to form a bivalent variable. For example, in the formula —C1(Ri)H—C2(Rj)H—(C1 and C2 define arbitrarily a first and second carbon atom, respectively) Ri and Rj may be defined to be taken together to form (1) a second bond between C1 and C2 or (2) a bivalent group such as oxa (—O—) and the formula thereby describes an epoxide. When Ri and Rj are taken together to form a more complex entity, such as the group —X—Y—, then the orientation of the entity is such that C1 in the above formula is bonded to X and C2 is bonded to Y. Thus, by convention the designation “ . . . Ri and Rj are taken together to form —CH2—CH2—O—CO— . . . ” means a lactone in which the carbonyl is bonded to C2. However, when designated “ . . . Rj and Ri are taken together to form —CO—O—CH2—CH2-the convention means a lactone in which the carbonyl is bonded to C1.
The carbon atom content of variable substituents is indicated in one of two ways. The first method uses a prefix to the entire name of the variable such as “C1–C4”, where both “1” and “4” are integers representing the minimum and maximum number of carbon atoms in the variable. The prefix is separated from the variable by a space. For example, “C1–C4 alkyl” represents alkyl of 1 through 4 carbon atoms, (including isomeric forms thereof unless an express indication to the contrary is given). Whenever this single prefix is given, the prefix indicates the entire carbon atom content of the variable being defined. Thus C2–C4 alkoxycarbonyl describes a group CH3—(CH2)n-0-CO— where n is zero, one or two. By the second method the carbon atom content of only each portion of the definition is indicated separately by enclosing the “C–Cj” designation in parentheses and placing it immediately (no intervening space) before the portion of the definition being defined. By this optional convention (C1–C3)alkoxycarbonyl has the same meaning as C2–C4 alkoxycarbonyl because the “C1–C3” refers only to the carbon atom content of the alkoxy group. Similarly while both C2–C6 alkoxyalkyl and (C1—C3)alkoxy(C1–C3)alkyl define alkoxyalkyl groups containing from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, the two definitions differ since the former definition allows either the alkoxy or alkyl portion alone to contain 4 or 5 carbon atoms while the latter definition limits either of these groups to 3 carbon atoms.
When the claims contain a fairly complex (cyclic) substituent, at the end of the phrase naming/designating that particular substituent will be a notation in (parentheses) which will correspond to the same name/designation in one of the CHARTS which will also set forth the chemical structural formula of that particular substituent.
II. Definitions
All temperatures are in degrees Celsius.
TLC refers to thin-layer chromatography.
LC refers to liquid chromatography.
ESTDLC refers to external standard liquid chromatography.
THF refers to tetrahydrofuran.
DMAP refers to p-dimethylaminopyridine.
DDQ refers to 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone.
DBU refers to 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene.
DBN refers to 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene.
DABCO refers 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.
Chromatography (column and flash chromatography) refers to purification/separation of compounds expressed as (support, eluent). It is understood that the appropriate fractions are pooled and concentrated to give the desired compound(s).
Carboxylic acid (VI) refers to and includes the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
CMR refers to C-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy, chemical shifts are reported in ppm (δ) downfield from TMS.
NMR refers to nuclear (proton) magnetic resonance spectroscopy, chemical shifts are reported in ppm (d) downfield from TMS.
In the present invention the terms conversion/transformation or convert/transform are used interchangeable and mean the same thing, the reaction of one compound to form a different compound by the process described.
TMS refers to trimethylsilyl.
Oxone refers to KHSO5.
φ refers to phenyl (C6H5).
MS refers to mass spectrometry expressed as m/e, m/z or mass/charge unit. [M+H]+ refers to the positive ion of a parent plus a hydrogen atom. EI refers to electron impact. CI refers to chemical ionization. FAB refers to fast atom bombardment.
Pharmaceutically acceptable refers to those properties and/or substances which are acceptable to the patient from a pharmacological/toxicological point of view and to the manufacturing pharmaceutical chemist from a physical/chemical point of view regarding composition, formulation, stability, patient acceptance and bioavailability.
When solvent pairs are used, the ratios of solvents used are volume/volume (v/v).
When the solubility of a solid in a solvent is used the ratio of the solid to the solvent is weight/volume (wt/v).
Δ9-Canrenone refers to 17β-hydroxypregna-4,6,9-trien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone.
Eplerenone refers to 9α,11α-epoxy-17β-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one-7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone, methyl ester.
Neopentylglycol refers to HO—CH2—C(CH3)2—CH2—OH.
Iodosobenzene refers to φI═O.
Iodobenzenebistrifluoroacetate refers to φI(O—CO—CF3)2.
Iodobenzenediacetate refers to φI(O—CO—CH3)2.
Tritylfluoroborate is also known as triphenylcarbenium fluoroborate and refers to φ3C+BF4 −.
acac refers to acetylacetonate.
dppb refers to diphenylphosphino butane.
Tf refers to trifluoromethanesulfonate.
Dimethylsulfide refers to CH3SCH3.
Ishikawa reagent refers to N-(1,1,2,2,3,3,3)hexafluoropropyldiethylamine.
An “oxidatively cleaving agent” is a reagent that oxidizes the biscarbonyl compound (V) or hydroxy compound (IV-OH) to the carboxylic acid (VI).
A “hydroperoxy-deoxygenating agent” is a reagent that removes an oxygen atom from a hydroperoxide compound (IV-OOH) to give the corresponding hydroxy compound (IV-OH).
A “deoxygenating agent” is a reagent that removes one oxygen atom from a molecule. The “hydroperoxy-deoxygenating agent” is thus a particular type of deoxygenating agent.
A “carboxylic acid forming agent” is a reagent that induces a hydroperoxide compound (IV-OOH) to rearrange to a carboxylic acid (VI).
An “oxygen donating agent” is a reagent that provides an oxygen atom to a 7α-substituted steroid (II) to transform it into a cis enedione (III-cis).
EXAMPLES
Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, using the preceding description, practice the present invention to its fullest extent. The following detailed examples describe how to prepare the various compounds and/or perform the various processes of the invention and are to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitations of the preceding disclosure in any way whatsoever. Those skilled in the art will promptly recognize appropriate variations from the procedures both as to reactants and as to reaction conditions and techniques.
Example 1 17β-Hydroxypregna-4,6,9(11)-trien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone, cyclic 3-(2′,2′-dimethyl-1′,3′-propanediyl ketal) (I—P)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00108
17β-hydroxypregna-4,6,9(11)-trien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone 3-methyl enol ether (I, 3.00 g, 8.4629 mmoles) and lithium perchlorate (199.6 mg, 1.8761 mmoles, 0.22 equivalents) are slurried in acetonitrile (20 ml) and methylene chloride (10) are cooled to −15°, treated with 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propyleneglycol (2.19 g, 21.027 mmoles, 2.48 equivalents), then treated drop wise over 73 min. with a solution of DDQ (2.29 g, 10.088 mmoles, 1.19 equivalents) in ethyl acetate. After stirring for 40 min, the reaction mixture is quenched with ammonium hydroxide (28%, 5 ml), diluted with ethyl acetate, concentrated, diluted with methylene chloride, and filtered. The filtrate is diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with aqueous sodium bicarbonate/sodium chloride followed by water, then filtered through magnesol, eluting with methylene chloride. The eluate is concentrated to give solids which are triturated with toluene, dried by a stream of nitrogen to give the title compound, CMR (CDCl3) 14.44, 22.53, 22.78, 23.02, 24.89, 28.85, 29.22, 30.07, 30.18, 31.31,32.92, 35.37, 38.56, 39.03, 44.35, 44.43, 70.54, 70.65, 95.17, 95.43, 116.80, 120.23, 127.82, 130.27, 141.83, 145.08 and 176.61 δ; NMR (CDCl3) 0.95, 0.97, 1.03, 1.18, 1.3–2.8, 3.5–3.7, 5.44, 5.71, 5.80 and 6.02 δ.
