US9183647B2 - Imaging, data acquisition, data transmission, and data distribution methods and systems for high data rate tomographic X-ray scanners - Google Patents
Imaging, data acquisition, data transmission, and data distribution methods and systems for high data rate tomographic X-ray scanners Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/758,764, filed on Apr. 12, 2010, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/211,219, filed on Sep. 16, 2008, and now issued U.S. Pat. No. 7,724,868, which is a continuation of U.S. patent Ser. No. 10/554,655, filed on Oct. 25, 2005, and now issued U.S. Pat. No. 7,440,543, which is a 371 national stage application of PCT/GB2004/001751, filed on Apr. 23, 2004, and which, in turn, relies on Great Britain Patent Application Number 0309385.3, filed on Apr. 25, 2003, for priority.
- the rapid switching of electron guns under electrostatic control enables the fast movement of the effective focal spot of the X-ray tube and the rapid generation of sets of tomographic X-ray scan data without the use of moving parts.
- Applicant's latest generation X-ray tomography systems are capable of generating very high resolution tomography X-ray data at high speeds
- a number of new data acquisition and data transmission and distribution systems are enabled, and/or required, to take full advantage of, and/or optimally manage, these high data rate systems.
- current storage systems and data transmission networks are unable to effectively transfer high volumes of image data to network of operator workstations without undue delay.
- delay increases as the number of image generating systems on a network increases and as the number of operators required to analyze images also increases.
- the present invention provides an X-ray system comprising: a source-detector module comprising a plurality of X-ray sources and detectors for scanning an object being inspected; a scan engine coupled to the source-detector module for collecting scan data from the source detector module; an image reconstruction engine coupled to the scan engine for converting the collected scan data into one or more X-ray images; and a scan controller coupled with at least one of the source detector module, the scan engine, and the image reconstruction engine, and a user input module for providing control information based on at least one of: user constraints obtained via the user input module, the scan data and the X-ray image data, the control information optimizing operations of the X-ray system dynamically.
- the X-ray system further comprises a data visualisation engine coupled to the image reconstruction engine for rendering the image data to a human readable screen and one or more storage devices coupled to one or more of the source detector module, the scan engine, and the image reconstruction engine for storing data obtained therefrom.
- the scan engine co-ordinates the source-detector module, and is programmable on a scan-by-scan basis and within a scan, thereby allowing for rapid re-optimization of the source-detector module.
- the scan controller optimizes the scan engine by analyzing the scan data for identifying one or more regions comprising required information, and controlling the scan engine to collect scan data only from the X-ray sources and detectors corresponding to the one or more identified regions.
- the scan data is analyzed by using a sinogram chart to obtain a region of interest, the sinogram chart comprising data from each detector arranged in a horizontal row and data from each X-ray source rotation angle arranged in consecutive rows to form a two dimensional data set, and the region of interest is obtained by obtaining a trajectory thorough the sinogram data set corresponding to at least two required points in the object being inspected.
- the scan controller optimizes the image reconstruction engine by providing control information directing the image reconstruction engine to convert only a predefined portion of scan data into an X-ray image. Further, the scan controller controls the scan engine to generate a first spatial resolution in a scan direction and a second spatial resolution in a scan plane, the first spatial resolution being lower than the second spatial resolution. Also, the scan controller controls the spatial resolution of the scan data collected by the scan engine dynamically, the controlled data being passed to the image reconstruction engine for generating variable resolution image data.
- the present invention provides an image transmission system comprising: a plurality of X-ray systems for inspecting one or more object by using X-rays and producing at least one three-dimensional (3D) image of each object; a plurality of 3D engines, each 3D engine being coupled with at least one X-ray system for obtaining one or more two dimensional (2D) images by processing each 3D image produced by the X-ray system, the 2D images being projections of the 3D image; at least one network scheduler coupled to each 3D engine via a dedicated network link for rendering the one or more 2D images to one or more operators for manual inspection, each operator inspecting a 2D image for obtaining one or more predefined features, the network scheduler rendering a corresponding 3D image to an operator for inspection upon receiving a request for the same; and at least one storage array coupled with each of the X-ray systems via a high speed dedicated network link for storing one or more of the 3D images and the 2D images.
