User:Electionworld/sandbox/France

Multiple timeline of France

This scheme is a multiple timelime of the history of France, part of the series of Series of multiple timelines of European countries and territories. Timeline of France

Introduction - Other timelines - Index of timelines - France

Alsace - Burgundy and Lorraine - Corsica - South East France - Southern and Central France - Other regions in main section

The French Republic (République Française) is a republic with a popularly elected executive president, a Parliament, with the National Assembly, elected in free multi-party elections, and a indirectly elected Senate, and a government which is responsible to the parliament. France is member of the European Union. France has as overseas departments/regions Réunion, Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, and Mayotte as well as overseas collectivities Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin, Saint Pierre and Miquelon and Wallis and Futuna, as overseas country French Polynesia as special collectivity New Caledonia and as uninhabited possession Clipperton Island. France claims the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.

This timeline of France starts with the timeline of Western and Northern France. The sub-sections give an outline of the history of Southern and Central France (400s-1793), Corsica (400s-1796), South East France (410s-1791), Burgundy and Lorraine (843-1766, until 925 with Alsace) and Alsace (925-1918). 600 BC: Greeks found the colony of Massalia on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. At the same time, some Gallic Celtic tribes (Gauls) penetrate parts of present-day France, and this settling spreads to the rest of France between the 5th and 3rd century BC. 390 BC: The Gauls invade present-day Italy and defeat Rome. 245 BC: The Gauls and Rome enter into a peace treaty. But the Romans and the Gauls will remain adversaries for the next several centuries. 125 BC: The south of Gaul is conquered by Roman Empire. before 58 BC: The Germanic Suebes settle in Northern Gaul, arriving from Germany. Roman Republic 58 BC: The Suebic king Ariovistus is defeated by the Roman proconsul Gaius Iulius Caesar and are driven over the Rhine. Gaius Iulius Caesar commences the Gallic Wars against the Gauls. 51 BC: Most of Gaul is conquered by the Roman Empire. The Celtic chieftain Vercingetorix is defeated by Gaius Iulius Caesar.The Gauls mix with Roman settlers and a Gallo-Roman population develops. Roman Empire 27 BC: Gaius Octavianus becomes sole ruler of Rome and as Augustus the first emperor. Gallic Empire 260: The Roman army in Gaul throws off its allegiance to the Roman Emperor and Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus Postumus assumes the title and powers of emperor in Gaul (France and Belgium), Germania (Netherlands, Luxembourg, parts of Germany), Hispania (Spain, Portugal) and Britannia (England and Wales). Gallic Empire 270: The Gallic Empire is limited to Northern Gaul and Germania. Roman Empire 270: The Roman Empire reconquers southern Gaul. 274: Emperor Gaius Pius Esuvius Tetricus is defeated and the Gallic Empire is reincorporated into the Roman Empire. 286: Gallic rebels, known as the Bagaudae, are crushed by the Roman army. 395: After the death of emperor Theodosius I, the Roman Empire is partitioned in the (Eastern) Roman Empire and the (Western) Roman Empire. Gaul region becomes part of the Western part of the Empire. 406: The Huns force the Germanic Vandals to migrate from Pannonia. They cross together with the Iranian Alans and part of the Suebes the Rhine into Gaul. Also Franks and Burgundians cross the Rhine and settle in Gaul. Merovech establishes a kingdom of the Salian Franks. 409: The Vandals, the Alans and Suebes cross the Pyrenees from Gaul into the Iberian Peninsula. 410s: After the collapse of the Roman Empire, Brittany remains outside Francia. Celts from Britain settle in Brittany. Various entities come to existence. 410: Rome is sacked by the Visigothic king Alareiks, which turns out to be a decisive event in the decline of the Western Roman Empire. The Romans gradually abandon Gaul. Various Germanic tribes enter Gaul and establish their entities. Among them are the Franks, the Visigoths and the Burgundians. Franks 410: Rome is sacked by the Visigothic king Alareiks, which turns out to be a decisive event in the decline of the Western Roman Empire. The Romans gradually abandon Gaul. The Franks conquer part of Gaul. Roman Kingdom 457: The Roman Kingdom of Soissons replaces the Western Roman Empire in Gaul, led by Aegidius and since 464 his son Syagrius. Gaul gets divided into several Germanic kingdoms and this Roman Kingdom. 451: The Huns, who conquered large areas north of the Roman border and invaded are defeated by an alliance of Romans and various Germanic nations, including the Visigoths and the Franks. Kingdom of the Franks 481: Chlodovechus or Clovis, son of the Salian king Childericus I of the Merovingian dynasty unites most Frankish tribes as king of the Franks. His kingdom gradually annexes most of the other Frankish states in Gaul and in Germania. 486: The Franks conquer the Kingdom of Soissons. 507: The Franks conquer the Kingdom of the Ripuarian Franks and after the Battle of Vouillé of the Visigothic Kingdom. The Visigoths lose their capital Toulouse to the Franks. Their kingdom in Hispania remains intact, Aquitania falls to Francia. Aquitania is part of the time a sub-kingdom of Francia. In the region several entities come to existence. 511: After the death of Clovis his kingdom is partitioned in sub-kingdoms. The Franks living in Gaul adopt the Gallo-Roman culture and Romanic languages. Chlotarius I becomes the first king of Neustria, Chlodomerius in Orléans, Childerbertus becomes in Paris and Theudericus I in Austrasia. 524: After the death of Chlodomerius, Orléans falls to Childebertus I 531: Chlotarius I of Neustria conquers Gascony and Septimania and defeats the Thuringii. 534: Chlotarius I of Frankish Neustria defeats king Godomar of the Burgundians and conquers the kingdom. 539: Chlotarius I conquers Alamannia in present-day Southern Germany and Switzerland. 548: The Franks conquer part of the Ostrogothic Kingdom and make it part of Francia. 558: Neustria and Austrasia are united under king Chlotarius. 561: After the death of Chlotarius I Francia is partitioned into sub-kingdoms. Guntram becomes king of the Burgundians, Chilpericus I in Neustria, Charibertus I In Paris and Sigebertus I becomes king in Austrasia. 567: Charibertus I dies, Paris falls to Chilpericus I. 592: Guntram dies, Burgundy falls to Childebertus II in Austrasia. 595: Childebertus II dies, Theudericus II becomes king of Burgundy and Theudebertus II becomes king of Austrasia. 612: Theudericus II becomes king in Austrasia. 613: King Sigibertus II of Austrasia and Burgundy is overthrown by Chlotharius II of Neustria and Francia is reunited as the Kingdom of the Franks. 623: Chlotarius II appoints his son Dagobertus I as king in Austrasia. 629: Chlotaris II dies, Francia is reunited under with king Dagobertus I. 634: Dagobertus I appoints his son Sigebertus III as king in Austrasia. 662: Childebertus dies, Francia is reunited under king Chlotharius III. 663: Chlotharius III appoints his brother Childericus II as king in Austrasia. 673: Childericus II displaces Theudericus III as king in Neustria. 675: After the death of Childericus II, Theudericus III regains the throne of Neustria. Chlodovecus III becomes king of Austrasia. 679: After the death of king Dagobertus II Neustria falls to Theudericus III and Francia is reunited. During the rule of Theudericus III and his successors the position of the Mayor of the Palace develops into the power of the throne. 687: Pippin is installed as mayor over the entire realms of Neustria and Austrasia, further dwindling Merovingian power. 718: The civil war after the death of Pippin, ends, Carolus Martellus becomes mayor of the palace and the real ruler of Francia. 732: Carolus Martellus [[Battle of Tours|halts the Arab advance. 734: Carolus Martellus defeats the Frisian ruler Bubo and annex Frisia west of the Lauwers. 737: Carolus Martellus becomes acting king. 741: Childericus III becomes king. 751: Pippinus III, son of Carolus Martellus, overthrows Childericus III and becomes king of the Franks, the first from the Carolingian dynasty. 768: The son of Pippinus III, Carolus or Charlemagne becomes – until 711 together with his brother Carlomannus I - king of the Franks. 