Senat Amerika Syarikat
| Senat Amerika Syarikat | |
|---|---|
 Jata Dewan Senat Amerika Syarikat | |
 Bendera Senat Amerika Syarikat | |
| Kongres Amerika Syarikat ke-117 | |
| Jenis | |
| Jenis | |
Tempoh menjawat | Tiada |
Sesi baru bermula | 3 Januari 2021 |
| Kepimpinan | |
Ketua Pengelola Majoriti | |
Ketua Pengelola Minoriti | |
| Struktur | |
| Ahli | 100 51 (atau 50 tambah Naib Presiden) untuk mencapai majoriti mudah |
 | |
Kumpulan politik | Majoriti (50)[a]
Minoriti (50)
|
Tempoh penggal | 6 tahun |
| Pilihan raya | |
Sistem pengundian | Merangkumi 5 pilihan raya peringkat negeri Memperoleh undi majoriti dalam ke semua 45 negeri |
Pilihan raya terakhir | 3 November 2020 (35 kerusi) |
Pilihan raya seterusnya | 8 November 2022 (34 kerusi) |
| Tempat persidangan | |
 | |
| Kamar Senat Kapitol Amerika Syarikat | |
| senate.gov | |
| Perlembagaan | |
| Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat | |
sunting  | |
Senat Amerika Syarikat merupakan salah satu daripada dua dewan perundangan Kongres Amerika Syarikat, satu lagi menjadi Dewan Perwakilan. Dalam Senat, setiap negeri secara saksama diwakili oleh dua ahli; hasilnya, jumlah keahlian badan berkenaan hingga kini ialah 100. Para Senator berkhidmat tempoh selama enam tahun diatur supaya pilihan-pilihan raya diadakan bagi kira-kira sepertiga kerusi daripada kerusi-kerusi dewan (satu "kumpulan") setiap tahun kedua. Naib Presiden Amerika Syarikat merupakan Presiden Senat dan berkhidmat sebagai pegawai yang mengetuai, tetapi ia bukan seorang senator dan tidak boleh mengundi kecuali pemecah undi. Timbalan Presiden jarang bertindak sebagai Presiden Senat kecuali membuang undi pemecah atau semasa majlis upacara atau istiadat, maka tanggungjawab mempengerusikan biasanya jatuh kepada Presiden Pro Tempore, secara adat merupakan senator yang paling senior daripada parti majoriti. Paling biasa, Presiden Pro Tempore akan merangka satu ahli daripada parti beliau untuk berkhidmat sebagai pegawai pengerusi pada hari tersebut.
Komposisi dan kuasa Senat diwujudkan melalui artikel 1 di dalam Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat. Dewan Senat terdiri daripada ahli senator, setiap satunya mewakili satu negeri secara keseluruhannya. Setiap negeri, tanpa mengira saiz penduduknya, adalah sama diwakili oleh dua Senator yang berkhidmat dalam tempoh enam tahun. Pada masa ini terdapat 50 negeri bersekutu, kini terdapat 100 Senator. Dari 1789 hingga 1913, Senator telah dilantik oleh badan perundangan Negeri yang mereka wakili; mereka kini dipilih oleh undi popular, berikutan penggubalan ratifikasi Amendmen 17 pindaan 1913.
