User:Electionworld/sandbox/Belgium

Multiple timeline of Belgium

This scheme is a multiple timelime of the history of Belgium, part of the series of Series of multiple timelines of European countries and territories.

Introduction - Other timelines - Index of timelines

The Kingdom of Belgium (Koninkrijk België/ Royaume de Belgique / Königreich Belgien) is a federal kingdom, divided in regions and communities, with a hereditary king, a Federal Parliament with a Chamber of People's Representatives elected in free multi-party elections and a Senate with partially directly and partially indirectly elected members, and a government responsible to the federal parliament. Belgium is member of the European Union.

Roman Republic 57 BC: Rome conquers present-day Belgium, populated by celtic tribes like the Menapii and germanic tribes, like the Eburones. Roman Empire 27 BC: Gaius Octavianus becomes sole ruler of Rome and as Augustus the first emperor. Gallic Empire 260: The region becomes part of the seccessionist Gallic Empire. Roman Empire 274: The Gallic Empire is reincorporated into the Roman Empire. 300s: Franks enter the Roman Empire as allies. 395: After the death of emperor Theodosius I, the Roman Empire is partitioned in the (Eastern) Roman Empire and the (Western) Roman Empire. Belgica becomes part of the Western part of the Empire. Franks 410s: Rome abandons the region, the Franks take over. Kingdom of the Franks 481: Chlodovechus or Clovis, son of the Salian king Childericus I of the Merovingian dynasty unites most Frankish tribes as king of the Franks. His kingdom gradually annexes most of the other Frankish states in and outside Gaul and Germania. During the area of partitions, the region is part of Austrasia. Kingdom of the West Franks 843: After the partitions of the Kingdom of the Franks, the region belongs to West Francia. Kingdom of the Middle Franks 843: After the death emperor of Ludovicus and a civil war, Francia is partitioned in the Treaty of Verdun into East Francia, Middle Francia and West Francia. Lotharius becomes emperor of the Middle Franks. Middle Francia includes present-day Eastern and Southern France, Netherlands, most of Belgium, Luxembourg, Saarland and parts of Rhineland-Palatinate and North Rhine-Westfalia, Italy and Switzerland. County of Flanders 862: Boudewijn I becomes the first count of Flanders as a fief of West-Francia. Kingdom of Lotharingia 855: With the partition of Middle-Francia, the region becomes part of Lotharingia]. Kingdom of the East Franks 870: Lotharingia becomes part of East Francia. Kingdom of Lotharingia 895: The kingdom of Lotharingia is restored. Duchy of Lotharingia 903: Lotharingia is continued as duchy. 908: Duke Reginar bears also the title of count of Hainaut. 911: After the election of Konrad as king of East Francia, duke Reginar attaches Lotharingia to king Carolus III of West Francia. 922: Carolus III is overthrown in West Francia by Robert I, but remains king in Lotharingia. 923: Carolus III is overthrown and Lotharingia becomes a fief of East Francia. Duchy of Lower Lotharingia 959: Lotharingia is partitioned. Godfried becomes ruler of Lower Lotharingia. Lower Lotharingia as the rest of the Holy Roman Empire gets divided into several entities in the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and North Rhine-Westfalia. 963: Siegfried becomes the first count of Luxembourg. County of Mons 964: Richar becomes the first count of Mons, inside Lower Lotharingia. Lordship of Bouillon 966: The Lordship of Bouillon is established, more or less separate but as far as known in a personal of dynastic union with the dukes of Lower Lorraine. 1012: Count Boudewijn IV is enfeoffed with the county of Zeeland. County of Louvain 1003: Lambert I becomes the first count of Louvain. County of Namur 998: Albert I becomes the first count of Namur. Prince-Bishopric of Liège 980: The Prince-Bishopric of Liège is established. Bishop Notker becomes prince. County of Limburg 1065: Walran I becomes the first count of Limburg. Landgraviate of Brabant 1085: Count Hendrik III of Louvain merges his possessions and becomes landgrave of Brabant. County of Hainaut 1049: Herman acquires Valenciennes and merges his belongings into Hainaut. Duchy of Limburg 1101: Count Henri is raised in rank to duke of Lower Lorraine, creating the Duchy of Limburg. 1106: Landgrave Godfried I has the title duke of Lower Lotharingia. 