772: The Franks annex Frisia east of the Lauwers and start the conquest of Saxony. The Saxons are led by Widukind. 774: Carolus conquers the Kingdom of the Lombards with Corsica. 778: Carolus conquers Bavaria. 788: Carolus conquers part of the Carantania and of the Avar Khaganate. 793: A final uprising of the Frisians is surpressed by Carolus. 795: In the north-east of Hispania the Ummayads are defeated by the Franks, who establish the Marca Hispanica, a set of Frankish counties. 800: Carolus is raised to Emperor of the Romans. 804: Saxony is incorporated into Francia by emperor Carolus. The Avar Khaganate is destroyed by the Franks. 811: Carolus and king Hemming of Denmarksetthe southern boundary of Denmark at the Eider River. 824: Pamplona secedes from Francia. Kingdom of the West Franks 843: After the death of his son Ludovicus and a civil war, Francia is partitioned into West Francia, Middle Francia and East Francia. Carolus II or Charles II becomes king of West Francia. West Francia is further divided in various feudal entities. Part of them develop in more or less independent entities, e.g. Anjou, Aquitaine, Barcelona, Flanders, Gascony and Toulouse. Kingdom of Brittany c. 851: Erispoe becomes king of Brittany, established by Bretonic tribes. 870: With the Treaty of Meerssen Lotharingia is divided between West Francia and East Francia. 875: After the death of his cousin king Ludovico II of Italy and Provence, Charles II becomes also king of Italy and of Provence. 877: After his death he is succeeded in West Francia and Provence by his son Louis II. 879: After his death he is succeeded in West Francia by his son Louis III. 882: Part of Provence is incorporated into West Francia. 884: Emperor Carolus III, king of East Francia is also king of West-Francia. 886: West Francia defeats Vikings that attack Paris. 887: Carolus III is overthrown in East Francia by Arnulf. Francia gets divided into East-Francia, West-Francia, Upper-Burgundy, Italy and Aquitaine. 888: Odo of the House of the Robertians becoms king of West-Francia. 907: Vikings conquer parts of West Francia. They defeat the ruler of Bretagne, Gourmaelon. County of Normandy 911: King Carolus III of West Francia agrees with Viking leaders, making Rollo count of Normandy, a.k.a. Rouen. 933: Normandy conquers Guernsey and Jersey 911: King Carolus III becomes also king in Lotharingia. 919: An Hungarian army enters through Lotharingia and France. Carolus III retreats, and lets them to plunder his realm. 922: Carolus III is overthrown by Robertus. Lotharingia keeps Carolus III as king. 923: Robertus dies in battle and is succeeded by his son-in-law Radolfus. 936: After the death of king Radolfus, the Carolingian Ludovicus IV, son of Carolus III, becomes king. Duchy of Brittany 939: Alan II becomes duke of restored Brittany. The islands of Guernsey and Jersey remain part of Normandy. Kingdom of the Franks 987: The last Carolingian king, Ludovicus V dies without heirs. Hugues Capet of the House of Capet is elected as his successor, ending the Carolingian dynasty. Duchy of Normandy 996: Count Richard II is raised in rank to duke of Normandy. 996: Hugues dies and is succeeded by his son Robert II. 1004: King Robert II becomes also duke of Burgundy, interrupted between 1017 and 1027. 1042: The Norman leader Guillaume d'Hauteville conquers parts of the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy and becomes count of Apulia. 1032: The sons of Robert II agree to share his heritage. Henri becomes king of the Franks, Robert becomes duke of Burgundy. 1060: After the death of Henri, his eight year old son Philippe becomes king and his wife Anna Yaroslava as regent (until 1065).. 1066: After the death of king Ēadweard Andettere of England, duke Williame of Normandy invades England. Three weeks later Williame defeats the English king Harold Godƿinson and becomes the first king of England from the House of Normandy. He annexes the remnants of Dumnonia. 1087: After the death of Williame his realm is divided. His eldest son Robert becomes duke of Normandy and his second eldest Williame II becomes king of England. 1088: A rebellion in England to bring Robert to the English throne is surpressed. 1095-1099: France takes part in the First Crusade against the Seljuks and the Arabs, leading to establishment of the crusader states of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the County of Tripoli, the Principality of Antioch, and the County of Edessa. 1106: King Henri of England defeats at Tinchebrai Robert and becomes duke of Normandy. 1101: France takes part in a crusade, which is defeated by the Sultanate of Rum. 1147-1149: France takes part in the Second Crusade that fails to restore the County of Edessa, but in which at the same time parts of Iberia are conquered. 1189-1192: France takes part in the Third Crusade that fails to re-conquer Jerusalem, but in which the Kingdom of Cyprus is established. Kingdom of France 1190: King Philippe II Auguste of the Franks starts using the title King of France. 1202-1204: France takes part in the Fourth Crusade, that leads to the destruction of the Byzantine Empire and the establishment of the Latin Empire and other crusader states. 1204: Normandy, ruled by the king of England, (with the exception of Guernsey and Jersey) and Anjou are conquered by king Philippe II. 1209: The Papal States and France start the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars, suppported by Toulouse and Aragon. 1213-1221: France takes part in the Fifth Crusade that is defeated by the Arabs. 1214: An Anglo–French War ends when king Philippe II, supported by claimant-emperor Friedrich von Hohenstaufen defeats at Bouvines an army led by Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV and troops of king Johan of England. It leads to rebellions in England, in which prince Louis of France supports the rebels and claims the English throne. 1217: Prince Louis is defeated in England and in the Treaty of Lambeth he recognizes Henry III as king of England. 1229: The Cathars are defeated. 1239-1241: France and England take part in a successful Barons' Crusade, that enlarges the territory of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1247: King Louis IX re-creates Anjou as an appanage for his brother Charles. 1248-1254: France leads a Seventh Crusade, defeated by the Arabs. 1259: With the Treaty of Paris king Louis IX and king Henry III of England end their hostilities. Henry remains duke of Aquitaine. England cedes its claim on Normandy, except for the Channel Islands Guernsey and Jersey. 1270: France takes part in the Eighth Crusade, defeated near Tunis by the Arabs. King Louis IX dies in an epidemic of dysentery that swept through his army and is succeeded by his son Philippe III. 1271: Toulouse falls with the margraveship of Provence to Philippe III. 1271-1272: France takes part in the Ninth Crusade, defeated by the Arabs, that foreshadows the collapse of the remaining crusader strongholds. 1284: Crown prince and since 1285 king Philippe IV of France becomes by marriage with Jeanne of Navarra also king of Navarre. France takes part in a campaign against Aragon, defeated by Aragon in 1285. 1297: King Philippe IV of France declares the annexation of Flanders to the royal domain, leading to the Franco-Flemish War. 1303: In the Treaty of Paris Aquitaine is ceded to king Edward of England by king Philippe IV of France. 1305: With the Treaty of Athis-sur-Orge Flanders becomes independent, but loses the southern part, including Lille. After the death of queen Jeanne of Navarre, their son Louis becomes king Louis I of Navarre. 1312: Lyon is annexed. 1314: Louis becomes also king Louis X of France. 1324: King Edward II of England is defeated by king Charles IV. 1328: After the death of king Charles IV, his heritage is divided. Philippe VI of the House of Valois becomes king of France and merges Anjou into France. This succession is disputed by Charles' nephew, king Edward III of England. Charles' daughter Jeanne becomes queen Jeanne II of Navarre. 1337: After Philippe VI confiscated the English possessions in Gascogne, king Edward III of England declares himself rightful heir to the French throne. His claim is denied due to the Salic law. Edward III commences the Edwardian War against France. This marks the beginning of what is rendered as the Hundred Years' War between the House of Plantagenet followed by the House of Lancaster and the House of Valois for the control of France. 1343: Both countries agree on a truce. 