See soorce fer Albert Einstein

{{Infobox scientist
|nobel=yes
| name        = Albert Einstein
| image       = Einstein 1921 by F Schmutzer - restoration.jpg
| caption     = Albert Einstein in 1921
| birth_date  = {{Birth date|df=yes|1879|3|14}}
| birth_place = [[Ulm]], [[Kinrick o Württemberg]], [[German Empire]]
| death_date  = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1955|4|18|1879|3|14}}
| death_place = {{nowrap|[[Princeton, New Jersey]], U.S.}}
| children    = [[Lieserl Einstein|"Lieserl"]] (1902–1903?)<br />[[Hans Albert Einstein|Hans Albert]] (1904–1973)<br />[[Einstein family#Eduard Einstein (Albert's son)|Eduard "Tete"]] (1910–1965)
| spouse      = [[Mileva Marić]]&nbsp;(1903–1919)<br/>{{nowrap|[[Elsa Löwenthal]]&nbsp;(1919–1936)}}<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Heilbron |editor-first=John L. |title=The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abqjP-_KfzkC&pg=PA233 |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-974376-6 |page=233}}</ref>{{sfnp|Pais|1982|p=301}}
| residence   = Germany, Italy, Swisserland, Austrick (present-day Czech Republic), Belgium, Unitit States
| citizenship = {{Plainlist|
* Subject o the [[Kinrick o Württemberg]] unner the German Empire (1879–1896)<ref name=GEcitizen group=note>Unner the German Empire, ceetizenship wis alanerly subject o ane o the 27 ''Bundesstaaten''</ref>
* [[Statelessness|Stateless]] (1896–1901)
* Ceetizen o [[Swisserland]] (1901–1955)
* Austrick subject o the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] (1911–1912)
* Subject o the [[Kinrick o Proushie]] unner the German Empire (1914–1918)<ref name=GEcitizen group=note/>
* German ceetizen o the [[Free State o Proushie]] ([[Weimar Republic]], 1918–1933)
* Ceetizen o the Unitit States (1940–1955)
}}
| fields     = [[Pheesics]], [[filosofie]]
| workplaces = {{Plainlist|
* [[Swiss Patent Office]] ([[Bern]]) (1902–1909)
* [[Varsity o Bern]] (1908–1909)
* [[Varsity o Zurich]] (1909–1911)
* [[Karl-Ferdinands-Universität|Charles Varsity in Prague]] (1911–1912)
* [[ETH Zurich]] (1912–1914)
* [[Proushie Academy o Sciences]] (1914–1933)
* [[Humboldt Varsity o Berlin]] (1914–1917)
* [[Kaiser Wilhelm Institute]] (director, 1917–1933)
* [[German Pheesical Society]] (preses, 1916–1918)
* [[Leiden Varsity]] (veesits, 1920)
* [[Institute for Advanced Study]] (1933–1955)
* [[Caltech]] (veesits, 1931–1933)
}}
| education = {{Plainlist|
* [[ETH Zurich|Swiss Federal Polytechnic]] (1896–1900; B.A., 1900)
* [[Varsity o Zurich]] (Ph.D., 1905)
}}
| doctoral_advisor  = [[Alfred Kleiner]]
| thesis_title      = {{lang|de|Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen}} (A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions)
| thesis_url        = http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:30378/eth-30378-01.pdf
| thesis_year       = 1905
| academic_advisors = [[Heinrich Friedrich Weber]]
| influenced        = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ernst G. Straus]]
* [[Nathan Rosen]]
* [[Leó Szilárd]]
}}
| known_for = {{Plainlist|
* [[General relativity]] an [[special relativity]]
* [[Photoelectric effect]]
* ''[[Mass–energy equivalence|E=mc<sup>2</sup>]]''
* Theory o [[Brownian motion]]
* [[Einstein field equations]]
* [[Bose–Einstein stateestics]]
* [[Bose–Einstein condensate]]
* [[Gravitational wave]]
* [[Cosmological constant]]
* [[Clessical unifee'd field theories|Unifee'd field theory]]
* [[EPR paradox]]
}}
| awards = {{Plainlist|
* [[Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science|Barnard Medal]] (1920)
* [[Nobel Prize in Pheesics]] (1921)
* [[Matteucci Medal]] (1921)
* [[ForMemRS]] (1921)<ref name="frs" />
* [[Copley Medal]] (1925)<ref name="frs" />
* [[Gowd Medal o the Ryal Astronomical Society]] (1926)
* [[Max Planck Medal]] (1929)
* [[Time 100: The Maist Important Fowk o the Century|''Time'' Person o the Century]] (1999)
}}
| signature = Albert Einstein signature 1934.svg
}}
'''Albert Einstein''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|aɪ|n|s|t|aɪ|n}};<ref>{{cite book|last=Wells|first=John|authorlink=John C. Wells|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|publisher=Pearson Longman|edition=3rd|date=April 3, 2008|isbn=1-4058-8118-6}}</ref> {{IPA-de|ˈalbɛɐ̯t ˈaɪnʃtaɪn|lang|Albert Einstein german.ogg}}; 14 Mairch 1879&nbsp;– 18&nbsp;Apryle 1955) wis a German-born [[theoretical pheesicist]]. He developpit the [[theory o relativity]], ane o the twa pillars o [[modren pheesics]] (alangside [[quantum mechanics]]).<ref name=frs>{{cite journal | last1 = Whittaker | first1 = E. | authorlink = E. T. Whittaker| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1955.0005 | title = Albert Einstein. 1879–1955 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 1 | pages = 37–67 | date = 1 November 1955| jstor = 769242| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="YangHamilton2010">{{cite book|author1=Fujia Yang|author2=Joseph H. Hamilton|title=Modern Atomic and Nuclear Physics|date=2010|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4277-16-7}}</ref>{{rp|274}} Einstein's work is forby kent for its influence on the [[filosofie o science]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Einstein's Philosophy of Science |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/einstein-philscience/#IntWasEinEpiOpp |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University |editor=Don A. Howard |date=2014 |orig-year=First published 11 February 2004 |type=website |accessdate=2015-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |author=Don A. Howard |title=Albert Einstein as a Philosopher of Science |url=http://www3.nd.edu/~dhoward1/vol58no12p34_40.pdf |format=PDF |date=December 2005 |journal=Physics Today |volume=58 |issue=12 |publisher=American Institute of Physics |pages=34–40 |via=University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, author's personal webpage |accessdate=2015-03-08|bibcode=2005PhT....58l..34H |doi=10.1063/1.2169442 }}</ref> Einstein is best kent in popular cultur for his [[mass–energy equivalence]] formula {{nowrap|1=''E'' = ''mc''<sup>2</sup>}} (which haes been dubbed "the warld's maist famous equation").<ref>{{cite book |author=David Bodanis |title=E&nbsp;=&nbsp;mc<sup>2</sup>: A Biography of the World's Most Famous Equation |location=New York |publisher=Walker |date=2000 }}</ref> He received the 1921 [[Nobel Prize in Pheesics]] "for his services tae theoretical pheesics, an especially for his diskivery o the law o  the [[photoelectric effect]]",<ref name="Nobel Prize">{{cite web |url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 |website=Nobelprize.org |publisher=Nobel Prize |access-date=11 July 2016}}</ref> a pivotal step in the evolution o [[Introduction tae quantum mechanics|quantum theory]].