Komposisi terkini
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Keahlian
Sumpah masuk jawatan diangkat
I, ___ ___, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. So help me God.[1]
Pendapatan dan kelebihan
Gaji tahunan setiap senator, sejak 2009, ialah USD $174,000; Presiden Pro tempore dan pemimpin parti menerima USD $193,400. Pada bulan Jun 2003, sekurang-kurangnya 40 Senator bergelar jutawan; pada tahun 2018, lebih 50 Senator bergelar jutawan. Bersama-sama dengan gaji pendapatan, seorang senator menerima manfaat persaraan dan kesihatan yang sama dengan penjawat awam yang lain, dan diberi hak sepenuhnya selepas lima tahun berkhidmat. Senator dilindungi oleh skim persaraan penjawat awam atau skim persaraan perkhidmatan awam. Skim pertama persaraan Senat sejak 1 Januari 1987, manakala skim kedua hanya terpakai bagi ahli-ahli Dewan Senat yang berkhidmat dari 31 Disember 1986 dan sebelumnya. Bagi penjawat awam, persaraan ahli kongres dibiayai melalui cukai dan sumbangan peserta. Di bawah skim persaraan pertama, senator perlu menyumbang 1.3% daripada gaji mereka ke dalam rancangan persaraan skim tersebut dan membayar 6.2% daripada gaji mereka dalam cukai keselamatan sosial. Jumlah pencen ahli senator bergantung kepada tempoh perkhidmatan dan purata tiga tahun yang tertinggi gaji mereka. Jumlah permulaan anuiti persaraan senator mungkin tidak melebihi 80% daripada gaji akhir mereka. Pada tahun 2006, purata pencen tahunan bagi senator dan wakil yang telah bersara di bawah skim kedua adalah USD $60,972, manakala mereka yang bersara di bawah skim pertama, atau gabungan dengan skim kedua, berjumlah USD $35,952
Senarai ahli senat Amerika Syarikat
Pemimpin tertinggi
| Jawatan | Parti | Penyandang | Negeri | Sejak | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Presiden Senat | Demokrat |
|
Kamala Harris | California | 20 Januari 2021 |
| Presiden pro tempore Senat | Demokrat | Patrick Leahy | Senator Vermont | 20 Januari 2021 | |
Pemimpin majoriti
| Jawatan | Penyandang | Negeri | Sejak |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pemimpin parti Dewan Senat | Mitch McConnell | Senator Kentucky | 3 Januari 2015 Pemimpin parti sejak 3 Januari 2007 |
| Pemimpin Whip Dewan Senat | John Thune | Senator Dakota Selatan | 3 Januari 2019 |
| Pengerusi Persidangan Dewan Senat | John Barrasso | Senator Wyoming | 3 Januari 2019 |
| Pengerusi Jawatankuasa Polisi Dewan Senat | Roy Blunt | Senator Missouri | 3 Januari 2019 |
| Naib Pengerusi Persidangan Dewan Senat | Joni Ernst | Senator Iowa | 3 Januari 2019 |
| Pengerusi Jawatankuasa Senator Republikan Kebangsaan (National Republikan Senatorial) | Todd Young | Senator Indiana | 3 Januari 2019 |
| Pengerusi Jawatankuasa Bertindak Dewan Senat | Mike Lee | Senator Utah | 3 Januari 2015 |
| Timbalan Ketua Whip Dewan Senat | Mike Crapo | Senator Idaho | 3 Januari 2013 |
Pemimpin minoriti
| Jawatan | Penyandang | Negeri | Sejak |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pemimpin parti Dewan Senat | Chuck Schumer | Senator New York | 3 Januari 2017 Party Leader since January 3, 2017 |
| Pemimpin Whip Dewan Senat | Dick Durbin | Senator Illinois | 3 Januari 2015 Party Whip since January 3, 2005 |
| Pembantu pemimpin parti Dewan Senat | Patty Murray | Senator Washington | 3 Januari 2017 |
| Pengerusi Jawatankuasa Polisi Dewan Senat | Debbie Stabenow | Senator Michigan | 3 Januari 2017 |
| Naib Pengerusi Kaukus Demokrat | Mark Warner | Senator Virginia | 3 Januari 2017 |
| Elizabeth Warren | Senator Massachusetts | 3 Januari 2017 | |
| Pengerusi Jawatankuasa Bertindak Dewan Senat | Amy Klobuchar | Senator Minnesota | 3 Januari 2017 |
| Pengerusi Jawatankuasa Bertindak dan Jangkauan Dewan Senat | Bernie Sanders | Senator Vermont | 3 Januari 2017 |
| Naib Pengerusi Jawatankuasa Polisi Dewan Senat | Joe Manchin | Senator Virginia Barat | 3 Januari 2017 |
| Setiausaha Kaukus Demokrat Dewan Senat | Tammy Baldwin | Senator Wisconsin | 3 Januari 2017 |
| Pengerusi Jawatankuasa Kempen Dewan Senat Demokrat | Catherine Cortez Masto | Senator Nevada | 3 Januari 2019 |
| Timbalan Ketua Whip | Jeff Merkley | Senator Oregon | 3 Januari 2017 |
| Presiden pro tempore emeritus | Patrick Leahy | Senator Vermont | 3 Januari 2015 Dekan parti sejak 17 Disember 2012 |
Senarai senator
Galeri
Nota
- ^ Demokrat menguasai majoriti—kiraan 50 senator Demokrat termasuk Naib Presiden Kamala Harris—jumlah 51
- ^ Senator bebas–Angus King dan Bernie Sanders
- ^ Elected to the seat to succeed Luther Strange, who had been appointed to the seat following Jeff Sessions's resignation.[4]
- ^ Appointed to the seat after Jon Kyl's resignation following the death of John McCain.[7]
- ^ a b Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaKingSanders - ^ Appointed to the seat after Al Franken's resignation.[31]
- ^ Appointed to the seat after Thad Cochran's resignation.