1095: Lord Godefroy of Bouillon sells the lordship to Liège, making the prince-bishops of Liège lords and later dukes of Bouillon, ruled as part of Liège. 1147-1149: Flanders takes part in the Second Crusade that fails to restore the County of Edessa. 1167: Zeeland is a de facto condominium between Flanders and Holland. 1173: Flanders intervenes in the civil war in England and is defeated in 1174. 1202-1204: Flanders takes part in the Fourth Crusade, that leads to the destruction of the Byzantine Empire and the establishment of the Latin Empire and other crusader states. Count Boudewijn IX becomes Latin Emperor until 1205. 1213-1221: Flanders takes part in the Fifth Crusade that is defeated by the Arabs. 1247: Flanders loses Zeeland to Holland Duchy of Brabant 1183: Landgrave Hendrik I is raised in rank to duke of Brabant and acquieres part of North Brabant. 1213-1221: Flanders takes part in the Fifth Crusade that is defeated by the Arabs. 1226: Duke Henri becomes by marriage count of Berg. 1247: Flanders loses Zeeland to Holland 1247: The personal union with Berg ends. 1283: After the death of duchess Ermengard without issue, Limburg is claimed between her husband count Reinoud of Guelders and count Adolf VIII of Berg. Adolf VIII sells his claim to duke Jan of Brabant. 1283: Count Adolf VIII of Berg sells his claim on Limburg to duke Jan of Brabant. 1288: The troops of Guelders and allies are defeated at Worringen. Limburg falls to duke Jan of Brabant. 1288: In the War of the Limburg Succession duke Jan and allies defeat at Worringen count Reinoud of Guelders and allies. Limburg falls to duke Jan of Brabant. 1297: King Philippe IV of France declares the annexation of Flanders to the royal domain, leading to the Franco-Flemish War. 1302: The war escalates into the Battle of the Golden Spurs, after which the French were ousted. : With the Treaty of Athis-sur-Orge Flanders becomes independent, but loses the southern part, including Lille. 1328: The Peasant revolt in Flanders is surpessed by France. 1299: After the death of count Jan I of Holland, count Jean II of Hainaut becomes also count of Holland and Zeeland. 1345: After the death of count Willem IV Marguerite, married with emperor Ludwig IV, duke Ludwig III of Bavaria, becomes countess of Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut. 1355: Wenzel of Luxembourg becomes by marriage duke of Brabant and Limburg. 1355: Wenzel of Luxembourg becomes by marriage duke of Brabant and Limburg. 1354: Their son Wilhelm I, duke of Bavaria-Straubing, becomes count of Hainaut, Holland and Zeeland. 1384: Duke Philippe II of Burgundy inherits by marriage with countess Margaretha III of Flanders the county of Flanders. 1383: After his death Limburg and Luxembourg are separated. His wife Johanna becomes sole duchess. 1383: After his death Brabant and Luxembourg are separated. His wife Johanna becomes sole duchess. 1421: Duke Philippe III of Burgundy (and Flanders) becomes also count of Namur. 1417: Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut are separated from Bavaria-Straubing, they fall to Alberts sister Jacoba. 1415: The Prince-Bishop of Liège grants the châtellenie of Bouillon to the House of La Marck in 1415 1430: Duke Philippe III of Burgundy becomes also duke of Limburg. 1430: Duke Philippe III of Burgundy becomes also duke of Brabant. The Netherlands 1432: Duke Philippe III of Burgundy becomes also duke of Hainaut and count of Holland and Zeeland and unites his possessions in the southern and northern Netherlands into the Burgundian Netherlands. Burgundy develops into a more or less de facto independent state nominally part of France and the Holy Roman Empire. 1443: Philippe III becomes by conquest duke of Luxembourg, uniting them with other Netherlands entities. 1465: Liège resists the pro-Burgundian bishops. 1468: Burgundy surpresses the resistance and defeats the rebels. 1477: The duchy of Burgundy itself is annexed to France. Maximilian I of the House of Habsburg becomes by marriage with duchess Marie duke of Burgundy and ruler of the Netherlands. 1482: Maximilian is succeeded by his son Philipp IV under guardianship of Maximilian until 1494. 1504: Philipp IV becomes by marriage king Felipe of Castile. 1506: He dies and is succeeded by his son Karl as duke of Burgundy. 1516: Karl becomes as Carlos I also king of Spain. 1519: Karl becomes as Karl V Holy Roman Emperor and archduke of Austria. 1521: Karl V grants the Austrian lands to his younger brother Ferdinand I, whereby the personal union with Spain ends. He remains as duke of Burgundy ruler of the Netherlands. 