Near the beginnin o his career, Einstein thocht that [[Newtonian mechanics]] wisna eneuch ony mair fur tae reconcile the laws o [[clessical mechanics]] wi the laws o the [[electromagnetic field]]. This led him tae develop his [[special theory o relativity]] throu his time at the [[Swiss Patent Office]] in [[Bern]], Swisserland. Briefly afore, he aquired the [[Swiss ceetizenship]] in 1901, whilk he kept for his hale life, efter bein stateless for mair nor five year. He realised, housomever, that the principle o relativity coud forby be extendit tae [[gravitational fields]], an wi his subsequent theory o gravitation in 1916, he published a paper on general relativity. He continued tae deal wi problems o [[stateestical mechanics]] an quantum theory, whilk led tae his explanations o [[pairticle]] theory an the [[Brownian motion|motion o molecules]]. He forby investigatit the thermal properties o licht whilk laid the foondation o the [[photon]] theory o licht. In 1917, Einstein applee'd the general theory o relativity tae model the lairge-scale structur o the [[universe]].<ref name=Nobel>{{Citation |url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/advanced-physicsprize2011.pdf |title=Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2011. The accelerating universe |publisher=Nobel Media AB |via=Nobelprize.org |page=2 |format=PDF |accessdate=2015-01-04 |archive-date=2015-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828054717/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/advanced-physicsprize2011.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20151124">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Overbye |title=A Century Ago, Einstein’s Theory of Relativity Changed Everything |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/24/science/a-century-ago-einsteins-theory-of-relativity-changed-everything.html |date=24 November 2015 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=24 November 2015 }}</ref>