- the present invention is directed toward an image transmission system comprising a plurality of X-ray systems for inspecting one or more object by using X-rays and producing at least one three-dimensional image of each object; a plurality of engines, each engine being coupled with at least one X-ray system for obtaining one or more two dimensional images by processing each image produced by the X-ray system, the two dimensional images being projections of the three dimensional image; at least one network scheduler coupled to each three dimensional engine via a network link for rendering the one or more two dimensional images to one or more operators for manual inspection, wherein the network scheduler renders a corresponding three dimensional image to an operator for inspection upon receiving a request for such three dimensional image; and at least one storage array coupled with each of the X-ray systems via a high speed dedicated network link for storing one or more of the three dimensional images and the two dimensional images.
- the present invention is directed toward an X-ray system comprising a plurality of detectors for generating raw X-ray data; a scan engine coupled to the plurality of detectors for receiving the raw X-ray data and generating calibrated X-ray data; an image reconstruction engine coupled to the scan engine for converting the calibrated X-ray data into one or more processed X-ray images; and a scan controller coupled with said plurality of detectors and at least one of said scan engine or image reconstruction engine, wherein said scan controller receives said raw X-ray data and dynamically modulates processing of at least one of said raw X-ray data by said scan engine or said calibrated X-ray data by said image reconstruction engine.
- the X-ray system further comprises a user input wherein said user input receives control information from a user and wherein said scan controller uses said control information to dynamically modulate processing of at least one of said raw X-ray data by said scan engine or processing of said calibrated X-ray data by said image reconstruction engine.
- the raw X-ray data is transmission data.
- the raw X-ray data is backscatter data.
- the X-ray system further comprises a data visualization engine coupled to the image reconstruction engine for rendering the processed X-ray images to a human readable screen.
- the X-ray system further comprises one or more storage devices coupled to one or more of the plurality of detectors, the scan engine, and the image reconstruction engine for storing data obtained from the plurality of detectors, the scan engine, and the image reconstruction engine.
- the scan controller dynamically modulates the processing of said raw X-ray data by said scan engine by analyzing the raw X-ray data and identifying one or more regions comprising required information.
- the one or more regions comprising required information is a subset of all regions detected by said plurality of detectors, e.g. not all regions contain required information and only those regions that do are subjected to calibration or image processing.
- the scan controller issues instructions to the scan engine to process raw X-ray data only from detectors corresponding to the one or more regions comprising required information.
- the scan controller issues instructions to the image reconstruction engine to process calibrated X-ray data only from detectors corresponding to the one or more regions comprising required information.
- the X-ray system further comprises a data visualization engine wherein said data visualization engine receives from said image reconstruction engine a plurality of coordinates corresponding to the one or more regions comprising required information.
- the X-ray system comprises a source of radiation having a scan rotation; a plurality of detectors for generating raw X-ray data; a scan engine coupled to the plurality of detectors for receiving the raw X-ray data and generating calibrated X-ray data; an image reconstruction engine coupled to the scan engine for converting the calibrated X-ray data into one or more processed X-ray images; and a scan controller coupled with said plurality of detectors and at least one of said scan engine or image reconstruction engine, wherein said scan controller receives said raw X-ray data and dynamically modulates at least one of said source of radiation or scan engine based on said raw X-ray data.
- the scan controller issues instructions to said scan engine to modify a spatial resolution of a scan based upon said raw X-ray data.
- the spatial resolution is modified by generating a first spatial resolution in a scan direction and a second spatial resolution in a scan plane, the first spatial resolution being different than the second spatial resolution.
- the scan controller issues instructions to said scan engine to generate a first resolution in a scan and a second resolution in the scan wherein said first resolution and said second resolution are different.
- the scan engine transmits said scan having the first resolution and the second resolution to the image reconstruction engine.
- the image reconstruction engine generates image data having variable resolution based on said scan having the first resolution and the second resolution.
- the image reconstruction engine generates image data having at least one area of coarse pixelation, medium granularity pixelation, or high granularity pixelation.
- the scan controller issues instructions to at least one of said scan engine or source of radiation to control a rotation rate of said source of radiation.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of one embodiment of the X-ray system of the present invention
- FIG. 2 depicts an imaging area relative to the object being inspected
- FIG. 3 depicts an exemplary sinogram generated by the present invention
- FIG. 4 depicts a variable scan, based on the object being scanned
- FIG. 5 is an exemplary diagram of variable pixelation levels of an object being scanned
- FIG. 6 is a diagram of a collection of X-ray systems with improved data transmission.