Rujukan
- ^ See: 5 U.S.C. § 3331; see also: U.S. Senate Oath of Office
- ^ United States Constitution, Article VI
- ^ "States in the Senate – AL Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ "Jones victorious in stunning Alabama Senate upset". AP News. Dicapai pada December 13, 2017.
- ^ "States in the Senate – AK Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ "State Sen. Kyrsten Sinema pursues House seat". The Arizona State Press. Dicapai pada February 5, 2019.
- ^ Martin, Jonathan (December 18, 2018). "Martha McSally Appointed to Arizona Senate Seat Once Held by John McCain". The New York Times. Dicapai pada February 5, 2019.
- ^ McSally, Martha, "Should US uniform adapt to Muslim Culture?", The Washington Post, reprinted in The Japan Times, March 2, 2011, p. 12.
- ^ "Biography Martha McSally". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada Disember 24, 2018. Dicapai pada Januari 3, 2019.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate – AR Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate – CA Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate – CO Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate – CT Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate – DE Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ "Meet Governor Scott". Flgov.com. Dicapai pada February 5, 2019.
- ^ "States in the Senate – GA Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate – HI Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate – ID Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate – IL Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ Davey, Monica (November 28, 2008). "The New Team: Tammy Duckworth". The New York Times. New York, NY.
- ^ "About". Mike Braun for Indiana. Dicapai pada February 5, 2019.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate – IA Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate – KS Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate – KY Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate – LA Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ "States in the Senate – ME Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate – MD Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate – MA Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate – MI Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ a b "States in the Senate – MN Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ "Franken to make announcement Thursday as chorus grows for his resignation". ABC7 Chicago. December 6, 2017. Dicapai pada December 9, 2017.
- ^ "States in the Senate – MS Introduction". Senate.gov. Dicapai pada January 3, 2019.
- ^ "Faculty Bio-Erin Morrow Hawley". University of Missouri Law School. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada March 2, 2019. Dicapai pada September 10, 2018.
- ^ "Josh Hawley (@HawleyMO) | Twitter". Twitter. Dicapai pada August 30, 2018.
- ^ a b "Congressional candidate Jacky Rosen a newcomer, unknown to most Southern Nevadans". Reviewjournal.com. July 5, 2016. Dicapai pada February 5, 2019.
- ^ "About Congresswoman Jacky Rosen". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada Disember 21, 2018. Dicapai pada Januari 3, 2019.
- ^ "RollCall.com – Member Profile – Sen. Kevin Cramer, R-N.D." Media.cq.com. Dicapai pada February 5, 2019.
- ^ "Biography Martha Blackburn". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada Disember 26, 2018. Dicapai pada Januari 3, 2019.
- ^ "About Mitt". Romney For Utah. Dicapai pada February 5, 2019.
Bibliografi
- Baker, Richard A. The Senate of the United States: A Bicentennial History Krieger, 1988.
- Baker, Richard A., ed., First Among Equals: Outstanding Senate Leaders of the Twentieth Century Congressional Quarterly, 1991.
- Barone, Michael, and Grant Ujifusa, The Almanac of American Politics 1976: The Senators, the Representatives and the Governors: Their Records and Election Results, Their States and Districts (1975); new edition every 2 years
- David W. Brady and Mathew D. McCubbins. Party, Process, and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress (2002)
- Caro, Robert A. The Years of Lyndon Johnson. Vol. 3: Master of the Senate. Knopf, 2002.
- Comiskey, Michael. Seeking Justices: The Judging of Supreme Court Nominees U. Press of Kansas, 2004.
- Congressional Quarterly Congress and the Nation XII: 2005–2008: Politics and Policy in the 109th and 110th Congresses (2010); massive, highly detailed summary of Congressional activity, as well as major executive and judicial decisions; based on Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report and the annual CQ almanac. The Congress and the Nation 2009–2012 vol XIII has been announced for September 2014 publication.
- Congressional Quarterly Congress and the Nation: 2001–2004 (2005);
- Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1997–2001 (2002)
- Congressional Quarterly. Congress and the Nation: 1993–1996 (1998)
- Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1989–1992 (1993)
- Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1985–1988 (1989)
- Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1981–1984 (1985)
- Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1977–1980 (1981)
- Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1973–1976 (1977)
- Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1969–1972 (1973)
- Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1965–1968 (1969)
- Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1945–1964 (1965), the first of the series
- Cooper, John Milton, Jr. Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations. Cambridge U. Press, 2001.