Example 2 17β-Hydroxypregna-4,6,9(11)-trien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone, cyclic 3-ethanediyl ketal (I—P)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00109
17β-hydroxypregna-4,6,9(11)-trien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone 3-methyl enol ether (I, 300 mg, 0.8463 mmoles) in methylene chloride (5 ml) is cooled to −15° then treated with ethylene glycol (220 mg, 3.544 mmoles, 4.19 equivalents). To this mixture is added drop wise over 30 min. a solution of DDQ (230 mg, 1.0132 mmoles, 1.20 equivalents). After the addition is complete, the reaction is stirred at −15° for 5 min., at which time TLC analysis (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane, 66/34) shows conversion of the starting methyl enol ether (Rf=0.69) into the corresponding ethylene ketal (Rf=0.54) was nearly complete. The reaction is then quenched with concentrated ammonium hydroxide (0.5 ml), and filtered. The filtrate is then filtered through 1.0 g cartridge grade magnesol and concentrated to give the title compound, by comparison with an authentic sample, CMR (CDCl3) 14.37, 22.95, 24.54, 29.15, 30.28, 31.23, 32.87, 35.30, 38.17, 38.45, 44.27, 44.37, 64.15, 64.70, 95.07, 105.94, 116.85, 122.39, 127.41, 130.24, 141.71, 145.76 and 176.51 δ; NMR (CDCl3) 0.97, 1.18, 1.3–2.9, 3.8–4.1, 5.29, 5.45, 5.70 and 5.99 δ.
Example 3 17β-Hydroxy-7α-(5′-methyl-2′-furyl)-pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (II)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00110
Δ9-canrenone (I, 90.0 g, 0.2659 moles) is mixed with nitromethane (730–735 ml). Then 2-methylfuran (49.5 ml, 45.04 g, 0.5487 moles, 2.06 equivalents) is added. The resulting mixture is cooled to −20° then treated with absolute ethanol (15.8 ml, 12.55 g, 0.2723 moles, 1.02 equivalents) followed by boron trifluoride etherate, (d=1.120; 37.2 ml, 41.66 g, 0.2936 moles, 1.10 equivalents). The mixture is recooled to −18.4° and stirred for 17 hrs., at which time the reaction was complete by LC. The reaction mixture is quenched with ammonia (15% aqueous, 225 ml). The mixture is warmed to above 0°, water (200 ml) is added, the organic phase is separated, and the aqueous phase is extracted with methylene chloride (2×200 ml). The organic extracts are dried over magnesium sulfate (100 g) then filtered through magnesol (100 g cartridge grade), washing the cake with methylene chloride (5×200 ml). The eluate is then concentrated under reduced pressure to a foam, slurried with ethyl acetate (200 ml) and reconcentrated, then dissolved in ethyl acetate (950 ml) at 50° to 60°. The mixture is concentrated to about 500 ml volume, then diluted with cyclohexane (250 ml). The product begins to crystallize slowly. The slurry is reconcentrated to about 500 ml volume, cooled to 20–25°, further concentrated to about 400 ml volume, then cooled to 0°. After overnight at 0°, the slurry is filtered and the cake washed with cyclohexane followed by heptane and dried in a vacuum oven at 50° to give the title compound, TLC=0.37 (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane, 66/34), CMR (CDCl3) 13.38, 14.12, 23.18, 26.83, 29.14, 31.26, 32.93, 33.93, 34.18, 35.39, 37.57, 38.52, 40.78, 41.90, 42.39, 44.08, 95.19, 105.89, 107.12, 119.73, 126.24, 149.99, 152.74, 167.45, 76.53 and 198.56; NMR (CDCl3) 0.95, 1.43, 1.4–2.6, 2.16, 2.93, 3.30, 5.68 and 5.74 δ.
The filtrate is concentrated to a foam which is dissolved in ethyl acetate (40 ml), concentrated to about 20 ml, seeded, diluted with cyclohexane (20 ml), concentrated to about 30 ml, cooled to 0° over the weekend, then filtered, washed with ethyl acetate/cyclohexane (1/2) and dried to give additional title compound.
Example 4 17β-Hydroxy-7α-(trans-1′,4′-dioxopent-2′-en-1′yl)pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (III-trans)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00111
Step A: 17β-Hydroxy-7α-(cis-1′,4′-dioxopent-2′-en-1′yl)pregna-4,9(11)-dien -3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (III-cis)
A mixture of 17β-hydroxy-7α-(5′-methyl-2′-furyl)-pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (II, EXAMPLE 3, 5.04 g, 11.9843 mmoles) and potassium acetate (1.7 g, 17.32 mmoles, 1.45 equivalents) in THF (40 ml) and water (12.5 ml) at 23.8° is treated with dibromantin (2.0 g, 6.995 mmoles, 0.58 equivalents) followed by isobutyl vinyl ether (500 μl, 384 mg, 3.834 mmoles, 0.32 equivalents). The reaction mixture is stirred at 20–25° for 1 hr., at which time conversion of the starting material (II, Rf=0.50) into cis- and trans-enedione (Rf=0.11) is complete by TLC (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane, 66/34). The reaction mixture is diluted with water (200 ml) and extracted with methylene chloride (2×100 ml). The extracts are combined, washed with water (50 ml), dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give the cis-enedione (III-cis).
Step B:17β-Hydroxy-7α-(trans-1′,4′-dioxopent-2′-en-1′yl)pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (III-trans)
The concentrate (Step A) is taken up in chloroform (100 ml) and the mixture is stirred at 20–25° for 20 hrs., at which time conversion of cis-enedione into trans-enedione is judged to be complete as measured by TLC and LC (cis/trans=1.1/98.9). The mixture is then concentrated and the concentrate is taken up in ethyl acetate (20 ml) at 20–25° and diluted with cyclohexane (80 ml), which induces crystallization. The slurry is cooled, filtered, and the cake washed with cyclohexane and dried under reduced pressure at 50° to give the title compound, CMR (CDCl3) 13.98, 23.28, 27.08, 28.66, 29.01, 31.26, 32.77, 33.61, 34.01, 35.22, 35.28, 40.48, 40.51, 42.41, 44.43,48.13,94.77, 118.81, 126.03, 135.89, 137.04, 142.16, 165.21, 176.32, 197.81, 198.26 and 200.18; NMR (CDCl3) 1.04, 1.30, 1.51, 1.5–3.6, 2.45, 5.71, 5.78 and 6.89 δ; MS (electrospray) m/e=435 (p+−1) negative ion mode;
Example 5 17β-Hydroxypregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone (VI)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00112
Step A: 17β-hydroxy-7α-(1′-oxo-2′-isopropoxy-2′-hydroxy-ethyl)pregna-4,9(11 )-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (IV-OH); 17β-hydroxy-7α-(1′-oxo-2′-isopropoxy-2′-hydrohydroperoxyethyl)pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (IV-OOH) and 17β-hydroxy-7α-(2′-oxo-acetyl)-pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (V)
A mixture of 17β-hydroxy-7α-(trans-1′,4′-dioxo-pent-2′-en-1′yl)pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (III-trans, EXAMPLE 4, 551.8 mg, 1.2640 mmoles) in isopropanol (11 ml) and methylene chloride (5 ml) is cooled to −55°. Ozone in oxygen is bubbled through this mixture until 0.4 area % (by LC) trans-enedione (III) remained. The mixture is purged of ozone by sparging with nitrogen for 7 minutes to give a mixture of the title compounds.
Step B: 17β-hydroxy-7α-(1′-oxo-2′-isopropoxy-2′-hydroxy-ethyl)pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (IV-OH), 17β-hydroxy-7α-(1′,2′-dioxo-ethyl)pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (V) and 17β-Hydroxy-7α-(2′-oxo-acetyl)-pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (V)
The mixture of Step A is then quenched with dimethylsulfide (340 μl, 288 mg, 4.630 mmoles, 3.66 equivalents), warmed to 20–25°, stirred at 20–25° for 50 min. to give a mixture of the title compounds.