- FIG. 7 depicts exemplary two-dimensional images derived from a full three-dimensional data set.
- the X-ray systems disclosed in the above-mentioned applications enable the rapid and real-time control of X-ray source trajectories.
- the present invention takes advantage of this capability by dynamically controlling X-ray source trajectories and dynamically altering the image reconstruction methods based on both the properties of the object under investigation and the quality of the inspection decision that is required.
- This dynamic system optimization can have several benefits, including reduction of scan dose, reduction of computation complexity and reduction of data bandwidth. Other objectives can be addressed using the same and related optimization methods.
- the X-ray system 100 comprises a set of X-ray sources and X-ray detectors 105 which are capable of collecting information about the object under inspection.
- the set of sources and detectors (sensors) 105 are, in one embodiment configured to generate transmitted X-ray data set suitable for tomographic image reconstruction.
- the set of sources and sensors 105 are configured to generate a set of diffraction X-ray data or a set of backscattered X-ray data.
- sources and sensors 105 are configured to generate a set of stereoscopic transmission X-ray data.
- One of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that the present invention can be applied to other source and sensor geometries.
- a scan engine 110 coordinates scanning of the object under inspection and data collection from the X-ray sources and detectors 105 .
- the scan engine 110 is programmable on a scan-by-scan basis and also within a scan to allow rapid re-optimization of the X-ray system 100 .
- an image reconstruction engine 115 takes the raw data and/or calibrated data which is output from the scan engine 110 and converts this data into a recognizable set of image data or processed data. It should be appreciated that calibrated data can be generated from a pre-processor which is part of the scan engine 110 and which can also be considered the first stage of the image reconstruction engine 115 .
- raw data refers to data directly transferred from one or more detectors or detector data that has not yet been subject to calibration or normalization.
- Raw data which has been subject to calibration or normalization is referred to as calibrated data.
- Processed data or image data is calibrated data that has been passed through one or more filters.
- Processed data from the image reconstruction engine 115 is optionally passed to an optional data visualization engine 120 .
- the data visualisation engine 120 takes the reconstructed image data and renders it to a human readable screen.
- This data visualization engine 120 in one embodiment, is capable of performing functions such as interpolation, three-dimensional projection into a two-dimensional image, and image coloring based on reconstructed image density, materials type or other parameters as required.
- a storage device 125 such as a RAID array, set of hard disks, or other memory systems, is provided for archiving X-ray image data. It will be understood by an expert that the storage device 125 shall be capable of storing data from any point in the signal chain, and not just at the output of the data visualisation engine.
- the scan controller 130 is capable of interpreting X-ray image data at the output from all components in the imaging chain.
- the scan controller 130 is also capable of outputting control information to all components in the imaging chain. In this way, the scan controller 130 has the ability to optimize the entire system operation.
- the scan controller 130 also receives input data from a user input station 135 , in which users can input their constraints on the image optimization process via, for example, a touch screen, mouse, or keyboard in communication with a computing device.
- a user input station 135 in which users can input their constraints on the image optimization process via, for example, a touch screen, mouse, or keyboard in communication with a computing device.
- a current threat level e.g. High, Medium or Low
- a dose or spatial resolution constraint e.g. High Diagnostic Quality, Low Dose.
- the scan controller 130 thus takes input from two different sources, namely user constraints and X-ray image data, and implements a method which processes the X-ray image data according to the user constraints in order to continually and dynamically re-optimize the operation of the X-ray sources and detectors 105 , the scan engine 110 , the image reconstruction engine 115 , and/or the data visualisation engine 120 .
- each engine comprises at least one data receiver, data transmitter, and data processor capable of executing a plurality of programmatic instructions, stored in memory, to perform the functions and features of the engines, as described herein.
- the tomographic X-ray imaging system of the present invention images an object 210 which partially fills the imaging area 205 .
- a rotating gantry X-ray source is used and projection data is accumulated for all projection angles and from all detector elements. It is computationally expensive to collect and process all of this data when only a fraction of the X-ray inspection area is actually filled with a relevant object.
