Gracilocyon

Gracilocyon ; (parafiletski rod); Vremenski raspon: 57.2–50.8 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N kasni paleocen do rani eocen
	zubi vrste Gracilocyon solei
	zubi i dio vilice vrste; Gracilocyon winkleri
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Kladus:	Pan-Carnivora
Kladus:	Carnivoramorpha
Kladus:	Carnivoraformes
Rod:	†Gracilocyon; Smith & Smith, 2010
Tipska vrsta
	†Gracilocyon winkleri; Gingerich, 1983
Vrste
	†Gracilocyon igniculus; †Gracilocyon rosei; †Gracilocyon rundlei; †Gracilocyon solei; †Gracilocyon winkleri;
Sinonimi
	sinonimi roda: Grucihcyon (Smith & Smith, 2010) ; sinonimi vrste: G. igniculus: Miacis igniculus (Beard & Dawson, 2009) ; ; G. rosei: Miacis rosei (Heinrich, 2008) ; ; G. rundlei: Miacis rundlei (Hooker, 2010) ; ; G. solei: Miacis solei (Smith & Smith, 2010) ; ; G. winkleri: Grucihcyon winkleri (Smith & Smith, 2010) ; Miacis winkleri (Gingerich, 1983) ; ;

Gracilocyon (Gracilokion — „vitki pas”) je izumrli parafiletski rod placentalni sisara iz kladusa Carnivoraformes, koji je u periodu od kasnog paleocena do ranog eocena nastanjivao područje Sjeverne Amerike i Evrope.^[2]^[3]

Etimologija naziva

Rod:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Gracilocyon	starogrčke riječi gracilis (lat. gracilis), koja znači vitak i starogrčke riječi kion (stgrč. κύων), koja znači pas	vitki pas

Vrste:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
G. igniculus	roda Gracilocyon i latinske riječi ignikulus (lat. igniculus), koja znači iskra	iskra Gracilokiona
G. rosei	roda Gracilocyon i prezmena američkog paleontologa Keneta D. Rosea	roserov Gracilokion
G. rundlei	roda Gracilocyon i prezimena britanskog paleontolga A. J. Randla	randlov Gracilokion
G. solei	roda Gracilocyon i prezimena belgiskog paleontologa Floreala Solea	soleov Gracilokion
G. winkleri	roda Gracilocyon i prezimena američkog paleontologa Dejla A. Vinklera, koji je pronašao fosilne ostatke ove vrste	vinklerov Gracilokion

Opis

Vrste iz parafiletskog roda Gracilocyon su bile mali kopneni svaštojedi koji su u prošlosti Sjeverne Amerike i Evrope nastanjivali plavne ravnice i kopnene ekosisteme. Vrsta Gracilocyon rundlei je težila oko 257 g,^[3] a Gracilocyon winkleri oko 433 g.^[4] Vrsta Gracilocyon solei je težila oko 165 g^[3] i po veličini dostizale dimenzije današnje velike lasice.

Sistematika

Istorija klasifikacije

Rod Gracilocyon je u prošlosti bio uvrštavan unutar izumrle porodice Miacidae, ali je kasnije prepoznat kao predstavnik kladusa Carnivoraformes.

Klasifikacija

Rod: †*Gracilocyon* ^{(parafiletski rod)} (Smith & Smith, 2010)
Vrste:	Rasprostranjenost fosila i lokacija:	Vremenski raspon:
†G. igniculus (Beard & Dawson, 2009)^[5]	SAD (Misisipi)	54,7 do 54,1 mil. god.
†G. rosei (Heinrich, 2008)^[6]	SAD (Vajoming)	54,9 do 54,7 mil. god.
†G. rundlei (Hooker, 2010)^[7]	UK (Veliki London)	55,2 do 50,8 mil. god.
†G. solei (Smith & Smith, 2010)^[1]	Belgija (pokrajine Eno i Flamanski Brabant) Francuska (O de Frans)^[8]	56,0 do 55,2 mil. god.
†G. winkleri (Gingerich, 1983)^[9]	SAD (Vajoming)	54,4 do 53,4 mil. god.
†G. sp. [Jibou, Romania] (Solé, 2016)^[10]	Rumunija (okrug Salaž)	57,2 do 56,0 mil. god.

Filogenija

Dolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze parafiletskog roda Gracilocyon.^[11]^[12]^[10]^[13]

Carnivoramorpha

†Viverravidae

	†Viverravoidea

?	†Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 50993 & UALVP 50994)

?	†Ravenictis

sensu lato

?

†Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 31176)

?

†Carnivoramorpha sp. (USNM 538395)

?