Step C:
17β-Hydroxypregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone (VI)
The mixture of Step B is then treated with hydrogen peroxide (70% aqueous, 430 μl, 560 mg, containing 392 mg (11.52 mmoles, 9.12 equivalents) of hydrogen peroxide) and a solution of potassium bicarbonate (637.7 mg, 6.369 mmoles, 5.04 equivalents) in water (8 ml). The resulting two-phase mixture is diluted with enough methanol to produce a one-phase mixture (5 ml), which is then stirred at 20–25° for 16 hrs., then diluted to a volume of 500 ml with methanol for purpose of LC analysis. LC analysis indicates the title compound is obtained by comparison with a known compound.
A 20.0 ml portion of the 500 ml solution was withdrawn and further diluted with methanol to a volume of 50 ml. This solution (containing 17.3 mg [0.0450 mmoles] carboxylic acid by LC) is concentrated to a low volume, diluted with water, acidified with hydrochloric acid (1N), and extracted with methylene chloride (2×). The two extracts are each washed in sequence with water, then combined and concentrated. The concentrate is taken up in methanol/toluene (1/1; 2 ml) and treated with a mixture of trimethylsilyldiazomethane, (CH3)3SiCHN2, in hexane (2.0 M, 0.25 ml, 0.50 mmoles, 11.1 equivalents). TLC analysis (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane; 66/34) indicates the title compound is obtained, Rf=0.23; LC analysis (210 nm detection) indicates the same retention time as a known standard and that the title compound is obtained.
Example 6 17β-Hydroxypregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone, methyl ester (VIII)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00113
The remainder of the 500 ml mixture of Step C of EXAMPLE 5 (479 ml, containing 414.4 mg [1.0777 mmoles] 17β-hydroxypregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one 7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone (VI, EXAMPLE 5C) is concentrated partially, diluted with water (20 ml), concentrated to a volume of about 20 ml, treated with hydrochloric acid (18 ml) and extracted with methylene chloride (25 ml, then 2×15 ml). The extracts are washed with water (30 ml), combined, and concentrated to a volume of 50.0 ml. Half of this mixture is concentrated to a low volume, diluted with ethyl acetate, and extracted with potassium bicarbonate (25% aqueous, 20 ml, then 10 ml). The extracts are combined, acidified to pH 3 with hydrochloric acid (1N) and extracted with methylene chloride (40 ml, then 2×15 ml). The extracts are then combined, washed with water, concentrated to a volume of <1 ml, and treated with a solution of sodium carbonate (349.6 mg, 3.298 mmoles, 6.12 equivalents based on carboxylic acid) in water (1.0 ml) followed by tetra-n-butylammonium bisulfate, (n-butyl)4NHSO4, (20.4 mg, 0.0601 mmoles, 0.11 equivalents) followed by dimethylsulfate (108 μl, 144.0 mg, 1.14 mmoles, 2.11 equivalents). The mixture is diluted with methylene chloride (0.1 ml), stirred at 20–25° for 11.5 hrs., treated with hydrochloric acid (1 N, 10 ml) and extracted with methylene chloride (10 ml, then 2×5 ml). The extracts are combined, washed with water, and concentrated to give the title compound, consistent with a known standard.
Example 7 17β-Hydroxy-7α-(cis-3′-acetoxyacryloyl)-pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (X-cis)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00114
A stream of O3/O2 (ozone/oxygen) is passed through a cold (−78°) mixture of 17β-hydroxy-7α-(5′-methyl-2′-furyl)-pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (II, EXAMPLE 3, 3.0138 g, 7.1663 mmoles) in methylene chloride (40 ml) and methanol (10 ml) until the starting material had been consumed (LC, 25 min),then the mixture is purged with O2 followed by nitrogen, quenched with trimethylphosphite (3.0 ml, 3.16 g, 25.435 mmoles, 3.55 equivalents), and warmed to 20–25°. After stirring for 1 hr., LC analysis indicates the title compound is obtained, CMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 198.49, 198.23, 176.43, 166.63, 166.10, 142.74, 142.44, 125.87, 118.12, 110.39, 94.99, 49.30, 44.47, 42.30, 40.59, ˜40, 35.46, 35.33, 34.11, 33.63, 32.83, 31.37, 29.11, 27.26, 23.31, 20.67 and 14.06 δ; NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 0.94, 1.40, 1.5–2.9, 2.29, 5.38, 5.63 and 7.48 δ.
Example 8 17β-Hydroxy-7α-(trans-3′-acetoxyacryloyl)-pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (X-trans)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00115
After stirring the reaction mixture of EXAMPLE 7, 17β-hydroxy-7α-(cis-3′-acetoxyacryloyl)-pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (X-cis, EXAMPLE 7) for 1 hr., the reaction mixture is quenched with hydrochloric acid (5% aqueous, 25 ml) and stirred at 20–25° for 20 min., at which time isomerization to trans is complete. The organic phase is then separated, concentrated, and flash chromatographed (silica gel, 150 g; gradient elution, 40%→70% ethyl acetate/cyclohexane) to give the title compound. This material is then crystallized from ethyl acetate/heptane (70/30) to give the title compound in pure form, CMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 199.25, 198.39, 176.41, 166.79, 166.39, 149.00, 142.57, 125.67, 118.20, 113.11, 94.90, 47.75, 44.40, 42.40, 40.45, ˜40, 35.63, 35.25, 34.01, 33.56, 32.73, 31.29, 29.04, 27.14, 23.32, 20.47 and 13.98 δ; NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 1.14, 1.4–4.1, 1.61, 2.44, 5.75, 6.14 and 8.41 δ.
Example 9 17 β-Hydroxy-7α-(2′-hydroperoxy-2′-methoxyacetyl)pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (IV-OOH)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00116
A stream of ozone/oxygen is passed through a cooled (−78°) mixture of 17β-hydroxy-7α-(trans-3′-acetoxyacryloyl)-pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (X-trans, EXAMPLE 8, 311.0 mg, 0.6872 mmoles) in methylene/methanol (2/1, 6 ml) until a blue color persisted (3 min.). The excess ozone is purged with oxygen followed by nitrogen, then the reaction mixture is warmed to 20–25° and diluted with methylene chloride to 10 ml. A portion of this mixture (3.5 ml, from 0.2405 mmoles trans-enolacetate) is concentrated to dryness to give the title compound.
Example 10 5α,17β-Dihydroxypregn-9(11)-ene-3-one 7α, 21-dicarboxylic acid, bis-γ-lactone (VII)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00117
17β-Hydroxy-7α-(2′-hydroperoxy-2′-methoxyacetyl)pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (IV-OOH, EXAMPLE 9, 3.5 ml, from 0.2405 mmoles trans-enolacetate) is concentrated to dryness and the residue dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid (1.0 ml), stirred at 20–25° for 20 min., then diluted with ethyl acetate (1.0 ml), washed with aqueous sodium bicarbonate, diluted with methylene chloride (2.0 ml), washed with diluted aqueous hydrochloric acid and concentrated. The concentrate is taken up in methylene chloride (1.0 ml), stirred with aqueous hydrochloric acid (6N) for 30 min, then concentrated to give the title compound, CMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 206.39, 176.80, 175.59, 139.66, 124.11, 95.12, 91.11, 47.14, 43.99, 42.45, 41.66, 41.63, 41.15, 39.01, 37.04, 35.23, 33.08, 32.50, 31.42, 29.21, 23.16, 23.06 and 14.30 δ; NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 0.94, 1.40, 1.5–2.6, 2.80, 5.70 δ; MS (CI, NH3) m/e=402 (100%, P+NH4).