- the fraction of the X-ray inspection area which is filled with air 225 or the object support 220 is generally of little interest to the user.
- the scan controller can therefore optimize the scan engine to only collect and process data from those detector elements which are actually needed, e.g. would actually generate relevant data, thereby saving on front end data bandwidth and computer power.
- the sinogram data is linked forward to the backprojected image by the Radon Transform. Under this transform, each point in the sinogram represents one backprojected line through the reconstructed image. Since it is known which parts of the sinogram contain useful data, and hence were collected by the scan engine, the image reconstruction engine is therefore constrained to only filter and backproject the valuable parts of the sinogram data. This can yield major savings in computational cost in the image reconstruction engine.
- the image reconstruction engine is typically designed to permit full image reconstruction of the whole image reconstruction circle at full reconstructed image slice rate. Very often, only a fraction of the image reconstruction circle has an object therein, and systems designed with the use of the scan controller can be provided with a much lower cost image reconstruction engine that is optimized to dynamically reconstruct only the relevant part of the object.
- the scan engine and image reconstruction engine shall comprise, or have access to, a buffer memory to allow sequences of images where the object is larger than the designed image reconstruction circle fill capacity to be stored temporarily until the image reconstruction engine has caught up with the current data flow.
- the data visualisation engine is provided with the coordinates (such as slice number and position within the slice) of the sub-image which is provided by the image reconstruction engine and it uses these coordinates (slice number and position within the slice) to reference the reconstructed image data to the appropriate part of the three-dimensional reconstructed image volume prior to data visualization.
- the net effect is a substantial reduction in data bandwidth to the storage system. This simplifies design of network attached storage and reduces the cost of storage solutions since unwanted background data is not stored.
- the object to be inspected has variable inspection significance along its length.
- some parts of the human body are quite symmetric in the scan direction (the legs) and here it may be advantageous to design a tomographic image system which generates a lower spatial resolution in the scan direction (along the legs) compared to that in the scan plane.
- the user may request the scan controller to use a low dose scanning method, which could be achieved by dynamically controlling the scan rotation rate to allow a degree of scan-direction partial volume artifact when imaging the long bones of the leg in order to reduce dose.
- the scan controller can automatically direct the scan engine to increase scan rate (and hence also X-ray dose) in order to create a high-resolution image of the knees 402 prior to returning to a lower dose rate once back to the long bones 404 past the knee.
- the scan controller can determine the rate of change of information in the scan direction by subtracting each new sinogram from the previous sinogram and the difference is an indication of the rate of change of information in the scan direction.
- the scan controller it is possible to use the scan controller to adjust, on a dynamic basis, the spatial resolution in the data collected by the scan engine.
- This data is then passed through to the image reconstruction engine which in turn provides a variable resolution image.
- the reconstructed image is encoded for display by the data visualization engine so that the image is represented correctly in both the spatial and time domains.
- the spare computation capacity can be allocated to provide enhanced resolution in complex areas of the image. The net effect is a reduction in data bandwidth, a reduction in computational cost and a reduction in storage requirements with little detriment to diagnostic quality.
- the sinogram data directs the scan controller regarding what computational power should be allocated in order to form the reconstructed image.
- Sinogram regions that exhibit a high degree of variation such as those regions with a smaller signal to noise ratio (i.e. a ratio of less than 20, preferably less than 10), are linked directly to those areas of the reconstructed image where a high image resolution should be achieved.
- a high image resolution is typically less than 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm in terms of pixel size, while a low image resolution is typically greater than 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm in terms of pixel size.
- Regions of the sinogram that exhibit a low degree of variation such as those regions with a higher signal to noise ration (i.e. a ratio of greater than 40, preferably greater than 50), are linked to those areas of the reconstructed image where a low image resolution can be tolerated.
- variable resolution reconstructed image should be encoded such that the data visualization engine can reference the variable resolution reconstructed image data into the appropriate locations in the three-dimensional data set for human display purposes. It is further understood that suitable image processing methods, such as three-dimensional image interpolation, can be used to render an image with uniformly high spatial resolution to the screen even though the underlying data may have been reconstructed at variable resolution.
- the nature of the image reconstruction process itself can be affected by the information that is being processed by the scan engine.