- Davidson, Roger H., and Walter J. Oleszek, eds. (1998). Congress and Its Members, 6th ed. Washington DC: Congressional Quarterly. (Legislative procedure, informal practices, and member information)
- Gould, Lewis L. The Most Exclusive Club: A History Of The Modern United States Senate (2005)
- Hernon, Joseph Martin. Profiles in Character: Hubris and Heroism in the U.S. Senate, 1789–1990 Sharpe, 1997.
- Hoebeke, C. H. The Road to Mass Democracy: Original Intent and the Seventeenth Amendment. Transaction Books, 1995. (Popular elections of senators)
- Lee, Frances E. and Oppenheimer, Bruce I. Sizing Up the Senate: The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation. U. of Chicago Press 1999. 304 pp.
- MacNeil, Neil and Richard A. Baker. The American Senate: An Insider's History. Oxford University Press, 2013. 455 pp.
- McFarland, Ernest W. The Ernest W. McFarland Papers: The United States Senate Years, 1940–1952. Prescott, Ariz.: Sharlot Hall Museum, 1995 (Democratic majority leader 1950–52)
- Malsberger, John W. From Obstruction to Moderation: The Transformation of Senate Conservatism, 1938–1952. Susquehanna U. Press 2000
- Mann, Robert. The Walls of Jericho: Lyndon Johnson, Hubert Humphrey, Richard Russell and the Struggle for Civil Rights. Harcourt Brace, 1996
- Ritchie, Donald A. (1991). Press Gallery: Congress and the Washington Correspondents. Harvard University Press.
- Ritchie, Donald A. (2001). The Congress of the United States: A Student Companion (ed. 2nd). Oxford University Press.
- Ritchie, Donald A. (2010). The U.S. Congress: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press.
- Rothman, David. Politics and Power the United States Senate 1869–1901 (1966)
- Swift, Elaine K. The Making of an American Senate: Reconstitutive Change in Congress, 1787–1841. U. of Michigan Press, 1996
- Valeo, Frank. Mike Mansfield, Majority Leader: A Different Kind of Senate, 1961–1976 Sharpe, 1999 (Senate Democratic leader)
- VanBeek, Stephen D. Post-Passage Politics: Bicameral Resolution in Congress. U. of Pittsburgh Press 1995
- Weller, Cecil Edward, Jr. Joe T. Robinson: Always a Loyal Democrat. U. of Arkansas Press, 1998. (Arkansas Democrat who was Majority leader in 1930s)
- Wilson, Woodrow. Congressional Government. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1885; also 15th ed. 1900, repr. by photoreprint, Transaction books, 2002.
- Wirls, Daniel and Wirls, Stephen. The Invention of the United States Senate Johns Hopkins U. Press, 2004. (Early history)
- Zelizer, Julian E. On Capitol Hill : The Struggle to Reform Congress and its Consequences, 1948–2000 (2006)
- Zelizer, Julian E., ed. The American Congress: The Building of Democracy (2004) (overview)
Sejarah rasmi senat
The following are published by the Senate Historical Office.
- Robert Byrd. The Senate, 1789–1989. Four volumes.
- Vol. I, a chronological series of addresses on the history of the Senate
- Vol. II, a topical series of addresses on various aspects of the Senate's operation and powers
- Vol. III, Classic Speeches, 1830–1993
- Vol. IV, Historical Statistics, 1789–1992
- Dole, Bob. Historical Almanac of the United States Senate
- Hatfield, Mark O., with the Senate Historical Office. Vice Presidents of the United States, 1789–1993 (essays reprinted online)
- Frumin, Alan S. Riddick's Senate Procedure. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1992.
Pautan luar
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Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan: Senat Amerika Syarikat. |
- The United States Senate Official Website
- List of Senators who died in office, via PoliticalGraveyard.com
- Chart of all U.S. Senate seat-holders, by state, 1978–present, via Texas Tech University
- A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825, via Tufts University
- Bill Hammons' American Politics Guide – Members of Congress by Committee and State with Partisan Voting Index
- Karya oleh atau tentang Senat Amerika Syarikat di Internet Archive
- First U.S. Senate session aired by C-SPAN via C-SPAN
- Senate Manual via govinfo.gov (U.S. Government Publishing Office)
- United States Senate Calendars and Schedules
- Information about U.S. Bills and Resolutions
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