Example 11 17β-Hydroxy-7α-(2′-oxo-acetyl)-pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (V)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00118
A stream of ozone/oxygen is passed through a cooled (−79°) mixture of 17β-hydroxy-7α-(trans-1′,4′-dioxopent-2′-en-1′yl)pregna-4,9-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (III-trans, EXAMPLE 4B, 503.4 mg, 1.1531 mmoles) in methylene chloride/methanol (1/1, 4.0 ml) until TLC analysis (acetone/methylene chloride, 3/7) indicates that conversion of starting material (Rf=0.70) to a more polar product (Rf=0.45) is complete (10 min.). The reaction mixture is then quenched with dimethylsulfide (0.20 ml, 169 mg, 2.72 mmoles, 2.34 equivalents), stirred at 20–25° for 1 hr., and then concentrated. The concentrate is flash chromatographed (silica gel, 60 g; gradient elution, acetone/methylene chloride 5%→25%) to give the title compound, CMR (100 MHz, CD3CN) 198.68, 197.54, 187.93, 176.09, 166.40, 142.33, 125.02, 118.56, 94.44, ˜44, 42.49, 40.34, ˜40, 39.87, 34.60, 33.83, 33.56, 33.32, 32.39, 30.53, 28.39, 26.16, 22.43 and 13.22 δ; NMR (400 MHz, CD3CN) 0.87, 1.37, 1.2–2.9, 5.49, 5.63 and 8.93 6; MS (CI, NH3) m/e=397 (P+H, 100%).
Example 12
11α,17β-Dihydroxy-7α-(5′-methyl-2′-furyl)-pregn-4-en-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (II)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00119
A mixture of 11α-hydroxycanrenone (I, 30.00 g, 84.1586 mmoles) in nitromethane (240 ml) and methylene chloride (60 ml) is cooled to −20° then treated with 2-methylfuran (15.6 ml, 14.20 g, 0.1729 moles, 2.05 equivalents) followed by ethanol (5.1 ml, 4.03 g, 87.454 mmoles, 1.04 equivalents) followed by boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BF3OEt2, 12.0 ml, 13.44 g, 94.695 mmoles, 1.13 equivalents). The reaction mixture is stirred at −17° for 20 hrs., then quenched with ammonia (15% aqueous, 60 ml), extracted with methylene chloride (120 ml), dried over sodium sulfate (40 g) and concentrated. The concentrate is dissolved in methylene chloride/ethyl acetate (1/1, 300 ml) concentrated to a volume of 75 ml, diluted with 150 ml cyclohexane, concentrated to a volume of 200 ml, and filtered to give the title compound, CMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) 199.59, 176.67, 170.11, 152.92, 150.28, 126.20, 108.67, 105.90, 95.18, 68.55, 52.05, 45.84, 45.58, 43.08, 39.73, 38.62, 38.42, 37.47, 36.54, 35.26, 34.17, 30.91, 29.05, 22.62, 18.40, 15.58 and 13.44 δ; NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) 1.01, 1.1–3.2, 1.41, 2.20, 4.12, 5.73, 5.83 and 5.93 δ.
The filtrate is concentrated. The concentrate is taken up in ethyl acetate (30 ml warm), cooled to 10°, and filtered to give a second crop of crystal of the title compound.
Example 13 17β-Hydroxy-7α-(5′-methyl-2′-furyl)-pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (II)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00120
A mixture of 11α,17β-dihydroxy-7α-(5′-methyl-2′-furyl)-pregn-4-en-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (II, EXAMPLE 12, 438.3 mg, 0.9994 mmoles) in THF (7.3 ml) is cooled to −50°, then treated all at once with solid phosphorous pentachloride, (PCl5, 287.5 mg, 1.381 mmoles, 1.38 equivalents). After stirring for 42 min., analysis by LC indicates that conversion to the title compound is complete. After another 21 min., the mixture is quenched with water (22 ml) and warmed to 20–25°. After 20 min., the mixture is extracted with methylene chloride (2×15 ml), dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated to give the title compound, identified by LC retention time comparison with a sample from EXAMPLE 3.
Example 14 9α,11α-Epoxy-17β-hydroxy-7α-(5′-methyl-2′-furyl)-pregn-4-en-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (II)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00121
A mixture of 9α,11α-epoxycanrenone (I, J. Med. Chem., 6, 732 (1963) and Helv. Chim. Acta 80, 566 (1997), 10.0135 g, 28.2508 mmoles) in nitromethane (80 ml) and methylene chloride (20 ml) is cooled to −20° then treated with 2-methylfuran (5.10 ml, 4.64 g, 56.529 mmoles, 2.00 equivalents) followed by ethanol (1.7 ml, 1.343 g, 29.151 mmoles, 1.03 equivalents) followed by boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BF3OEt2, 3.6 ml, 4.03 g, 28.408 mmoles, 1.01 equivalents). The reaction mixture is stirred at −20° for 24 hrs., at which time conversion to the product is complete as determined by LC, so the reaction is quenched with aqueous ammonia (15%, 10 ml), extracted with methylene chloride (2×100 ml), and concentrated to a residue which is flash chromatographed (560 g silica gel; gradient elution, 50%→90% ethyl acetate/cyclohexane). The material obtained by chromatography is triturated with cyclohexane (100 ml) at reflux for two hrs., then cooled to 0° and filtered to give the title compound, CMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) 198.10, 176.26, 165.67, 153.19, 149.96, 127.56, 107.92, 106.14, 94.66, 65.45, 49.92, 43.82, 40.00, 39.18, 37.43, 37.37, 35.54, 35.00, 33.24, 31.00, 30.81, 28.91, 26.98, 22.26, 22.00, 16.61 and 13.47 δ; NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) 1.02, 1.3–3.0, 1.52, 2.20, 3.28, 5.85, 5.92 and 6.01 δ. The assigned structure is confirmed by X-ray crystallography.
Example 15 17β-Hydroxypregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone (VI) via direct ozonization of 17β-hydroxy-7α-(cis-4′-oxo-pent-2′-enoyl)-3-oxo-pregna-4,9(11)-diene-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (III-cis)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00122
A stream of ozone/oxygen is passed through a cooled (−55°) mixture of 17β-hydroxy-7α-(cis-4′-oxo-pent-2′-enoyl)-pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (III-cis, EXAMPLE 4 Step A, 52.4 mg, 0.1200 mmoles) in methylene chloride/isopropyl alcohol (1/1, 3.0 ml) containing water (50 mg, 2.77 mmoles, 23.1 equivalents) until disappearance of starting material is complete by LC (126 secs.). The reaction mixture is then quenched with dimethylsulfide (0.033 ml, 27.9 mg, 0.449 mmoles, 3.74 equivalents), stirred at 20–25° for 45 min., then diluted with methanol (5 ml), treated with aqueous hydrogen peroxide (70%, 50 μl, containing 45.6 mg [1.34 mmoles, 11.2 equivalents] of hydrogen peroxide, treated with a mixture of potassium bicarbonate (62.4 mg, 0.623 mmoles, 5.19 equivalents) in water (2 ml) and the resulting mixture stirred at 20–25°. After 15 hrs, analysis by LC indicates formation of the title compound.
Example 16 17β-Hydroxypregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone (VI) via direct ozonization of 17β-hydroxy-7α-(trans-4′-oxo-pent-2′-enoyl)-pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (III-trans)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00123
A stream of ozone/oxygen is passed through a cooled (−55°) mixture of 17β-hydroxy-7α-(trans-4′-oxo-pent-2′-enoyl)-pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (III-trans, EXAMPLE 4 Step B, 103.5 mg, 0.2371 mmoles) in methylene chloride/isopropyl alcohol (1/1, 3 ml) containing water (50 mg, 2.77 mmoles, 11.7 equivalents) until disappearance of starting material is complete by LC (100 secs.). The reaction mixture is then quenched with dimethylsulfide (CH3SCH3, 65 μl, 55.0 mg, 0.885 mmoles, 3.73 equivalents), stirred at 20–25° for 45 min., then diluted to a volume of 10.0 ml with methanol. A 5.0 ml portion of this mixture is treated with aqueous hydrogen peroxide (70%, 50 μl, containing 45.6 mg [1.34 mmoles, 11.3 equivalents] of hydrogen peroxide, treated with a mixture of potassium bicarbonate (59 mg, 0.589 mmoles, 4.97 equivalents) in water (2.1 ml), and the resulting mixture stirred at 20–25°. After 15 hrs., analysis by LC (ESTD) indicates formation of the title compound, CMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 199.96, 177.42, 174.28, 169.06, 142.10, 124.86, 118.60, 95.60, 44.23, 43.48,42.61, 40.38, 39.79, 35.59, 35.08, 33.73, 33.30, 32.57, 31.05, 28.98, 26.80, 22.92 and 13.68 δ; NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 0.96, 1.42, 1.5–3.0, 4.28, 5.64 and 5.74 δ; MS (CI, NH3; m/e)=402 (P+NH4 +).