†"Sinopa" insectivorus

Carnivoraformes

Kladus "B"

	†Eogale

?	†"Miacis" sp. (CM 67873 & CM 77299)

	†Gracilocyon igniculus

	†Gracilocyon winkleri

†Gracilocyon solei

†Gracilocyon

?

†Gracilocyon sp. (Jibou, Romania)

	†Gracilocyon rosei

	†Gracilocyon rundlei

†Paramiacis

†Paroodectes

†Oodectes jepseni

†Oodectes

†Oodectes herpestoides

†Oodectes proximus

†Oodectes pugnax

†Uintacyon hookeri

†Uintacyon rudis

†Uintacyon

	†Uintacyon massetericus

	†Uintacyon vorax

†Uintacyon asodes

†Uintacyon edax

	†Uintacyon acutus

	†Uintacyon jugulans

	†Uintacyon gingerichi

	†Xinyuictis

†Zodiocyon

	†Miocyon

	†Simamphicyon

	†Uintacyon sp. (USGS 1983)

	†Messelogale

	†Quercygalidae

Kladus "C"

	†Palaearctonyx

(†Phlaodectes)	†Vulpavus ovatus

†Vulpavus profectus

	†Vulpavus australis

	†Vulpavus canavus

†Vulpavus completus

†Vulpavus

†Vulpavus farsonensis

†Vulpavus palustris

†Vassacyon

	†Dormaalocyon

	†"Miacis" exiguus

†"Miacis" deutschi

?

†Africtis

?

†Carnivoraformes undet. Genus B

†Dawsonicyon

?

†"Miacis" boqinghensis

?

†"Miacis" hookwayi

†"Miacis" latidens

†"Miacis" petilus

?	†Carnivoraformes undet. Genus A

	†Miacis

Kladus "D"

	†Lycarion

	†"Miacis" hargeri

?

†Ceruttia

?

†"Miacis" invictus

†"Miacis" lushiensis

†Neovulpavus

	†Harpalodon

	†Procynodictis

†Prodaphaenus

?

†Walshius

	†"Miacis" gracilis

	†Tapocyon

	Carnivora (sensu stricto)

†Gracilocyon/Oodectes grupa

†Vulpavus grupa

(Carnivora [sensu lato])

Vremenska rasprostranjenost parafiletskog roda Gracilocyon unutar kladusa Carnivoraformes

Vidi još

Reference

^ ^a ^b ^v ^g Thierry Smith and Richard Smith (2010). „A new genus of ‘miacid’ carnivoran from the earliest Eocene of Europe and North America”. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 55 (4): 761—764. doi:10.4202/app.2009.0125.
^ K. D. Rose, A. E. Chew, R. H. Dunn, M. J. Kraus, H. C. Fricke and S. P. Zack (2012) "Earliest Eocene mammalian fauna from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum at Sand Creek Divide, southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 36:1-122
^ ^a ^b ^v Solé, Floréal (1. 9. 2014). „New carnivoraforms from the early Eocene of Europe and their bearing on the evolution of the Carnivoraformes”. Palaeontology (na jeziku: engleski). 57 (5): 963—978. ISSN 1475-4983. doi:10.1111/pala.12097.
^ Juhn, M. S.; Balisi, M. A.; Doughty, E. M.; Friscia, A. R.; Howenstine, A. O.; Jacquemetton, C.; Marcot, J.; Nugen, S.; Van Valkenburgh, B. (2024). „Cenozoic climate change and the evolution of North American mammalian predator ecomorphology”. Paleobiology: 1—10. doi:10.1017/pab.2024.27 .
^ K. Christopher Beard; Mary R. Dawson (2009). „Early Wasatchian Mammals of the Red Hot Local Fauna, Uppermost Tuscahoma Formation, Lauderdale County, Mississippi”. Annals of Carnegie Museum. 78 (3): 193—243. doi:10.2992/007.078.0301.
^ Heinrich, R. E.; Strait, S. G.; Houde, P. (2008). „Earliest Eocene Miacidae (Mammalia: Carnivora) from northwestern Wyoming”. Journal of Paleontology. 82 (1): 154—162. doi:10.1666/05-118.1.
^ Jerry J. Hooker (2010). "The mammal fauna of the early Eocene Blackheath Formation of Abbey Wood, London". Palaeontographical Society. str. 1—162. ISSN 0269-3445.
^ Solé, Floréal; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel; Godinot, Marc (2013). „The "miacids" (Carnivoraformes, Mammalia) from the Early Eocene locality of Le Quesnoy (MP7, France); first occurrence of Vassacyon in Europe”. Comptes Rendus Palevol. 12 (4): 191—202. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2013.05.001.
^ P. D. Gingerich (1983) "Systematics of Early Eocene Miacidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) in the Clark's Fork Basin, Wyoming." Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 26(10):197-225
^ ^a ^b Solé, Floréal; Smith, Thierry; De Bast, Eric; Codrea, Vlad; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel (2016). „New carnivoraforms from the latest Paleocene of Europe and their bearing on the origin and radiation of Carnivoraformes (Carnivoramorpha, Mammalia)”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (2): e1082480. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1082480.
^ Flynn, John J.; Finarelli, John A.; Spaulding, Michelle (2010). „Phylogeny of the Carnivora and Carnivoramorpha, and the use of the fossil record to enhance understanding of evolutionary transformations”. Ur.: Goswami, Anjali; Friscia, Anthony. Carnivoran evolution. New views on phylogeny, form and function. Cambridge University Press. str. 25–63. ISBN 9781139193436. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139193436.003.
^ Solé, Floréal; Smith, Richard; Coillot, Tiphaine; de Bast, Eric; Smith, Thierry (2014). „Dental and tarsal anatomy of Miacis latouri and a phylogenetic analysis of the earliest carnivoraforms (Mammalia, Carnivoramorpha)”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (1): 1—21. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.793195.
^ Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). „Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world”. Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1—115. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.