- an imaging system which is typically looking for low atomic number, low contrast objects in a uniform matrix.
- Such an image is suited to a filtered backprojection tomographic image reconstruction approach.
- the high atomic number material is likely to result in unwanted beam hardening artifact which can distort the analysis of the low atomic number materials.
- iterative processes which are better at minimizing the effect of beam hardening than typical filtered backprojection algorithms.
- the scan controller can inspect the sinogram for particularly highly attenuating objects and can substitute iterative algorithms for those regions where the highly attenuating objects are located, and can apply the less computationally demanding filtered backprojection algorithm to all other areas of the image.
- the result is a minimization in beam hardening artifact and an improvement in ultimate image analysis.
- each X-ray system 605 is provided with a high speed dedicated network link which can take this three-dimensional data set directly to a high capacity storage array 645 at full bandwidth with little latency.
- the database on the storage array 645 is managed by a system server 655 which is connected to the X-ray systems 605 and to the disk controller 665 via a network.
- a series of operators view three-dimensional image data at a series of networked workstations 635 .
- a job dispatcher application executes on the system server 655 and recognizes when new three-dimensional data is available.
- the job dispatcher application allocates a particular operator to review the new three-dimensional data set and the operator reports his or her findings back to the system server 655 via the network.
- the three-dimensional data set may be discarded, or it may be archived for medium term or long term storage.
- a 3D engine component 615 is coupled to the system, one 3D engine 615 per X-ray system 605 .
- the 3D engine 615 processes the full three-dimensional data set that is generated by the X-ray system 605 in real time since it is directly connected to the X-Ray system 605 rather than being constrained by the bandwidth and latency of an intermediate network.
- the 3D engine 615 processes the X-ray system 605 data into one or more two-dimensional images which represent projections through the three-dimensional data.
- Example two-dimensional images 700 that are derived from a full three-dimensional data set are provided in FIG. 7 .
- the images 700 depict a three-dimensional triangular object and a cube like object in various orientations. It shall be evident to one skilled in the art that the size of the two-dimensional image is small compared to that of the full three-dimensional data set. Therefore, the network transmission time for the 2D image is short compared to that for the full 3D data set.
- the 3D engine 615 output connects directly to the network such that the job dispatcher application running on the system server 655 can first dispatch a set of compact 2D images to an operator workstation 635 for immediate review.
- the job dispatcher application running on the system server 655 can first dispatch a set of compact 2D images to an operator workstation 635 for immediate review.
- one 2D image will be rapidly generated and dispatched to the operator. More typically, 5 to 8 2D images will be pre-rendered and dispatched to an operator workstation 635 .
- the operator can inspect the object with sufficient integrity that they do not need access to the full three-dimensional data set, thereby permitting the operator workstation 635 to be of a relatively low specification and reducing its cost compared to a full 3D workstation.
- the network can be almost any commercially available network of moderate bandwidth, such as a gigabit ethernet network.
- the operator can signal to the job dispatcher that inspection is incomplete and that the image data should be transferred to a fully 3D operator workstation with a suitably trained operator for further review.
- the job dispatcher will locate a suitably qualified 3D operator and will first send the set of 2D images to the operator for review. At this point, the operator will start to analyze the image data from 2D images only. In the background, the job dispatcher will start to transfer the full 3D data set to the 3D operator.
- the 3D engine inside the operator workstation will prepare the data set for 3D review by the operator.
- the image workstation enables a set of three-dimensional image analysis tools and the operator can start to make use of these in an interactive fashion. The operator thus transfers from a 2D inspection mode to a 3D inspection mode as the necessary data becomes available.
- a network of operators all of whom are qualified to inspect 3D data and all of whom have access to a 3D operator workstation.
- the operator will receive 2D data immediately, and can request full 3D image data when he or she is unable to complete his or her inspection using 2D pre-rendered images only. Again this allows a high reliability low cost network to be utilized while maintaining high inspection throughput.
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Abstract
Description
Claims (20)
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US20100303329A1 (en) | 2010-12-02 |
US9747705B2 (en) | 2017-08-29 |
US8804899B2 (en) | 2014-08-12 |
US20160232689A1 (en) | 2016-08-11 |
US20150071399A1 (en) | 2015-03-12 |
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