1346: English forces defeat at Crécy the French forces of Philip VI. 1347: King Edward III invades France. Viscount Gaston X of Béarn, count of Foix, renounces the fiefship of France 1349: Dauphiné falls to France. 1356: Louis, son of king Jean II becomes count of Anjou and Maine. The same year Jean II is captured by English forces. His son Charles becomes regent. 1360: The war ends with the Treaty of Brétigny, in which Edward agrees to renounce the French crown and obtains full sovereign rights over an expanded Aquitaine and Calais. Jean II is released in exchange for his son Louis. 1361: Jean II successfully claims the duchy of Burgundy. 1363: He passes Burgundy to his youngest son Philippe as Philippe II. When Louis escapes, Jean II returns into captivity. 1369: King Charles V of France resumes the war with England. 1375: Both countries agree on a truce in the Treaty of Bruges. 1389: The war between England and France ends. 1390: France takes part in a failed Barbary Crusade against Muslim pirates at Mahdia. 1407: With the assassination of Louis d'Orléans, son of Charles V, duke Jean of Burgundy commences a war against king Charles VI and joins the English. 1415: With king Henry V of England invading Normandy and defeating at Agincourt a French army, the Lancastrian War between the countries commences. 1420: King Henry V allies with duke Philippe III of Burgundy. In the Treaty of Troyes Charles VI of France agrees that King Henry V of England and his heirs would inherit the throne of France after his death. 1422: After the death of king Charles VII, Charles VII claims to be king of France despite the Treaty of Troyes instead of the son of Henry V, Henry VI of England. The war resumes. 1429: Jeanne d'Arc leads the defeat of the English at the siege of Orléans. Charles VII is crowned king. 1431: Henry VI is crowned as rival king of France. 1435: In the Treaty of Arras Philippe III of Burgundy switches sides to Charles VII. 1453: King Henri VI of England is defeated at Castillon by the French and the Hundred Years' War ends. Aquitaine with Gascony fall to king Charles VII of France. England's once vast territories in France is now reduced to only Calais. 1463: King Louis XI occupies Roussillon. 1475: King Louis XI intervenes in the War of the Castilian Succession in favor of pretendent Juana. 1477: The duchy of Burgundy is annexed to France. 1479: The War of the Castilian Succession ends with the Treaty of Alcáçovas, confirming Isabel as queen of Castile. 1481: After the death of duke Charles IV, Anjou and Maine as well as Provence fall to the royal domain. 1488: With the Treaty of Sablé duke François becomes a vassal of France. 1488: With the Treaty of Sablé duke François of Brittany becomes a vassal of France. 1491: King Charles VIII of France marries with duchess Anna of Brittany. Brittany is in a dynastical union with France. 1491: King Charles VIII marries with duchess Anna of Brittany. Brittany remains in a dynastical union with France until its annexation in 1547. 1492: The Peace of Etaples ends an sucessful English invasion of France, launched in order to stop France's support for the pretender Perkin Warbeck. 1493: With the Treaty of Barcelona king Charles VII returns Roussillon and Cerdagne to king Ferran II of Aragon in return for neutrality during its war with Italy. The same year he cedes in the Treaty of Senlis cedes the County of Burgundy and the County of Artois to Maximilian of Habsburg. 1494: After pope Innocentius VIII revoked his offer to king Charles VIII of France over the throne of Naples, France invades with support of Milan Italy and conquers Naples. He is defeated by the League of Venice. 1495: King Charles VIII fails to conquer Naples. 1499: King Louis XII becomes by conquest duke of Milan. 1501: With the Treaty of Trente Austria recognises all French conquests in northern Italy. Louis XII becomes after an invasion together with Aragon king of Naples. Soon after war breaks out between France and Aragon. 1504: After been defeated at Cerignola in 1503, Louis XII cedes in the Treaty of Lyon Naples to Ferran II of Aragon and Sicily. 1500s: France starts establishing colonies in the Americas, Africa and Asia. 1504: After been defeated at Cerignola in 1503, Louis XII cedes in the Treaty of Lyon Naples to Ferran II of Aragon and Sicily. The Terra Sancti Benedicti are annexed to Naples. 1508: France joins the League of Cambrai founded by Pope Iulius II to curb Venetian influence in northern Italy. 1510: Concerned by the growing French presence in Italy, pope Iulius II joins Venice in the War of the League of Cambrai against France. 1511: The papal-Venetian alliance against France is joined in the Holy League by Aragon, the Holy Roman Empire, Switzerland and England. 1512: Louis XII loses Milan to duke Massimiliano Sforza. 1513: After a dispute between pope Iulius II and Venice, Venice and France sign a treaty pledging to divide all of northern Italy between France and Venice. 1513: After an invasion Henry VIII of England defeats at Guinegate the French and conquers part of the country. 1515: King François becomes by conquest duke of Milan. 1516: France and Venice defeat at Marignano the papal and Swiss forces. 1513: After an invasion Henry VIII of England defeats at Guinegate the French and conquers part of the country. 1518: Henry VIII withdraws from France. 1521: When Austria defeats France over Milan, François loses [[user:electionworld/sandbox/Italy#MIL1521|Milan] to Francesco II Sforza. 1525: The Spanish and Austrian forces of emperor Karl V defeat at Pavia defeat France and capture king François. 1526: With the Treaty of Madrid king François surrenders his claims to Italy, Flanders, and Burgundy in order to be released from prison. The same year pope Clemens VII, alarmed at the growing power of the emperor, forms the League of Cognac together with France, England, Venice, Florence and Milan. 1529: With the conclusion of the Treaty of Cambrai, the League collapses and Karl V wins the war. 1536: After the death of duke Francesco II Sforza of Milan, king François of France claims Milan. He conquers Savoy. 1538: The Truce of Nice ends the war between François and Karl V over Northern Italy, leaving Savoy in French hands but effecting no significant changes to the map of Italy. 1542: The war resumes between king François, allied with Scotland and the Ottoman Empire, and emperor Karl V, allied with England. 1544: The French army defeats at Ceresole an Spanish-Austrian army. 1546: He fails to conquer Milan and despite huge losses, the status quo ante bellum is restored. 1547: King Henri II merges Brittany into the French crown. Saluzzo is annexed to France. 1552: King Henri II declares war on emperor Karl V with the intent of recapturing Italy. He conquers Metz and Verdun. 1558: After 200 years, England loses Calais to France. 1559: With the Peace of Cateau Cambrésis, the Italian Wars conclude. France renounces its claim in Italy and returns Piedmont and Savoy to the duke of Savoy. Spain remains dominant in Italy. At the same time it wins the three bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun. The same year Henri II dies and is succeeded by his son François II. 1562: A French Wars of Religion between Catholics and Huguenots commence. Principality of Sedan 1560: Henri Robert of Sedan secedes as prince from France. 1573: The brother of Charles IX, Henri is elected king of Poland-Lithuania. 1575: Afer the death of Carles IX, Henri resigns as king of Poland-Lithuania to become king Henri III of France. 1589: After the assassination of Henri III, his relative king Henri III of Navarre, count of Foix and as Henri II viscount of Béarn, becomes king Henri IV of France, which brings the House of Bourbon to the throne. 1598: The Edict of Nantes ends the French Wars of Religion. Huguenots are granted substantial rights and freedom, though it doesn't end hostility towards them. 1601: Saluzzo is ceded to Savoy. 1610: Henri IV is assassinated by François Ravaillac. His son Louis XIII becomes king. 1616: The Treaty of Loudun ends hostilities between queen-regent Marie de' Medici and rebellious French princes led by Henry II , the third Prince of Condé. 1617: Louis XIII exiles his mother Marie de’ Medici and takes power. 1595: Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne inherits from his wife Charlotte de La Marck both Bouillon and Sedan. 1620: Navarre and Béarn are fully incorporated by Louis XIII into France. 1625: France conquers from Spain Saint-Domingue. 1627: King Charles of England sends troops to invade France to support the Huguenots. 1628: France supports Carlo Gonzaga as duke of Mantua and invades Savoy. 