Example 17 5α,17β-Dihydroxypregn-9(11)-ene-3-one 7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, bis-γ-lactone, 3-dimethyl ketal (VII-ketal)
5α,17β-Dihydroxypregn-9(11)-ene-3-one 7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, bis-γ-lactone (VII, EXAMPLE 10) is treated with at least one equivalent of trimethyl ortho formate in the presence of a catalytic amount of p-toluenesulfonic acid by the procedure of International Publication WO98/25948, to give the title compound.
Example 18 17β-hydroxypregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone, methyl ester (VIII)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00124
11α,17β-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one-7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone, methyl ester (VIII, Drugs of the Future, 24(5), 488-501 (1999), compound (VI)), 5.00 g, 12.0 mmol) is mixed with acetonitrile (15 ml). N-(1,1,2,3,3,3)hexafluoropropyl)-diethylamine (V, 2.55 ml, 14.4 mmol) is added to this the steroid mixture and heated to 60° for 2.5 hours. The resulting mixture is cooled to 20–25° and the reaction is quenched with methanol (100 μL). A saturated aqueous solution of potassium bicarbonate (15 ml) is added. The acetonitrile is then removed under reduced pressure. The resulting mixture is extracted with methylene chloride (3×10 ml). The combined organic phases are washed with a aqueous solution of sodium chloride (10%, 20 ml). The solvent is dried with magnesium sulfate. The solvent is exchanged from methylene chloride to methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE). The mixture is concentrated to a final volume of 25 ml. The resulting slurry is stirred overnight and the final product, the title compound, is collected by filtration.
Example 19 17β-hydroxypregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone, methyl ester (VIII)
11α,17β-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one-7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone, methyl ester (VIII, 5.00 g, 12.0 mmol) is placed in a flask with acetonitrile (15 ml). To this mixture N-(1,1,2,3,3,3)hexafluoropropyl)-diethylamine (2.55 ml, 14.4 mmol) is added and heated to 60° for 2 hrs. The mixture is cooled to 20–25° and the reaction is quenched with aqueous potassium bicarbonate (20% solution, 18 ml). The acetonitrile is removed under reduced pressure, the aqueous layer is extracted with methylene chloride (3×5 ml). The combined organic phases are washed with sodium chloride solution (10%, 10 ml). The solvent is exchanged from methylene chloride to methyl isobutyl ketone/heptane to crystallize the title compound, mp=198.6–199.5°; MS (m/z) calculated for C24H30O5=398.5 (M+), found 398.9(M+); NMR (CDCl3) 5.69, 5.64, 3.62, 2.97, 2.84–1.47, 1.38 and 0.93 δ; CMR (CDCl3) 98.5, 176.4, 172.5, 166.5, 142.3, 125.6, 118.9, 95.0, 51.3, 43.0, 40.3, 35.6, 35.2, 34.1, 33.7, 32.8, 31.2, 29.0, 27.1, 23.2 and 14.0 δ.
Example 20 17β-hydroxypregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone, methyl ester (VIII)
11α,17β-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one-7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone, methyl ester (VIII, 80.00 g, 192.1 mmol) is placed in a flask with acetonitrile (80 ml). To this mixture N-(1,1,2,3,3,3)hexafluoropropyl)-diethylamine (40.8 ml, 224.8 mmol) is added and heated slowly to 45 to 50°, then held for 1–2 hours. The mixture is cooled to 20–25° and the reaction is quenched with aqueous potassium bicarbonate (72 g in 288 ml). Methylene chloride (240 ml) is added and after mixing the layers are separated. The aqueous phase is extracted with methylene chloride (100 ml). The combined organic phases are washed with water (240 ml). The solvent is exchanged from methylene chloride to methyl tert-butyl ether, and branched octane is added drop wise to crystallize the product which is the title compound.
Example 21 17β-Hydroxy-7α-(5′-methyl-2′-furyl)-pregna-4,9-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (II)
Following the general procedure of EXAMPLE 3, using the same reactants and making non-critical variations, the title compound is obtained, CMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 198.56, 176.53, 167.45, 152.74, 149.99, 142.84, 126.24, 119.73, 107.12, 105.89, 95.19, 44.08, 42.39, 41.90, 40.78, 38.52, 37.57, 35.39, 34.18, 33.93, 32.93, 31.26, 29.14, 26.83, 23.18, 14.12 and 13.38 δ; NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 0.95, 1.43, 1.4–2.6, 2.16, 2.93 and 5.7 δ.
Example 22 17β-Hydroxy-7α-(cis-1′,4′-dioxopent-2′-en-1′yl)pregna-4,9-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (III-cis)
Following the general procedure of EXAMPLE 4, Step A, using the same reactants and making non-critical variations, the title compound is obtained, CMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 202.28, 200, 199.05, 177.19, 166.56, 142.34, 138.49, 134.39, 126.37, 119.90, 95.57, 49.63, 44.90, 42.39, 41.08, 41.04, 35.82, 35.75, 34.49, 34.07, 33.25, 31.71, 30.12, 29.64, 27.49, 23.76 and 14.34 δ; NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 0.93, 1.40, 1.4–2.9, 2.24, 5.66, 5.72, 6.15 and 6.28 δ.
Example 23 17β-Hydroxy-7α-(2′-hydroperoxy-2′-methoxyacetyl)pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (IV-OOH)
Following the general procedure of EXAMPLE 9, using the same reactants and making non-critical variations, the title compound is obtained, CMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 203.54, 199.91, 177.51, 168.98, 142.42, 125.05, 117.89, 105.90, 95.58, 55.82, 44.21, 44.21, 42.17, 41.21, 40.37, 35.33, 34.84, 33.62, 33.16, 32.38, 30.79, 28.84, 26.72, 23.02 and 13.55 δ; NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 0.94, 1.42, 1.4–2.8, 3.57, 4.34, 4.75 and 5.63 δ.
Example 24 17β-Hydroxy-7α-(5′-methyl-2′-furyl)-pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (II)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00125
A mixture of Δ9-canrenone (I, 105 g, 0.31024 moles) in acetonitrile (450 ml) is treated with ethanol (21.0 g, 0.4558 moles, 1.47 equivalents), isopropanol (1.5 ml, 1.177 g, 19.592 mmoles, 0.063 equivalents), and 2-methylfuran (48.5 g, 0.5907 moles, 1.90 equivalents), then cooled to −18° and treated with boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (63.0 g, 0.4439 moles, 1.43 equivalents) over 4 hours. After stirring at −18° for 24 hrs., the mixture is quenched with triethylamine (38.0 g, 0.3755 moles, 1.21 equivalents) and concentrated to a thick slurry, which is diluted with water (350 ml), extracted with methylene chloride (400 ml), washed with water (350 ml), then concentrated, n-propyl acetate added, and further concentrated to give a slurry, which is cooled to 0°, filtered, and the cake washed with n-propyl acetate/methyl-t-butyl ether (1/1) followed by methyl-t-butyl ether to give the title compound, identified by LC retention time comparison with a sample from EXAMPLE 3.