[SmithSmith-1] v ^g Thierry Smith and Richard Smith (2010). „A new genus of ‘miacid’ carnivoran from the earliest Eocene of Europe and North America”. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 55 (4): 761—764. doi:10.4202/app.2009.0125.

[2] K. D. Rose, A. E. Chew, R. H. Dunn, M. J. Kraus, H. C. Fricke and S. P. Zack (2012) "Earliest Eocene mammalian fauna from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum at Sand Creek Divide, southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 36:1-122

[Sole-2014-3] v Solé, Floréal (1. 9. 2014). „New carnivoraforms from the early Eocene of Europe and their bearing on the evolution of the Carnivoraformes”. Palaeontology (na jeziku: engleski). 57 (5): 963—978. ISSN 1475-4983. doi:10.1111/pala.12097.

[4] Juhn, M. S.; Balisi, M. A.; Doughty, E. M.; Friscia, A. R.; Howenstine, A. O.; Jacquemetton, C.; Marcot, J.; Nugen, S.; Van Valkenburgh, B. (2024). „Cenozoic climate change and the evolution of North American mammalian predator ecomorphology”. Paleobiology: 1—10. doi:10.1017/pab.2024.27 .

[5] K. Christopher Beard; Mary R. Dawson (2009). „Early Wasatchian Mammals of the Red Hot Local Fauna, Uppermost Tuscahoma Formation, Lauderdale County, Mississippi”. Annals of Carnegie Museum. 78 (3): 193—243. doi:10.2992/007.078.0301.

[6] Heinrich, R. E.; Strait, S. G.; Houde, P. (2008). „Earliest Eocene Miacidae (Mammalia: Carnivora) from northwestern Wyoming”. Journal of Paleontology. 82 (1): 154—162. doi:10.1666/05-118.1.

[7] Jerry J. Hooker (2010). "The mammal fauna of the early Eocene Blackheath Formation of Abbey Wood, London". Palaeontographical Society. str. 1—162. ISSN 0269-3445.

[8] Solé, Floréal; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel; Godinot, Marc (2013). „The "miacids" (Carnivoraformes, Mammalia) from the Early Eocene locality of Le Quesnoy (MP7, France); first occurrence of Vassacyon in Europe”. Comptes Rendus Palevol. 12 (4): 191—202. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2013.05.001.

[Gingerich1983-9] P. D. Gingerich (1983) "Systematics of Early Eocene Miacidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) in the Clark's Fork Basin, Wyoming." Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 26(10):197-225

[SoléSmith2016-10] Solé, Floréal; Smith, Thierry; De Bast, Eric; Codrea, Vlad; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel (2016). „New carnivoraforms from the latest Paleocene of Europe and their bearing on the origin and radiation of Carnivoraformes (Carnivoramorpha, Mammalia)”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (2): e1082480. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1082480.

[asdff-11] Flynn, John J.; Finarelli, John A.; Spaulding, Michelle (2010). „Phylogeny of the Carnivora and Carnivoramorpha, and the use of the fossil record to enhance understanding of evolutionary transformations”. Ur.: Goswami, Anjali; Friscia, Anthony. Carnivoran evolution. New views on phylogeny, form and function. Cambridge University Press. str. 25–63. ISBN 9781139193436. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139193436.003.

[SoléSmith2014-12] Solé, Floréal; Smith, Richard; Coillot, Tiphaine; de Bast, Eric; Smith, Thierry (2014). „Dental and tarsal anatomy of Miacis latouri and a phylogenetic analysis of the earliest carnivoraforms (Mammalia, Carnivoramorpha)”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (1): 1—21. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.793195.

[Tomiya2021-13] Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). „Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world”. Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1—115. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.

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