1629: The English intervention in France ends after a French victory with the Treaty of Suza. 1631: The war over Mantua comes to an end with the Treaty of Cherasco, confirming Carlo Gonzaga as duke, and returning most of the conquered part of Savoy. 1634: Lorraine and Bar are occupied by France. 1635: The Peace of Prague is planned to end the Thirty Years' War between the emperor, Sweden and the German protestants]]. However France commences a war with king Felipe IV of Spain. 1636: France declares war on the empire. 1641: The local clergy and aristocracy of Catalonia half-heartedly accepts king Louis XIII of France as prince Lluís of Catalonia. 1642: Frédéric Maurice of Sedan cedes Sedan to France, ending the personal union with Bouillon. France conquers Roussillon, followed by a formal cession by Spain in 1659. 1648: A combined Swedish-French army defeats at Zusmarshausen the imperial army, followed by a Swedisch victory at Prague. Emperor Ferdinand III loses the war. Large parts of Alsace as well as Metz and Verdun are annexed to France. 1648-1653: During the war with Spain, Various civil wars take place. The civil wars prepare the way for the absolutism of king Louis XIV. 1652: Spain captures Barcelona and overthrows Louis XIV as prince of Catalonia. Catalonia is reincorporated into Spain. 1659: The Treaty of the Pyrenees ends the war between France and Spain with the French annexation of Southern Flanders and Roussillon. 1661: France withdraws from Lorraine and Bar. 1662: With the Treaty of Montmartre duke Charles IV of Lorraine gives to Louis XIV control over Lorraine and Bar. 1668: The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the War of Devolution between France and Spain over the Spanish Netherlands and outlines the boundaries between France and the Spanish Netherlands. 1670: Lorraine and Bar are again occupied by France. 1672: France, England, Münster and Cologne declare war on the Netherlands. 1674: After an initial defeat, the Netherlands succeed in driving back the English, French and allied forces. 1678: The Treaties of Nijmegen end after a French victory the war between France and the Netherlands and its allies. France wins territories in the Southern Netherlands and annexes the county of Burgundy. 1681: Strasbourg is annexed to France. 1683: In the War of the Reunions France invades the Spanish Netherlands and conquers part of it, including Luxembourg. 1684: The Truce of Ratisbon ends the war between France and Spain 1688: After king Louis XIV of France crosses the Rhine, a grand alliance of the Habsburgs and the Holy Roman Empire, the Netherlands, Spain, England and Savoy gets into [[War of the Grand Alliance] with France. 1697: The Treaty of Rijswijk ends the War of the Grand Alliance. The occupied parts of the Spanish Netherlands are returned to Spain. Lorraine and Bar are restored to duke Leopold. 1701: After the death of king Carlos II of Spain his succession is disputed between Philippe of Anjou and Karl VI of Habsburg. In the following War of the Spanish Succession, Philippe is supported by France. Karl is supported by the Holy Roman Empire (including the Habsburgs, Prussia, Brunswick-Lüneburg and Bavaria (until 1704), England with Scotland, the Netherlands, Savoy and Portugal. 1702: France occupies Orange and Lorraine and Bar are occupied by France. 1704: An Huguenots rebellion is defeated. 1713: The Treaty of Utrecht ends the War of the Spanish Succession. Philippe becomes as Felipe V king of Spain, but has to any claim to the throne of France. Spain loses Sicily to Savoye and Sardinia, Naples, Milan as well as the Spanish Netherlands to Austria. Gibraltar and Minorca fall to the United Kingdom. France annexes Orange. 1713: Louis XIV dies and is succeeded by 1714: The Treaties of Rastatt and Baden ends the War of the Spanish Succession between France and emperor Karl VI. It outlines the frontiers between France and the Holy Roman Empire. 1715: France conquers Dutch Mauritius. 1718: King Felipe V of Spain claims the French throne. This leads to the War of the Quadruple Alliance with an alliance of France, the Habsburgs and the Holy Roman Empire, the Netherlands, England and Savoy. 1720: The war ends with victory of the alliance, confirmed with the Treaty of The Hague, in which Felipe V renounces the French throne. 1724: The occupation of Lorraine and Bar ends. 1733: After the death of Friedrich August France supports Stanisław Leszczyński in his War of the Polish Succession against Friedrich August II of Saxony to become king of Poland. In 1734, Stanisław Leszczyński is defeated by Friedrich August II. 1740: France disputes in the War of the Austrian Succession Maria Theresia as archduchess of Austria and her husband Franz Stefan as Holy Roman Emperor. 1748: The Treaty of Aachen ends the War of the Austrian Succession. France withdraws from the Austrian Netherlands. 1756: Austria's desire to recover Silesia from Prussia leads France and Habsburg Austria to put aside their rivalry. A Seven Years' War involving most European great power and affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India and the Philippines commences between two coalitions, led by the Great Britain (incl. Prussia, Portugal, Brunswick-Lüneburg and other small German states) on one side and led by France (incl. Austria, the Holy Roman Empire, Russia, Spain and Sweden on the other. Meanwhile, in India, the Mughal Empire, with the support of the French, tried to crush a British attempt to conquer Bengal. British Minorca is conquered by France. 1763: The war ends with a Status quo ante bellum in Europe and a transfer of colonial possessions between Great Britain, France, Spain and Portugal. France cedes possessions east of the Mississippi and Canada as well as in India to Great Britain and cedes Louisiana west of the Mississippi to Spain. Minorca is restored to British rule. 1766: France annexes Lorraine and Bar. 1769: France abolishes the Corsican Republic and annexes Corsica. 1784: France cedes Saint Barthélemy to Sweden. 1789: King Louis XVI convokes elections for delegates to the Estates-General for the first time since 1614. The Third Estate constitutes itself as the National Assembly. Part of the members of the other estates join the Assembly. The National Assembly reconstitutes itself as constitutional assembly. A government is formed. The Assembly adopts the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and France becomes a constitutional monarchy. The French Revolution is a fact. Kingdom of the French 1791: King Louis XVI flees from Paris, but is captured and brought back to Paris. His function is suspended and he accepts the new constitution. France becomes a constitutional monarchy. The constitutional assembly is replaced by the Legislative Assembly, elected on a limited suffrage and a government responsible to the assembly. France annexes Venaissin. French Republic 1792: The Assembly declares war, the War of the First Coalition, on the Habsburg emperor Franz II of the Holy Roman Empire. France invades the Austrian Netherlands. Prussia allies with the emperor. The National Convention is elected by an electoral college, itself elected by an universal (male) suffrage, to replace the Assembly and gets a clear republican majority. The monarchy is abolished and France becomes a republic. A Prussian army is defeated at Valmy. France occupies the Austrian Netherlands as well as part of (Sardinian) Savoy, and starts the conquest of the Holy Roman Empire west of the Rhine. 1793: Louis XVI is sentenced to death by the convention and is guillotined. France declares war on Great Britain and the Netherlands. The Committee of Public Safety is established as de facto executive]. A monarchist revolt in the Vendée commences and is suppressed the same year. After a Jacobin coup d'état, a new constitution is adopted. The Committee gets dominated by Maximilien Robespierre. The Reign of Terror takes place in which huge numbers of monarchists, including former queen Marie Antoinette and revolutionary opponents of Robespierre are executed by the Revolutionary Tribunal of the Committee. An Austrian army is defeated at Wattignies. France annexes Monaco, Bidache and parts of the Rauracian Republic. Corsica secedes from France, leading to the establishment of the Kingdom of Corsica. 1794: The Reign of Terror continues and many revolutionary opponents of Robespierre are executed. In reaction, the National Convention votes to outlaw Robespierre and supporters, which leads to their execution. France annexes Bouillon. 