Example 25 5α,17β-Dihydroxypregn-9(11)-ene-3-one, 7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, bis-γ-lactone (VII)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00126
A mixture of 17β-hydroxy-7α-(5′-methyl-2′-furyl)-pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (II, EXAMPLE 24, 100 g, 0.23778 moles) and potassium acetate (50.0 g, 0.5094 moles, 2.14 equivalents) in acetone (500 ml) and water (150 ml) is cooled to −10° and treated with a slurry of dibromantin (34.0 g, 0.1189 moles, 0.50 molar equivalents) in water (100 ml) until a rise in the redox potential occurred. At this point, LC analysis indicated complete conversion into enedione (III-cis). The reaction mixture containing the enedione (III-cis) is then quenched with isobutyl vinyl ether (1.0 ml, 0.768 g, 7.668 mmoles, 0.032 equivalents), concentrated to a thick slurry, diluted with methylene chloride (200 ml), and treated with 20° concentrated hydrochloric acid (50.0 ml, 0.50 moles, 2.10 equivalents). The mixture is stirred at 20–25° for 2 hrs., at which time LC analysis indicated complete conversion to enedione (III-trans). The organic phase containing the enedione (III-trans) is separated, diluted with methylene chloride (80 ml) and methanol (300 ml), and cooled to −48°. A stream of O3/O2 is bubbled through this mixture until LC analysis indicated complete disappearance of the enedione (III-trans), then the mixture is quenched with dimethylsulfide (30.0 ml, 25.38 g, 0.4085 moles, 1.72 equivalents), stirred at −20° for 16 hrs., concentrated to a volume of about 300 ml, diluted with methanol (350 ml), concentrated to a volume of about 300 ml, diluted with isopropanol (40 ml) and methanol (80 ml), then treated with a warm (55–60°) solution of potassium bicarbonate (120 g, 1.1986 moles, 5.04 equivalents) in water (240 ml). This slurry is cooled to 5–10°, then hydrogen peroxide (50%, 66.0 g, containing 33.0 g (0.9703 moles, 4.08 equivalents) hydrogen peroxide) is added over 3 hrs. The mixture is stirred for four hrs. and quenched with dimethylsulfide (40 ml, 33.84 g, 0.5447 moles, 2.29 equivalents). After stirring at 20–25° for 23 hrs., the mixture is diluted with methylene chloride (100 ml) and water (80 ml), and acidified to pH=3.0 with concentrated hydrochloric acid. The two-phase mixture is heated to 36°, then the phases are separated and the aqueous phase extracted with methylene chloride (100 ml). The organic phases are combined, washed with water (75 ml), and the aqueous phase is back-extracted with methylene chloride (25 ml). The organic phases are combined, concentrated to a volume of 150 ml, then treated with benzenesulfonic acid (1.0 g of 90% pure material, containing 0.90 g (5.690 mmoles, 0.0239 equivalents) benzenesulfonic acid) and acetone (50 ml). The mixture is then concentrated atmospherically to a volume of 160 ml, then diluted with acetone (250 ml), concentrated to a volume of 200 ml, cooled to 12°, and filtered. The filter cake is washed with cold acetone (2×25 ml) and dried by nitrogen stream to give the title compound, CMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 206.08, 176.47, 175.41, 139.63, 124.00, 94.89, 90.97, 47.08, 43.90, 42.36, 41.58, 41.07, 38.93, 36.97, 35.16, 33.01, 32.42, 32.42, 31.35, 29.10, 23.08, 22.98 and 14.23 δ; NMR(400 MHz, CDCl3) 0.94, 1.40, 1.4–2.8 and 5.70; MS (CI, NH3) m/e=385 (P+H, 100%).
Example 26 17β-Hydroxy-7α-carbomethoxypregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (VIII)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00127
A mixture of 5α,17β-dihydroxypregn-9(11)-ene-3-one, 7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, bis-γ-lactone (VII, EXAMPLE 25, 50.0 g, 0.13005 moles) and potassium bicarbonate (16.92 g, 0.1690 moles, 1.30 equivalents) in acetone (200 ml) and water (100 ml) is stirred at 45° for 2 hrs., at which time conversion of the 5,7-lactone (VII) into the carboxylic acid (VI) is complete by LC. The resulting mixture is then treated with dimethylsulfate (22.92 g, 0.1817 moles, 1.40 equivalents), stirred at 45° for 3 hrs., then treated with a solution of potassium bicarbonate (1.3 g, 0.0130 moles, 0.100 equivalents) in water (10 ml) followed by neat triethylamine (1.81 ml, 1.314 g, 0.0130 moles, 0.100 equivalents). The mixture is stirred at 45° for 1 hr., quenched with concentrated hydrochloric acid (1.92 ml, 2.304 g, containing 0.852 g (0.0234 moles, 0.180 equivalents) hydrochloric acid), cooled to 0°, concentrated under reduced pressure to a volume of 150 ml (pot temperature 13°), then filtered and the filter cake is washed with water (2×25 ml) and dried to give the title compound, by comparison with an authentic sample by LC.
Example 27 17β-Hydroxy-7α-(5′-t-butyl-2′-furyl)-pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (II)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00128
A mixture of Δ9-canrenone (I, 3.0002 g, 8.8645 mmoles) and 2-t-butylfuran (2.53 ml, 2.204 g, 17.745 mmoles, 2.00 equivalents) in nitromethane (12.0 ml) is treated with ethanol (0.52 ml, 413 mg, 8.96 mmoles, 1.01 equivalents), cooled to −20°, and treated with boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (1.24 ml, 1.389 g, 9.785 mmoles, 1.10 equivalents). The resulting mixture is stirred at −20° for 24 hrs., then at −5° for 12 hrs., then at 0° for 4 hrs., at which time the reaction appeared about 90% complete by TLC. The reaction is quenched with ammonium hydroxide (7%, 30 ml) extracted with methylene chloride (3×50 ml), dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated. The concentrate is flash chromatographed on (silica gel, 150 g; gradient elution, 10%→50% ethyl acetate/cyclohexane). The fractions containing pure product are combined and concentrated to give the title compound, CMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 198.56, 176.53, 167.87, 162.48, 153.02, 142.91, 125.84, 119.42, 106.70, 101.88, 95.21, 44.05, 42.87, 41.90, 40.84, 38.17, 37.80, 35.52, 34.20, 34.02, 32.97, 32.40, 31.33, 29.18, 28.71, 26.79, 23.17 and 14.14 δ; NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 0.95, 1.16, 1.45, 1.5–2.6, 2.94, 3.30, 5.64, 5.72 and 5.76 δ.
Example 28 11α,17β-Dihydroxy-7α-(5′-t-butyl-2′-furyl)-pregn-4-en-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (II)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00129
A mixture of 11α-hydroxycanrenone (I, 2.03 g, 5.6947 mmoles) and 2-t-butylfuran (1.70 ml, 1.481 g, 11.924 mmoles, 2.09 equivalents) in nitromethane (16 ml) is cooled to −2°, treated with ethanol (0.35 ml, 0.276 g, 5.99 mmoles, 1.05 equivalents) and boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (0.83 ml, 0.930 g, 6.550 mmoles, 1.15 equivalents), and stirred at −20° for 21 hrs., at which time LC analysis indicates that the reaction is complete. The reaction mixture is then quenched with ammonium hydroxide (15%, 5.5 ml), diluted with water, extracted with methylene chloride (2×25 ml), dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered through 5.0 g magnesol, and concentrated to a foam, which is flash chromatographed (silica gel, 200 g; gradient elution 20%→70% ethyl acetate/cyclohexane). The fractions containing the product are combined and concentrated to give the title compound, UV λmax=238 mμ.
