Naseljavanje Amerikâ
Naseljavanje Amerikâ počelo je kad su paleolitski lovci-sakupljači prispeli u Severnu Ameriku iz severnoazijskih Mamutskih stepa preko beringijskog kopnenog mosta, koja se formirao između severoistočnog Sibira i zapadne Aljaske zbog snižavanja nivoa mora tokom poslednjeg ledničkog maksimuma.[1] Ove populacije su se proširile južno od Laurentidine ledene ploče i brzo se raširile na područje Severne i Južne Amerike, pre 14.000 godina.[2][3][4][5] Najranije populacije u Americi, pre otprilike 10.000 godina, poznate su kao Paleoindijanci.
Oljuđivanje Amerike je dugogodišnje otvoreno pitanje, i dok su napredak u arheologiji, pleistocenskoj geologiji, fizičkoj antropologiji i DNK analizi postupno bacali sve više svetla na temu, značajna pitanja ostaju nerešena.[6] Iako postoji opšte saglasnost da su Amerike prvo naseljene iz Azije, obrazac migracije, hronologija i mesta porekla u Evroaziji naroda koji su migrirali u Ameriku ostaju nejasni.[3]
Prevladavajući modeli migracija ocrtavaju različite vremenske okvire za azijsku migraciju iz Beringovog tesnaca i dalje širenje osnivačke populacije širom kontinenta.[7] Autohtoni narodi Amerike bili su povezani sa sibirskim populacijama lingvističkim faktorima, raspodelom krvnih tipova i genetskom kompozicijom, kao što je prikazano molekularnim podacima, poput DNK.[8][9]
„Prva teorija Klovisa” se odnosi na hipotezu iz 1950-ih da kultura Klovisa predstavlja najranije ljudsko prisustvo u Americi, počevši od pre oko 13.000 godina; dokazi o kulturama pre Klovisa akumulirani su od 2000. godine, što je potisnulo moguće vreme prvog oljuđavanja Amerike na pre približno 13.200-15.500 godina.[10][11]
Životna sredina tokom zadnjeg pleistocena
[уреди | уреди извор]Za uvod u tehnike radiougljeničnog datiranja koje koriste arheolozi i geolozi, pogledajte metod radioaktivnog ugljenika.
Pojavljivanje i potapanje Beringije
[уреди | уреди извор]Tokom Viskonsinske glacijacije, varirajuće porcije Zemljine vode bile su zadržane kao glečerski led. Kako se voda akumulirala u glečerima, količina vode u okeanima se smanjivala, što je rezultiralo snižavanjem globalnog nivoa mora. Varijacija nivoa mora tokom vremena rekonstruisana je korišćenjem kiseonične izotopske analize jezgara iz dubokog mora, datiranja morskih terasa i uzorkovanjem izotopa kiseonika visoke rezolucije iz okeanskih bazena i modernih ledenih kapa. Pad eustatičkog nivoa mora za oko 60 m do 120 m niže od današnjih nivoa, počevši od pre oko 30.000 godina, stvorio je Beringiju, trajno i opsežno geografsko obeležje koji povezuje Sibir sa Aljaskom.[12] S porastom nivoa mora nakon poslednjeg ledenog maksimuma (LGM), Beringijski kopneni most ponovo je potopljen. Procene konačnog ponovnog potapanja Beringijskog kopnenog mosta zasnovane isključivo na sadašnjoj batimetriji Beringovog tesnaca i krivoj eustatskih nivoa mora stavljaju taj događaj na pre oko 11.000 godina. Tekuća istraživanja koja su rekonstruisala Beringijsku paleogeografiju tokom deglaciacije mogla bi promeniti tu procenu, a moguća ranija potapanja mogla bi dodatno ograničiti modele migracije ljudi u Severnu Ameriku.[12]
Reference
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- ^ Gremillion, David H.; Auton, Adam; Falush, Daniel (25. 9. 2008). „Archaeolog: Pre Siberian Human Migration to America: Possible validation by HTLV-1 mutation analysis”. PLoS Genetics. 4 (5): e1000078. PMC 2367454
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- ^ а б Brigham-Grette, Julie; Lozhkin, Anatoly V.; Anderson, Patricia M.; Glushkova, Olga Y. (16. 9. 2004). „Western Beringia before and during the Last Glacial Maximum (Chapter 2)”. in Madsen, David B. (editor) Entering America: Northeast Asia and Beringia Before the Last Glacial Maximum, University of Utah Press, 2004, 486p. ISBN 978-0-87480-786-8. ISBN 9780874807868.
Literatura
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Spoljašnje veze
[уреди | уреди извор]- The Paleoindian Database – The University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology.
- "The first Americans: How and when were the Americas populated?", Earth, January 2016
- "When Did Humans Come to the Americas?" – Smithsonian Magazine February 2013 Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (9. децембар 2013)
- The Paleoindian Period – United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service
- Shepard Krech III, Paleoindians and the Great Pleistocene Die-Off – American Academy of Arts and Sciences, National Humanities Center, 2008.
- Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey (movie) на сајту YouTube – by Spencer Wells – PBS and National Geographic Channel, 2003 – 120 Minutes, UPC/EAN: 841887001267