1795: Prussia accepts the annexation of the left Rhine bank. Jacobin uprisings take place and are suppressed. The rebellion in the Vendée resumes and an invasion by monarchists is defeated. A new constitution is adopted. The parliament is succeeded by a bicameral parliament with a chamber and a senate, both elected by electors, themselves elected on a limited suffrage. The senate elects the executive directory with a rotating presidency. France annexes the Austrian Netherlands (including Luxembourg), Liège and Bouillon. Many of the settlements in the Caribbean are conquered by Great Britain and returned to France in 1814. 1795-1814: Many of the settlements in the Caribbean are conquered by Great Britain and returned to France in 1814. 1796: As army commander during the war Napoléon Bonaparte defeats at Montenotte an Austrian-Sardinian army, followed by a defeat at Lodi of an Austrian army, both in Northern Italy. France defeats the Kingdom of Corsica and annexes Corsica to France. It annexes also Parma. In the Treaty of Ildefonso it allies itself with Spain. Spain declares war on Great Britain. 1797: Napoléon's invades and partitions the Republic of Venice and occupies the Venetian Ionian Islands (until 1800). The republican members of the Directory depose with the support of the military the royalists inside the Directory. The Treaty of Campo Formio makes an end to the War of the First Coalition against the French revolutionary regime. The annexation of the Holy Roman Empire west of the Rhine by France is recognized by Austria. 1798: France conquers Malta and invades Ottoman Egypt. Despite the British navy defeating at the Nile the French navy, conquers large parts of Egypt. A French invasion of Ireland to support Irish rebels against Great Britain is defeated at Ballinamuck. Mulhouse and Geneva are annexed by France. It loses Gozo to Great Britain. 1799: The French army in the Middle East is stopped in Palestine. The Directory is replaced by the French Consulate, headed by first consul Napoléon Bonaparte. France gets a new constitution. France occupies Pontecorvo. 1800: The parliament is succeeded by a tricameral parliament with a chamber, a senate and a tribunat. Malta is conquered by Great Britain and the Ionian Island become independent as the Septinsular Republic. 1801: The French army in Egypt is decisively defeated at Alexandria by a British army. The Treaty of Lunéville confirms the French victory of the War of the Second Coalition with Austria and Russia, marking the end of the war with only the United Kingdom left fighting France. With the Treaty of Lunéville the annexation of the Rhineland is confirmed. 1802: Napoleon Bonaparte becomes Consul for Life of France by a coup d'état. The Treaty of Amiens between France and the United Kingdom ends the War of the Second Coalition. France annexes the Subalpine Republic and Napoleon Bonaparte becomes also president of Italy. Spain cedes Louisiana to France. The Tuscan island of Elba is annexed to France. 1803: France annexes c.q. conquers Brunswick-Lüneburg with Bremen-Verdenand Saxe-Lauenburg, and sells Louisiana to the United States. The same year war breaks out between Great Britain and France. 1804: Napoléon becomes First Consul of France by a coup d'état. French Empire 1804: Napoléon crowns himself as the executive emperor of France. Saint-Domingue becomes independent as Haiti. 1805: Napoléon decisively defeats an Austrian-Russian army and ends the War of the Third Coalition with both countries. He becomes also king of Italy. The Ligurian Republic and Brandenburg-Ansbach are annexed to France. 1806: Emperor Napoleon destroys the Holy Roman Empire and becomes protector of the Rhine Confederation. France occupies Hamburg, Oldenburg and Neuchâtel but cedes Brunswick-Lüneburg with Bremen-Verden and Saxe-Lauenburg to Prussia and Brandenburg-Ansbach to Bavaria. 1807: The tribunat is abolished. With the Treaties of Tilsit France, Russia and Prussia create the Duchy of Warsaw. The Septinsular Republic becomes a French protectorate. France annexes Etruria. France is victorious at the decisive Battle of Friedland which marks the end of the War of the Fourth Coalition with Prussia, Russia, Saxony, Sweden and the United Kingdom. France occupies Swedish Pomerania and annexes Brandenburg-Bayreuth. It ends the occupation of Oldenburg. A joint French-Spanish army invades and conquers Portugal. 1808: France annexes the Papal States and Parma and Piacenza. France turns on Spain, previously its ally. It invades Spain and installs a French client government. This leads to a the Peninsular War between Spain, the United Kingdom and Portugal against the newly installed government of Spain and France. An uprising in Madrid is suppressed by French troops. France defeats at Évora a Spanish-Portuguese army. The same year it occupies Saxe-Lauenburg. 1809: France annexes Lucca and Piombino and the Illyrian Provinces (including Dalmatia and Ragusa). The War of the Fifth Coalition between France and allies with Austria and the United Kingdom ends with a French victory at Wagram. At the same time a part of the Septinsular Republic is conquered by the United Kingdom. 1810: The Treaty of Paris ends the war between France and Sweden. France annexes that year Holland, the Rhodanic Republic, Oldenburg. It returns Pomerania to Sweden It cedes Saxe-Lauenburg to Westphalia and Brandenburg-Bayreuth to Bavaria. The United Kingdom conquers French Mauritius. 1811: France annexes Bremen, former Münster, Salm, Hamburg, Lübeck and Saxe-Lauenburg and other parts of North-West Germany. 1812: Napoléon invades Russia. France annexes Catalonia and Andorra. After initial successes, including entering Moscow, largely abandoned, France has to retreat. France is defeated at Berezina and the invasion of Russia fails. General Claude François de Malet fails to remove Napoléon from power at the end of the campaign in Russia. For the second time it occupies Swedish Pomerania 1813: The allied forces of Russia, Austria, Prussia, Sweden defeats at Leipzig the forces of France and allies. During this battle Saxony and Württemberg defect to the allied forces. Andorra, Bremen, Hamburg, Lübeck, and Saxe-Lauenburg are restored. Spanish rule in Catalonia and Swedish rule in Swedish Pomerania are restored. The Illyrian provinces are reconquered by Austria and Valais is returned to Switzerland. 1814: France is finally defeated in the War of the Sixth Coalition. Kingdom of France 1814: In the Treaty of Fontainebleau Russia, Prussia and Austria accept Napoleon's abdication as Emperor of France, and allow him to remain Emperor at Elba. Louis XVIII, brother of former king Louis XVIII, of the House of Bourbon becomes king of France. France gets a new bicameral parliament with a chamber elected on a limited suffrage and a senate consisting out of peers. France loses the annexed territories, e.g. Tuscany, Lucca and Massa and Carrara. Sweden cedes Guadeloupe to France. 1815: In the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna, Austria, France, Portugal, Prussia, Russia, Sweden and the United Kingdom agree on the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the re-division of Europe. French Empire 1815: Napoleon escapes exile and begins the Hundred Days in which he overthrows king Louis XVIII and recommences the war. He is finally being defeated at the defeated at Waterloo and exiled to Saint Helena. Kingdom of France 1815: Emperor Napoleon is defeated at the Battle of Waterloo by the allied forces and abdicates. His defeat brings a conclusion to the Napoleonic Wars. Louis XVIII is restored as king. He is forced to grant France a new constitution. 1823: Louis XVIII mobilizes an army to help to help the Spanish royalists to restore king Fernando VII of Spain to the absolute power of which he had been deprived. Kingdom of the French 1830: When king Charles X decrees the July Ordinances, including the dissolution of the newly elected Chamber of Deputies, a revolution commences. Charles X and his son abdicate their rights to the throne. The revolutionary provisional government instead places Louis Philippe of the House of Orléans on the throne as a constitutional monarch. After the July Revolution king Charles X abdicates. The Ottoman Empire loses Algeria to France. 1832: A republican insurrection is suppressed. French Republic 1848: Parisian crowds protest against king Louis Philippe and erect barricades. As a result of this revolution Louis Philippe abdicates. France becomes a republic. France gets a unicameral parliament elected on a universal male suffrage. Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte is elected president the same year. Mentone and Roccabruna secede from Monaco and become in 1850 a Sardinian protectorate. 1851: President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte dissolves the Assembly and becomes the sole ruler of the country, confirmed in a referendum. French Empire 1852: The president restores the Empire after a referendum and becomes emperor Napoleon III. The empire gets a bicameral parliament with a chamber elected on a universal male suffrage, and an appointed senate. 1853: France and the United Kingdom declare war with Russia over Crimea. The Ottoman Empire and Sardinia join France and the United Kingdom. 1855: Sevastopol is conquered by French and British forces. 1856: The Crimean war is lost by Russia, which is confirmed with the Treaty of Paris. 1859: France becomes de facto a constitutional monarchy. 1861: The Franco-Monegasque Treaty grants sovereignty to Monaco and annexes Menton and Roquebrune. 1870: France declares war, the Franco-Prussian War, on Prussia to resist the German unification. France is defeated at Sedan and emperor Napoléon III is captured by the German Army. The empire collapses. French Republic 1870: Léon Gambetta proclaimes the republic and a Government of National Defense is formed. 1871: The new parliament is elected. The Paris Commune briefly rules the French capital. The Treaty of Frankfurt (1871) ends the war. German Empire 1871: The Treaty of Frankfurt (1871) ends the Franco-Prussian War between France and Germany. Germany becomes an empire. Alsace together with a part of Lorraine, including Metz, is annexed to the German Empire as the Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine. 1875: France gets a bicameral parliament consisting out of a chamber and a senate elected in free multi-party elections on a universal male suffrage, a popularly elected non-executive president and a government which is responsible to the parliament. 1878: Sweden cedes Saint Barthélemy to France. 1881: The Ottoman Empire loses Tunisia to France. 1904: France and the United Kingdom sign the Entente cordiale to ally themselves with each other. 1914: After Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, Germany attacks France, Belgium and Luxembourg and occupies parts of North and Eastern France. The United Kingdom declares war on Germany. Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary and Germany. The Ottoman Empire joins the Central Powers alliance of Austria-Hungary and Germany. Montenegro and Japan join the Allied Powers. World War I commences. 1915: Bulgaria joins the Central Powers. Italy joins the allied powers. 1916: Greece and Portugal join the allied powers. 1917: After the indecisive Battle of the Aisne, The mutinies in the French army commences. After the United States joined the allied powers, an American army enters the warin France. 1914: Germany occupies parts of North and Eastern France. 1918: The Central Powers are defeated and an armistice is agreed. Republic of Alsace-Lorraine 1918: The legislature of Alsace-Lorraine proclaims a republic seceded from Germany. Alsace-Lorraine is governed by a provisional government. 1918: Within a month Alsace-Lorraine is occupied by France and the parliament proclaims the annexation to France. 1919: The war between the Allied Powers and the Central Powers ends with Treaty of Versailles with Germany, the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye with German-Austria, the Treaty of Trianon with Hungary and the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine with Bulgaria. Following the defeat and the occupation of the Ottoman Empire, the Mustafa Kemal leads the Turkish War of Independence against France and others. 1920: France is a founding member of the League of Nations. The Treaty of Sèvres between the France, the United Kingdom and Italy and other allied powers with the Ottoman Empire ends World War I. The Ottoman Empire is partitioned and it loses huge parts of the country to its (partially new) neighbours in the Middle East. The Turkish independence war continues. 1922: Togoland and Kamerun are both divided in a French and a British / League of Nations mandate, since 1946 a trust territory. 1923: Syria, former Ottoman territory, becomes a French mandate. 1939: France cedes Hatay from Syria to Turkey. World War II starts with the invasion by Nazi Germany of Poland. France and the United Kingdom declare war on Nazi Germany, followed by Australia, Canada, British India, New Zealand and South Africa. French State 1940: The republic continues as the dictatorial French State, a German puppet state. 1942: Nazi Germany and Italy invade Vichy-France and end the semi-independence of the state. The puppet-government remains in office. 1940: Nazi Germany invades and conquers Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Luxembourg and Netherlands as well as the Northern and Western part of France. Italy declares war on France and the United Kingdom. France surrenders, Alsace-Lorraine is occupied by and de facto annexed to Germany. In exile an exile-government of Free France is created. German Empire 1940: Alsace-Lorraine is occupied by and de facto annexed to Germany. 1944: French partisans proclaim the Republic of Vercors. It is defeated the same year. 1944: The allied forces of the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, the Free French, and Poland launch an invasion of Normandy, creating a third Front. The French resistance stages an uprising to liberate Paris. A Provisional Government of the French Republic is formed. French Republic 1944: France is liberated. The provisional government comes to power and introduces universal suffrage. The French Republic is restored, including Alsace-Lorraine. 1945: Nazi Germany is defeated and occupied by the allied forces (USSR, the United States, France and the United Kingdom]]). They divide Germany in occupation zones with Berlin having a separate status. The Allied Powers secede Austria from Germany and occupy the country. France is a founding member of the United Nations. Syria and Lebanon become independent. 1946: A new constitution gives France a bicameral parliament consisting out of a chamber as legislature elected in free multi-party elections on a universal suffrage and a advisory body, a popularly elected non-executive president and a government which is responsible to the parliament.Kouang-Tchéou-Wan becomes part of China. 1947: The French protectorate of Saarland is separated from Germany. 1949: The French occupation zone of Germany becomes part of the Federal Republic of Germany. France is a founding member of the Council of Europe and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 1950: French India becomes part of India. 1951: By signing the Treaty of Paris, in force in 1952, France is a founder of the European Coal and Steel Community. 1954: In Algeria the Algerian War on liberation starts. Cambodia, Laos, South Vietnam and North Vietnam become independent. 1955: The Austrian State Treaty ends the occupation and re-establishes a sovereign and democratic Austria. 1956: France ends it protectorate over Morocco. Tunisia becomes independent. 1957: Saarland becomes a constituent state of Germany. By signing the Treaty of Rome, in force in 1958, France is a founder of the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community, predecessors of the European Union. 1958: Frenchmen in Algeria start an uprising followed by a coup attempt against the government and the separatists. The rebels capture Corsica and threaten to march to Paris. After a referendum France becomes a presidential republic. The new constitution enacts with a popularly elected executive president and a government which is responsible to the bicameral parliament consisting of a directly chamber and a indirectly elected senate. Guinea becomes independent. 1960: The Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Dahomey, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, the Mali Federation, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Togo, and Upper Volta become independent. 1961: A coup d'état in Algiers to establish a military junta fails. 1962: With the Évian Accords Algeria becomes independent. 1968: A students' and workers' revolt leads to new parliamentary elections. 1975: The Comoros become independent. 1977: Djibouti becomes independent. 1979: The far left Direct Action starts its armed actions against the government. 1980: Vanuatu becomes independent. 1987: The Direct Action is defeated.