Example 29 11α,17β-Dihydroxy-7α-(4′-bromo-2′-furyl)-pregn-4-en-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (II)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00130
A mixture of 11α-hydroxycanrenone (I, 2.0 g, 5.6425 mmoles), ethylene glycol (0.84 ml, 0.935 g, 15.06 mmoles, 2.67 equivalents), and 3-bromofuran (3.0 ml, 4.905 g, 33.372 mmoles, 5.91 equivalents) in nitromethane (32 ml) at 20–25° is treated with boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (1.4 ml, 1.568 g, 11.048 mmoles, 1.96 equivalents) and stirred at 20–25° for 20 hrs., at which time the reaction is >80% complete by LC. The reaction is then quenched with water, extracted with ethyl acetate, and concentrated to give a foam, which is dissolved in methylene chloride (10 ml) and flash chromatographed (silica gel, 150 g; gradient elution 0→6% isopropanol/methylene chloride). The product-containing fractions are then combined and rechromatographed (silica gel, 100 g silica gel; gradient elution 0→5% isopropanol/methylene chloride). The product-containing fractions are combined and crystallized from ethyl acetate/cyclohexane (½) to give the title compound, CMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 199.77, 176.54, 168.67, 152.83, 142.43, 126.05, 113.41, 98.03, 95.02, 69.19, 53.51, 46.26, 46.19, 43.40, 39.57, 38.72, 38.05, 37.48, 35.39, 34.77, 34.24, 31.09, 29.11, 22.68, 18.46 and 15.84 δ; NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 0.9–2.9, 1.03, 1.42, 3.35, 4.11, 6.36 and 7.26 δ; MS (CI, NH3) m/e=503, 505 (100%, P+H).
Example 30 11α,17β-Dihydroxy-7α-(4′-methyl-2′-furyl)-pregn-4-en-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (II)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00131
A mixture of 11α-hydroxycanrenone (I, 816 mg, 2.2891 mmoles) and 3-methylfuran (4.0 ml of 1.218 M solution in nitromethane, 4.87 mmoles, 2.13 equivalents) in nitromethane (4.0 ml) is cooled to −20° and treated with ethylene glycol (0.168 ml, 187 mg, 3.01 mmoles, 1.32 equivalents) followed by boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (0.284 ml, 318 mg, 2.241 mmoles, 0.98 equivalents). The resulting mixture is stirred at −20° for 20 hrs., at which time the reaction is 86% complete by LC. The reaction mixture is quenched with aqueous ammonium hydroxide (15%, 4 ml) diluted with water (10 ml), extracted with methylene chloride (2×20 ml), dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated. The concentrate is flash chromatographed (silica gel, 60 g; gradient elution 50%→100% ethyl acetate/cyclohexane). The product-containing fractions are combined and concentrated. The concentrate is crystallized from cyclohexane/ethyl acetate (4/1) to give the title compound, CMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 199.91, 176.62, 170.02, 150.94, 140.81, 125.57, 115.27, 112.29, 95.07, 69.16, 53.50, 46.13, 45.99, 43.24, 39.52, 39.46, 38.14, 37.35, 35.32, 34.18, 31.05, 29.07, 22.28, 18.46, 15.79 and 10.21 δ; NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 1.04, 1.0–2.9, 1.42, 1.96, 3.14, 4.12, 5.34, 6.12 and 7.15 δ; MS (CI, NH3) m/e=439 (100%, P+H).
Example 31 17β-Hydroxy-7α-(5′-methyl-2′-furyl)-pregna-4,9(11 )-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (II)
Ishikawa reagent (2.4 mK, 13.7 mmol) is added to a mixture of 11α,17β-dihydroxy-7α-(5′-methyl-2′-furyl)-pregn-4-en-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (II, EXAMPLE 12, 5 g, 11.4 mmol) in acetonitrile (25 mL). The mixture is heated to 60° and is determined complete in 1 hr by HPLC. The resulting mixture is cooled to 22° and quenched with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (15 mL). The organic solvent is removed under reduced pressure and replaced with methylene chloride (50 mL). The organic phase is separated, washed with water (30 mL) and concentrated to a volume of 20 mL. Water (30 mL) is added and the mixture is concentrated to a volume of 20 mL. This water distillation is repeated twice to remove the N,N-diethyl-2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropriopionamide by-product. Then, methylene chloride (30 mL) is added to the resulting slurry to dissolve all solids. The organic layer is separated and the solvent is exchanged to n-propyl acetate to a final volume of 17–18 mL. The resulting slurry is cooled to −20° for 12 hours. The product was collected by filtration and dried under ambient nitrogen to give the title compound, mp=198–203°; NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 5.737, 5.690, 3.300, 2.904, 2.164, 1.431, 0.952 and 2.569–1.358 δ; CMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 198.5, 176.5, 167.4, 152.7, 150.0, 142.8, 126.2, 119.7, 107.1, 105.9, 95.2, 44.1, 42.4, 41.9, 38.5, 37.6, 35.4, 33.9, 32.9, 31.3, 29.1, 26.8, 23.2, 14.1 and 13.4 δ; MS calculated for C27H33O4=421.238 (M+H+), found=421.2 m/z.
Example 32 9α,11α-Epoxy-17β-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one-7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone (VI)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00132
A mixture of 17α-hydroxy-7α-(2′-oxoacetyl)-pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (V, EXAMPLE 11, 6.7 mg, 0.0169 mmoles) in methylene chloride (0.5 ml) is treated with peracetic acid (35%, 4 μl, containing 1.58 mg, 0.0208 mmoles, 1.23 equivalents of peracetic acid), stirred at 20–25° for 25 hours, then treated with more peracetic acid (35%, 2 μl, containing 79 mg, 0.0104 mmoles, 0.62 equivalents of peracetic acid), then stirred at 20–25° for 49 hrs., at which time LC analysis indicated conversion to the title compound, LC—UV (λmax=244 nm); LC-MS (m/e 400).
Example 33 7α-Allyl-17β-hydroxypregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one, 21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (II)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00133
A mixture of 17β-hydroxypregna-4,6,9(11)-trien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (I, 1.0171 g, 3.0052 mmoles) in methylene chloride (62 ml) is cooled to −30° and treated with titanium tetrachloride in methylene chloride (1.0 M, 15.0 ml, 15.0 mmoles, 4.99 equivalents). The resulting mixture is treated with allyltrimethylsilane (3.0 ml, 2.16 g, 18.876 mmoles, 6.28 equivalents) and stirred at −30° for 4 hrs., at which time conversion of the starting material into the product (Rf=0.27) is nearly complete by TLC (ethyl acetate/cyclohexane, 35/65). The reaction mixture is quenched with water (25 ml), extracted with methylene chloride (3×25 ml), and concentrated. The concentrate (weight=1.6262 g) is flash chromatographed (silica silica gel, 150 g; gradient elution with ethyl acetate/cyclohexane, 15%→55%). The fractions containing the more polar product (Rf=0.27) are combined and concentrated to give the title compound, UV λmax=241 nm; CMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 198.65, 176.46, 167.31, 143.22, 136.36, 126.51, 119.84, 116.80, 95.22, 44.15, 42.50, 41.13, 40.73, 37.33, 35.56, 35.43, 34.13, 33.78, 33.05, 31.65, 31.37, 29.14, 26.86, 23.04, and 13.78 δ; NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 0.94, 1.37, 1.4–2.6, 4.95, 5.01, 5.65 and 5.74 δ; MS (CI, NH3), m/e=381 (P+H, 100%);
The product is rechromatographed (silica gel, 60 g; gradient elution with ethyl acetate/cyclohexane, 15%→45%) to remove a more polar impurity (Rf=0.06). The product-containing fractions are combined and concentrated. A portion of the residue (96.8 mg) is taken up in methylene chloride (1 ml), diluted with ethyl acetate (2 ml), concentrated to a volume of less than 1 ml, and cooled to 0°. The supernatant is decanted and the crystals recrystallized from ethyl acetate at 0°. An X-ray crystallographic study confirmed the assignment as 7α-allyl-17β-hydroxypregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one, 21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone.