1526: With the Treaty of Madrid king François of France surrenders his claims to Italy, Flanders, and Burgundy in order to be released from prison. 1552: King Henri II of France declares war on emperor Karl V with the intent of recapturing Italy. Part of the war takes part in the Netherlands. 1555: Karl V abdicates in the Netherlands and is succeeded by his son Felipe II as ruler of the Netherlands. Spanish Netherlands → Spain 1556: Felipe II becomes king of Spain and brings the Netherlands under Spanish rule. 1566: With resistance by protestants against the catholic Spanish rule starts the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the northern Netherlands. 1579: The states general of the Spanish Netherlands split and part of it continues as states-general of a rebellion in the protestant north. The Union of Arras unifies the southern Netherlands. 1581: The Northern Netherlands secede from the Spanish Netherlands. 1618: The Habsburg realm is in the Thirty Years' War with the protestant states in the Holy Roman Empire. 1648: The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War. The independence of the Dutch Republic is recognized. The north of Brabant, Limburg and Flanders become part of the Netherlands. 1659: The Treaty of the Pyrenees ends the war between France and Spain with the French annexation of Southern Flanders. 1668: The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the War of Devolution between France and Spain over the Spanish Netherlands and outlines the boundaries between France and the Spanish Netherlands. 1672: Brandenburg, Habsburg Austria and Spain join as allies the Netherlands in the Franco-Dutch War. 1678: The Treaties of Nijmegen end after a French victory the Franco-Dutch War. France wins territories in the Southern Netherlands. 1683: In the War of the Reunions France invades the Spanish Netherlands and conquers part of it. 1684: The Truce of Ratisbon ends the war between France and Spain. 1697: The occupied parts are returned to the Spanish Netherlands. 1701: After the death of king Carlos II of Spain his succession is disputed between Philippe of Anjou and Karl VI of Habsburg In the following War of the Spanish Succession. Duchy of Bouillon 1595: Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne becomes duke of Bouillon. 1642: His son Frédéric Maurice cedes Sedan to France, ending the personal union with Bouillon. 1678: Under duke Godefroy Maurice Bouillon becomes de facto a French protectorate. Austrian Netherlands → Habsburg Monarchy 1713: After Treaty of Utrecht ends the War of the Spanish Succession, emperor Karl VI, ruler of Habsburg Monarchy, becomes ruler of the Netherlands, renamed into the Austrian Netherlands. 1740: After the death of emperor Karl VI his daughter, Maria Theresia, becomes archduchess and ruler of Austria. Her succession is disputed and this dispute leads to the War of the Austrian Succession. 1748: The Treaty of Aachen ends the War of the Austrian Succession. France withdraws from the Austrian Netherlands. Republic of Liège 1789: Liège becomes in a revolution a republic governed by a provisional revolutionary government. United Belgian States 1790: The United Belgian States, including Luxembourg secede from the Austrian Netherlands. Hendrik van der Noot becomes prime minister. Austrian Netherlands → Habsburg Monarchy 1790: Austrian rule is restored the same year. Prince-Bishopric of Liège 1791: The republic is abolished and the prince-bishop is restored. 1792: The French Assembly declares war, the War of the First Coalition, on emperor Franz II of the Holy Roman Empire, ruler of the Habsburg Monarchy. France invades and occupies the Austrian Netherlands. 1792: Under duke Godefroy Bouillon becomes a constitutional monarchy. Republic of Bouillon 1794: Duke Jacques Léopold, who is als a French citizen, is arrested in Paris during the French Revolution. Bouillon becomes a French client republic with a provisional parliament and government. French Republic 1795: In the French Revolutionary Wars the Austrian Netherlands, Bouillon and Liège are annexed to France ending Austrian rule in the region. 1798: A peasants' insurgency in the French occupied territories is suppressed by the French. French Empire 1804: Napoléon Bonaparte crowns himself as the executive emperor of France. 