Timeline of Alsace Introduction - Other timelines - Index of timelines - France Alsace - Burgundy and Lorraine - Corsica - South East France - Southern and Central France - Other regions in main section

Duchy of Swabia 925: Present-day Alsace is ceded by Lotharingia to Swabia. 1000s/1200s: Several entities come to existence in Swabia, among them are Strasbourg (960s), Saint Gallen (900s), Chur (900s), Habsburg (1020), Basel (1032), Zollern (1052), Kyburg (1053), Haigerloch (1080s), Württemberg (1083), Zähringen (1098), Baden (1112), Upper Alsace (1136), Hohengeroldseck (1139), Toggenburg (1176), Schellenberg (1100s) and Montfort (1220s) as well as several imperial cities in Alsace. Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg 960s/970s: Bishop Erkanbald of Strasbourg becomes also count. Landgraviate of Upper Alsace 1130s: Count Werner II of Habsburg becomes landgrave of Upper Alsace. Mulhouse 1273: Mulhouse becomes an imperial city. 1200s: Several imperial cities are created in Alsace. Ten Cities' Alliance 1354: Alsatian imperial cities, including Mulhouse, establish an alliance. 1352: The bishop loses the city of Strasbourg. Strasbourg 1352: Strasbourg becomes an imperial city. 1469: Duke Charles of Burgundy acquires Upper Alsace. 1477: Maximilian I of the House of Habsburg becomes by marriage margrave of Alsace. Confederacy 1515: Mulhouse becomes an associate of the Confederacy. 1515: Mulhouse leaves the alliance. 1516: Karl V, also margrave of Upper Alsace, becomes king of Spain. 1555: Karl V abdicates and is succeeded by his son Felipe II as margrave. 1556: Felipe II becomes king of Spain and brings the margraviate under Spanish rule. Kingdom of France 1648: The cities, Upper Alsace as well as the Alsatian part of the bishopric are annexed to France. 1681: Strasbourg is annexed to France. French Republic 1792: France becomes a republic. 1798: Mulhouse joins France. See for Alsace-Lorraine after 1871 here.

Timeline of Burgundy and Lorraine Introduction - Other timelines - Index of timelines - France Alsace - Burgundy and Lorraine - Corsica - South East France - Southern and Central France - Other regions in main section

Kingdom of the Middle Franks 843: After the death emperor of Ludovicus and a civil war, Francia is partitioned in the Treaty of Verdun into Middle Francia, East Francia, and West Francia. Lotharius becomes emperor of the Middle Franks. Middle Francia includes present-day Eastern and Southern FranceNetherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Saarland and parts of Rhineland-Palatinate and North Rhine-Westfalia, Italy and Switzerland. Kingdom of Provence 855: With the Treaty of Prüm the realm of Lotharius is divided between his sons into Provence, Lotharingia and Italy. Charles becomes king of Provence. Kingdom of Lotharingia 855: With the Treaty of Prüm the realm of Lotharius is divided between his sons into Lotharingia, Provence and Italy. Lotharius II becomes king of Lotharingia. Lotharingia includes present-day Eastern France, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Saarland and parts of Rhineland-Palatinate and North Rhine-Westfalia. → 863: After his death, part of Provence falls to Lotharingia. 863: Ludovico II of Italy becomes king of Provence. Kingdom of the East Franks 870: After the death of Lotharius II is divided in the Treaty of Meerssen between Ludwig II of East Francia and Charles II of West Francia. Duchy of Burgundy c 880: Richard becomes the first duke of Burgundy, separate from Provence. Kingdom of Upper Burgundy 888: Rodolphe becomes king of Upper Burgundy. Kingdom of Lotharingia 895: Zwentibold, illegitimate son of emperor Arnulf, becomes king of Lotharingia. 912: After his death he is succeeded by Rodolphe II. Duchy of Lotharingia 903: After his death Gebhard becomes duke. 911: After the election of Konrad as king of East Francia, duke Reginar attaches Lotharingia to king Carolus III of West Francia. 922: Carolus III is overthrown in West Francia by Robert I, but remains king in Lotharingia. 923: Carolus III is overthrown and Lotharingia becomes a fief of East Francia. 925: Alsace is ceded to |Swabia. Kingdom of Burgundy 933: Rodolphe II of Upper Burgundy unites with Provence and becomes king of Burgundy at Arles. 956: Otto of the Robertians becomes by marriage duke of Burgundy. Duchy of Upper Lorraine 959: Lotharingia is partitioned into Upper Lorraine (Upper Lotharingia) and Lower Lotharingia. Frédérique becomes vice-duke of Upper Lorraine. 964: After the death of duke Bruno of Lotharingia, Frédérique becomes duke of Upper Lorraine, also rendered as duke of Moselle. County of Burgundy 982: Otto-Guillaume becomes the first count of Burgundy. 1002: Otto-Guilaume becomes also duke of Burgundy. 1002: Count Otto-Guilaume of Burgundy becomes also duke of Burgundy. 1004: Otto-Guilaume remains count. 1004: King Robert II of France becomes by conquest duke of Burgundy. Bishopric of Verdun 997: Bishop Haimont of Verdun gets as count temporal power. Bishopric of Metz 1000s: Bishop Adalbero II of Metz gets temporal power. 1032: The sons of Robert II agree to share his heritage. Robert becomes duke of Burgundy. County of Bar 1033: After the death of Friedrich II, his sister Sophie becomes countess of Bar. 1033: Gotzello of Lower Lotharingia becomes duke of Upper Lorraine. 1080: The county of Saargau is established, separated from Metz. Duchy of Lorraine 1047: Duke Adalbert titles himself duke of Lorraine. 1147-1149: Burgundy takes part in the Second Crusade that fails to restore the County of Edessa. 1156: Emperor Friedrich becomes by marriage count. Free County of Burgundy 1184: Otto becomes free count of Burgundy. 1189-1192: Burgundy takes part in the Third Crusade that fails to re-conquer Jerusalem, but in which the Kingdom of Cyprus is established. 1202-1204: Burgundy takes part in the Fourth Crusade, that leads to the destruction of the Roman Empire and the establishment of the Latin Empire and other crusader states. Metz c. 1200: The city of Metz becomes an imperial city. 1301: The vassalage of Bar is divided between France and the Holy Roman Empire. 1361: King Jean II of France successfully claims the duchy after the death of duke Philippe I. 1363: He passes the duchy to his youngest son Philippe as Philippe II. Duchy of Bar 1354: Count Robert is raised in rank to duke. 1384: Duke Philippe II becomes by marriage also free count of Burgundy. 1384: Philippe II inherits by marriage with Margaretha III of Flanders the counties of Flanders, Artois, Rethel, Nevers and Burgundy. 1404/1405: After their deaths, Jean I of Burgundy inherits the duchy of Burgundy as well as the counties of Flanders, Artois, Nevers and Burgundy. 1407: With the assassination of Louis d'Orléans, son of king Charles V of France, duke Jean of Burgundy commences a war against Charles V and joins the English. 1420: King Henry V of England allies with duke Philippe III, a.k.a. Philip the Good, of Burgundy. In the Treaty of Troyes Charles VI of France agrees that King Henry V of England and his heirs would inherit the throne of France after his death. 1421: Duke Philippe III of Burgundy becomes ruler of Namur. 1430: Philippe III of Burgundy becomes also duke of Brabant and Limburg. 1432: Duke Philippe III becomes also duke of Hainaut and count of Holland and Zeeland and unites his possessions in the southern and northern Netherlands into the Burgundian Netherlands. Burgundy develops into a more or less de facto independent state nominally part of France and the Holy Roman Empire. 