Example 34 5α,17β-Dihydroxypregn-9(11)-ene-3-one, 7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, bis-γ-lactone (VII) Step (1) -17β-Hydroxypregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone (VI)
A mixture of 17β-hydroxy-7α-(5′-methyl-2′-furyl)-pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, γ-lactone (II, EXAMPLE 3, 20 g, 47.5568 mmoles) in methanol (60 ml) and methylene chloride (60 ml) is cooled to −55°. Ozone in oxygen is bubbled through this mixture until 0.8 area % (by LC) of starting material (II) remains. The mixture is purged of ozone by sparging with nitrogen and then quenched with dimethylsulfide (16 ml, 13.5 g, 217.9 mmoles, 4.58 equivalents), warmed to 20–25°, stirred at 20–25° for 50 min. The resulting mixture is concentrated to 80 ml, methanol (25 ml) is added, and concentrated to 80 ml again. The mixture is then treated, at 5°, with a solution of potassium bicarbonate (21.6 g; 215.7 mmoles; 4.54 equivalents) in water (44 ml) followed by hydrogen peroxide (50% aqueous, 23.5 g, containing 11.75 g (345.5 mmoles, 7.27 equivalents) of hydrogen peroxide). After warming to 20–30° for one hour the mixture is quenched with dimethylsulfide (8 ml, 6.75 g, 108.95 mmoles, 2.29 equivalents). Methylene chloride (20 ml) is added, and the pH adjusted to 3 with hydrogen chloride (31.5% aqueous, 26.0 g containing 8.19 g (224.4 mmoles; 4.72 equivalents) of hydrogen chloride. The mixture is warmed to dissolve and the phases separated. The upper aqueous phase is extracted with methylene chloride (10 ml) and the combined organic phases are extracted with water (10 ml.). LC was performed on the methylene chloride mixture (after aqueous workup) under the following conditions:
Column: Supelco Discovery RP Amide C16; 5 μ; 250 mm × 4 mm
Flow: 1 ml/min
Detection: UV; 240 nm
Mobile Phase: A: 950 g Water; 39 g Acetonitrile;
1.0 g Trifluoroacetic acid
B: 754 g Acetonitrile; 39 g Water;
1.0 g Trifluoroacetic acid
Gradient: T0: 80% A/20% B
T15: 20% A/80% B
T15.1: 80% A/20% B
T20: 80% A/20% B
Run Time: 20 minutes
Flow: 1 ml/min
Injection 5 λ
Volume:
Sample Prep: 5 λ or reaction mixture into 1 ml of 1/1 Acetonitrile:
phosphate buffer (1 ml phosphoric acid in 1 1 water; pH
to 2.4 with sodium hydroxide)

The reaction LC major peak (72 area %) was at 10.52 minutes; retention time of a known standard of the carboxylic acid (VI) is 10.52 minutes.
Step (2) -5α,17β-Dihydroxypregn-9(11)-ene-3-one, 7α,21-dicarboxylic Acid, Bis-γ-lactone (VII)
The resulting organic phase containing 17β-hydroxypregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone (VI) is concentrated to 40 ml and para-toluene sulfonic acid monohydrate (10 mg; 0.042 mmoles; 0.001 equivalents) dissolved in acetone (15 ml) is added. Crystallization is observed after 30 minutes at reflux. The resulting slurry is concentrated to 50 ml and concentration continued while maintaining a constant volume by the addition of fresh acetone. After 80 ml of acetone has been added the slurry is cooled to 0° and the solids collected by filtration to give the title compound, CMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) 206.07, 176.44, 175.41, 139.66, 123.98, 94.88, 90.99, 47.09, 43.91, 42.36, 41.57, 41.08, 38.93, 36.98, 35.17, 33.01, 32.44, 31.36, 29.10, 23.08, 22.99 and 14.24 δ; NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 0.94, 1.41, 1.5–2.6, 2.80 and 5.70 δ.
Example 35 17β-hydroxypregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone, methyl ester (CII)
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00134
11α,17β-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one-7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone, methyl ester (CI, Drugs of the Future, 24(5), 488–501 (1999), compound (VI) and International Publication WO98/25948, pages 76 and 280; 5.00 g, 12.0 mmol) is mixed with acetonitrile (15 ml). N-(1,1,2,3,3,3)hexafluoropropyl)-diethylamine (CVI, 2.55 ml, 14.4 mmol) is added to this the steroid mixture and heated to 60° for 2.5 hours. The resulting mixture is cooled to 20–25° and the reaction is quenched with methanol (100 μL). A saturated aqueous solution of potassium bicarbonate (15 ml) is added. The acetonitrile is then removed under reduced pressure. The resulting mixture is extracted with methylene chloride (3×10 ml). The combined organic phases are washed with a aqueous solution of sodium chloride (10%, 20 ml). The solvent is dried with magnesium sulfate. The solvent is exchanged from methylene chloride to methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE). The mixture is concentrated to a final volume of 25 ml. The resulting slurry is stirred overnight and the final product, the title compound, is collected by filtration.
Example 36 17β-hydroxypregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone, methyl ester (CII)
11α,17β-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one-7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone, methyl ester (CI, 5.00 g, 12.0 mmol) is placed in a flask with acetonitrile (15 ml). To this mixture the Ishikawa reagent (2.55 ml, 14.4 mmol) is added and heated to 60° for 2 hrs. The mixture is cooled to 20–25° and the reaction is quenched with aqueous potassium bicarbonate (20% solution, 18 ml). The acetonitrile is removed under reduced pressure, the aqueous layer is extracted with methylene chloride (3×5 ml). The combined organic phases are washed with sodium chloride solution (10%, 10 ml). The solvent is exchanged from methylene chloride to methyl isobutyl ketone/heptane to crystallize the title compound, mp=198.6–199.5°; MS (m/z) calculated for C24H30O5=398.5 (M+), found 398.9(M+); NMR (CDCl3) 5.69, 5.64, 3.62, 2.97, 2.84–1.47, 1.38 and 0.93 δ; CMR (CDCl3) 98.5, 176.4, 172.5, 166.5, 142.3, 125.6, 118.9, 95.0, 51.3, 43.0, 40.3, 35.6, 35.2, 34.1, 33.7, 32.8, 31.2, 29.0, 27.1, 23.2 and 14.0 δ.
Example 37 17β-hydroxypregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone, methyl ester (CII)
11α,17β-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one-7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone, methyl ester (CI, 80.00 g, 192.1mmol) is placed in a flask with acetonitrile (80 ml). To this mixture the Ishikawa reagent (40.8 ml, 224.8 mmol) is added and heated slowly to 45 to 50°, then held for 1–2 hours. The mixture is cooled to 20–25° and the reaction is quenched with aqueous potassium bicarbonate (72 g in 288 ml). Methylene chloride (240 ml) is added and after mixing the layers are separated. The aqueous phase is extracted with methylene chloride (100 ml). The combined organic phases are washed with water (240 ml). The solvent is exchanged from methylene chloride to methyl tert-butyl ether, and branched octane is added drop wise to crystallize the product which is the title compound.
EXAMPLE 38 17β-hydroxypregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone, methyl ester (CII)
11α,17β-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one-7α,21-dicarboxylic acid, γ-lactone, methyl ester (CI, 80.00 g, 192.1 mmol) is placed in a flask with acetonitrile (80 ml). To this mixture the Ishikawa reagent (40.8 ml, 224.8 mmol) is added and heated slowly to 55 to 50°, then held for 1–2 hours. The mixture is cooled to 20–25° and the reaction is quenched with aqueous potassium bicarbonate (37.3 g in 288 ml). Methylene chloride (240 ml) is added and after mixing the layers are separated. The aqueous phase is extracted with methylene chloride (100 ml). The combined organic phases are washed with water (80 ml). The solvent is exchanged from methylene chloride to methyl iso-butyl ketone, and branched octane is added drop wise to crystallize the product which is the title compound.
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00135
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00136
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00137
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00138
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00139
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00140
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00141
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00142
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00143
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00144
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00145
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00146
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00147
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00148
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00149
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00150
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00151
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00152
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00153
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00154
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00155
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00156
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00157

Claims (3)

1. A compound having the structure:
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00158
2. A compound having the structure:
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00159
3. A composition comprising:
a compound having the structure:
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00160
and a compound having the structure:
Figure US07235655-20070626-C00161
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AU2003282868A AU2003282868A1 (en) 2002-09-19 2003-09-19 Crystalline 17beta-hydroxy-7alpha- (5'-methyl-2'-furyl)-pregna-4,9(11)-dien-3-one-21-carboxylic acid, gamma-lactone
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