He wis veesitin the Unitit States whan [[Adolf Hitler]] came tae pouer in 1933 an, bein [[Jewish fowk|Jewish]], didnae gae back tae Germany, whaur he haed been a professor at the [[Proushie Academy o Sciences|Berlin Academy o Sciences]]. He sattlet in the Unitit States, becomin an [[American ceetizen]] in 1940.<ref name="BoyerDubofsky2001">{{cite book|author1=Paul S. Boyer|author2=Melvyn Dubofsky|title=The Oxford Companion to United States History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgtyKzBes6QC&pg=PA218|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-508209-8|page=218}}</ref> On the een o [[Warld War II]], he endorsed a [[Einstein–Szilárd letter|letter tae Preses Franklin D. Roosevelt]] alertin him tae the potential development o "extremely pouerful bombs o a new teep" an recommendin that the U.S. begin seemilar resairch. This eventually led tae whit wad become the [[Manhattan Project]]. Einstein supportit defendin the [[Allies o Warld War II|Allied forces]], but generally denoonced the idea o uisin the newlins diskivert [[nuclear fission]] as a wappen. Later, wi the Breetish filosofer [[Bertrand Russell]], Einstein signed the [[Russell–Einstein Manifesto]], whilk heichlichtit the danger o nuclear wappens. Einstein wis affiliatit wi the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey]], till his daith in 1955.

Einstein published [[Leet o scienteefic publications bi Albert Einstein|mair nor 300 scienteefic papers]] alang wi ower 150 non-scienteefic warks.<ref name=Nobel /><ref name="Paul Arthur Schilpp, editor 1951 730–746">{{Citation |editor=Paul Arthur Schilpp |date=1951 |title=Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist |volume=II |publisher=Harper and Brothers Publishers (Harper Torchbook edition) |location=New York |pages=730–746}}. His non-scientific works include: ''About Zionism: Speeches and Lectures by Professor Albert Einstein'' (1930), "Why War?" (1933, co-authored by [[Sigmund Freud]]), ''The World As I See It'' (1934), ''Out of My Later Years'' (1950), and a book on science for the general reader, ''[[The Evolution of Physics]]'' (1938, co-authored by [[Leopold Infeld]]).</ref> On 5 December 2014, varsities an archives annoonced the release o Einstein's papers, comprisin mair nor 30,000 unique documents.{{Sfnp|Stachel|2008}}<ref name="NYT-20141204-DB">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Overbye |title=Thousands of Einstein Documents Are Now a Click Away |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/05/science/huge-trove-of-albert-einstein-documents-becomes-available-online.html |date=4 December 2014 |work=New York Times |accessdate=2015-01-04}}</ref> Einstein's intellectual achievements an oreeginality haes made the wird "Einstein" synonymous wi "[[genius]]".<ref name="wordnetweb.princeton.edu">{{Citation |url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=Einstein |title=Result of WordNet Search for Einstein |version=3.1 |publisher=The Trustees of Princeton University |accessdate=2015-01-04}}</ref>

==Notes==
<references group="note"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commonscat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Einstein, Albert}}
[[Category:1879 births]]
[[Category:1955 daiths]]
[[Category:Academics o Charles Varsity in Prague]]
[[Category:Albert Einstein| ]]
[[Category:American agnostics]]
[[Category:American physicists]]
[[Category:American Zionists]]
[[Category:Cosmologists]]
[[Category:Daiths frae abdominal aortic aneurysm]]
[[Category:Einstein faimily]]
[[Category:ETH Zurich alumni]]
[[Category:ETH Zurich faculty]]
[[Category:Foreign Members o the Ryal Society]]
[[Category:German emigrants tae Swisserland]]
[[Category:German Jews who emigratit tae the Unitit States tae escape Nazism]]
[[Category:German Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:German physicists]]
[[Category:German socialists]]
[[Category:Institute for Advanced Study faculty]]
[[Category:Jewish agnostics]]
[[Category:Jewish American scientists]]
[[Category:Jewish pheesicists]]
[[Category:Leiden Varsity faculty]]
[[Category:Members o the American Filosofical Society]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Pheesics]]
[[Category:Pacifists]]
[[Category:Patent examiners]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Berlin]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Bern]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Munich]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Princeton, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Ulm]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Zürich]]
[[Category:Fowk wi acquired Austrick-Hungary ceetizenship]]
[[Category:Fowk wi acquired Swiss ceetizenship]]
[[Category:Filosofers o science]]
[[Category:Stateless fowk]]
[[Category:Swiss agnostics]]
[[Category:Swiss emigrants tae the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Swiss pheesicists]]
[[Category:Theoretical pheesicists]]
[[Category:Winners o the Max Planck Medal]]
[[Category:20t-century German writers]]
[[Category:20t-century American writers]]


{{Stub/Germany}}
{{Stub/USA}}
{{Stub/Scieence}}