1814: A coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, the Netherlands, Spain and a number of German states defeats in the War of the Sixth Coalition France and drives Napoleon into exile on user:electionworld/sandbox/Italy#ElbaElba. France loses the annexed territories. In the secret Eight Articles of London awards the former Austrian Netherlands and Liège to prince Willem of the Netherlands. Duchy of Bouillon 1814: The duchy is restored with Philippe d'Auvergne as duke. Kingdom of the Netherlands 1815: In the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna, Austria, France, Portugal, Prussia, Russia, Sweden and the United Kingdom agree on the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the re-division of Europe. Its provisions confirms the merger of the Netherlands and the former Austrian Netherlands into the Netherlands. Napoleon Bonaparte overthrows Louis XVIII and restores the empire. He is [Battle of Waterloo|defeated at Waterloo]] by the allied forces and abdicates.The Netherlands are enlarged by incorporating the former Austrian Netherlands, Liège and Bouillon. Willem I becomes king of the united Netherlands in a personal union with Luxembourg. 1816: Neutral Moresnet is created as a condominium of the Netherlands and Prussia. Kingdom of Belgium 1830: As a reaction to the Belgian Revolution, the Netherlands stage a campaign against the separatists. Under French pressure, the Netherlands withdraw. It leads to the separation of the Southern Provinces from the Netherlands and to the establishment of Belgium, including parts of Luxembourg. Belgium gets a constituent National Congress elected by limited suffrage. Moresnet becomes a condominium between Belgium and Prussia. 1831: The new constitution stipulates a bicameral parliament with a Chamber of People's Representatives elected in free multi-party elections by limited male suffrage and a Senate with elected and appointed members. Every two years half of the seats in the Chamber are elected. Leopold, son of the duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld becomes king of Belgium. 1839: The Treaty of London guarantees the independence and neutrality of Belgium and the recognition of the eastern part of Luxembourg as an independent country in a personal union with the Netherlands. 1894: The chamber is elected by universal but unequal male suffrage. The senate is enlarged with indirectly elected members. 1900: The chamber is elected for the first time under a proportional system. 1908: The Congo Free State becomes a colony as Belgian Congo. 1914: After Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, Germany attacks France, Belgium and Luxembourg. The United Kingdom declares war on Germany. Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary and Germany. World War I is a fact. The German Empire invades and occupies most of Belgium. 1917: After the United States joined the allied powers, an American army enters the war in France. 1914: Most of Belgium is conquered and occupied by the German Empire. Moresnet is occupied by and annexed to the German Empire. 1918: The Central Powers are defeated and an armistice is agreed. 1919: The Treaty of Versailles formally ends World War I. Moresnet is incorporated into Belgium. The chamber and the directly elected members are elected by universal male suffrage. 1920: Belgium is a founding member of the League of Nations. 1922: Belgium and Luxembourg establish the Belgium–Luxembourg Economic Union. Ruanda-Urundi, formerly German, becomes a Belgian League of Nations mandate, since 1946 a trust territory. 1940: Nazi Germany invades and conquers as part of World War II Belgium, Luxembourg (annexed) and the Netherlands as well as the Northern and Western part of France. 1944: The allied forces of the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, the Free French, and Poland launch an invasion of Normandy, creating a third Front. Belgium is mostly liberated. The Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg establish the Benelux Union. 1945: Nazi Germany is defeated. Belgium is a founding member of the United Nations. 1949: Belgium is a founding member of the Council of Europe and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 1951: By signing the Treaty of Paris, in force in 1952, Belgium is a founder of the European Coal and Steel Community. 1957: By signing the Treaty of Rome, in force in 1958, Belgium is a founder of the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community, predecessors of the European Union. 1960: Belgian Congo becomes independent. 1962: Burundi and Rwanda become independent.