1435: In the Treaty of Arras Philippe III of Burgundy switches sides to Charles VII. 1443: Philippe III becomes by conquest duke of Luxembourg, uniting them with other Netherlands entities. 1469: Duke Charles, a.k.a. Charles the Bold, acquires Upper Alsace. 1473: Duke Arnold of Guelders sells Guelders to duke Charles of Burgundy 1431: René of Anjou becomes duke of Lorraine 1473: René II of Vaudémont inherits Lorraine. 1477: Maximilian I of Habsburg becomes by marriage count of Burgundy. Kingdom of France 1477: The duchy of Burgundy itself is annexed to France. Maximilian I of Habsburg becomes by marriage with duchess Marie titular duke of Burgundy. 1493: With the Treaty of Senlis king Charles VII of France for ally cedes the Free County of Burgundy and the County of Artois to Maximilian of Austria. Duchies of Lorraine and Bar 1483: Duke René II of Lorraine becomes also count of Bar and unites the duchies. 1516: Karl V, also count of Burgundy, becomes king of Spain. 1526: With the Treaty of Madrid king François of France surrenders his claims to the county of Burgundy in order to be released from prison. 1552: The bishoprics of Metz and Verdun as well as the city of Metz are conquered by France. 1559: With the Peace of Cateau Cambrésis, the Italian Wars conclude. France renounces its claim in Italy but wins the three bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun. 1634: Lorraine and Bar are occupied by France. Duke Charles IV goes into exile. 1648: Metz and Verdun are de jure annexed to France. 1661: France withdraws and duke Charles IV is restored. 1662: With the Treaty of Montmartre duke Charles IV gives to king Louis XIV of France control over Lorraine and Bar. 1670: Lorraine and Bar are again occupied by France. 1678: The county of Burgundy is ceded to France. 1697: Lorraine and Bar are restored by France to duke Leopold. 1702: Lorraine and Bar are occupied by France , but Leopold remains in place. 1724: The occupation by France ends. 1737: Stanisław Leszczyński renounces his claim on the Polish throne and he becomes duke of Lorraine and Bar in stead of Franz Stefan, who becomes grand duke of Tuscany, confirmed with the Treaty of Vienna in 1738. 1766: Lorraine and Bar become fully part of the French royal domain.

Timeline of Corsica Introduction - Other timelines - Index of timelines - France Alsace - Burgundy and Lorraine - Corsica - South East France - Southern and Central France - Other regions in main section

Before 237 BC: Corsica is controlled by Carthagians and Etruscans. Roman Republic 237 BC: Corsica is conquered by the Roman Republic. Roman Empire 27 BC: Gaius Octavianus becomes sole ruler of Rome and as Augustus the first emperor. 395: After the death of emperor Theodosius I, the Roman Empire is partitioned in the (Eastern) Roman Empire and the (Western) Roman Empire. The region becomes part of the Western part of the Empire. 410: The Romans abandon the island and it is conquered by the Visigoths. Visigothic Kingdom 417: King Wallia of the Visigoths settles as Roman ally in Gaul and creates the Visigothic Kingdom. Kingdom of the Vandals and the Alans 455: The Vandals annex Corsica. Kingdom of the Goths and the Romans 500: The Ostrogoths conquer Corsica. Byzantine Empire 536: Corsica is conquered by the Byzantine Empire. Kingdom of all Italy 725: Corsica is conquered by the Lombards. Kingdom of the Franks 774: The Frankish king Carolus conquers the Kingdom of the Lombards with Corsica. Kingdom of the Middle Franks 843: With the partition of the Frankish Empire Lotharius becomes emperor of the Middle Franks. Kingdom of Italy 855: With the Treaty of Prüm the realm of Lotharius I is divided between his sons. Corsica becomes part of the Kingdom of Italy. Holy Roman Empire 962: Corsica becomes with Italy part of the Holy Roman Empire. Republic of Pisa 1052: Corsica is conquered by Pisa. Republic of Genoa 1123: Part of Corsica falls to Genoa. Crown of Aragon 1325/1326: Pisa loses its part of Corsica to Aragon. 1450: Genoa becomes the dominant force in Corsica. Kingdom of Corsica 1736: The adventurer Theodor Stephan Freiherr von Neuhoff secedes Corsica as king Tiadoru. Republic of Genoa 1736: The same year Corsica is reconquered by Genoa. Corsican Republic 1755: Corsica secedes and gets a parliament elected by universal male suffrage and an executive head of state, Pasquale Paoli, whose government is responsible to the parliament. Kingdom of France 1769: France annexes Corsica. 1793: Pasquale Paoli declares the secession from France and asks Great Britain for protection. Kingdom of Corsica 1794: King George III of Great Britain becomes king of Corsica. Corsica gets a viceroy, a parliament elected by limited suffrage and a government responsible to the parliament. French Republic 1796: France defeats the Kingdom of Corsica and annexes Corsica to France.

Timeline of South East France Introduction - Other timelines - Index of timelines - France Alsace - Burgundy and Lorraine - Corsica - South East France - Southern and Central France - Other regions in main section

Roman Empire 395: The region belongs after the partitioning of the Roman Empire to the (Western) Roman Empire. Kingdom of the Burgundians 410s: The Romans abandon Gaul. The Burgundians, a Germanic people possibly originating in Bornholm (Baltic Sea), enter the region crossed the Rhine and unite under king Gundahar. Kingdom of the Franks 534: The Franks defeat the Burgundians and annex their kingdom. Kingdom of the Middle Franks 843: After the death emperor Ludovicus and a civil war, Francia is partitioned in the Treaty of Verdun into East Francia, Middle Francia and West Francia. Lotharius becomes emperor of the Middle Franks. Kingdom of Provence 855: With the Treaty of Prüm the realm of Lotharius is divided between his sons into Lotharingia, Provence and Italy. Charles becomes king of Provence. 863: After Charles’ death Ludovico II of Italy becomes king of Provence. 875: After his death , his uncle king Charles II of West Francia becomes also king of Italy and of Provence. 877: After his death he is succeeded in West Francia and Provence by his son Louis II. Kingdom of Lotharingia 863: After Charles’ death, part falls to Lotharius II of Lotharingia. 879: After his death Boso is elected king of Provence, a.k.a. Lower Burgundy. Around that time the Duchy of Burgundy is formed. 882: Part of Provence is incorporated into West Francia. Kingdom of the East Franks 870: After the death of Lotharius II this part of Lotharingia falls to Ludwig II of East Francia. 888: Boson is suceeded by his son Louis. 905: Hungarian troops intervene in the war in Italy between Berengario of Friuli and Louis. Louis is defeated by the Hungarians. Kingdom of Upper Burgundy 888: Rodolphe becomes king of Upper Burgundy. 912: After his death he is succeeded by Rodolphe II. 920: An Hungarian army enters of Italy and defeats the forces of Rodolphe II, who attacked king Berengario. Kingdom of Burgundy 933: Rodolphe II of Upper Burgundy unites (Upper) Burgundy with Provence and becomes king of Burgundy at Arles. 937: Conrad, teenager, succeeds his father. 982: Otto-Guillaume becomes the first count of the Burgundy, separated from the kingdom. → 993: Rodolphe III succeeds his father. County of Provence 968: Rothbold becomes the first count of Provence. 1014: Count Guillaume III of Toulouse, becomes by marriage count of Provence. County of Savoy 1003: Humbert becomes the first count of Savoy. 1026: Humbert acquires the county of Aosta. Holy Roman Empire 1032: Rodolphe III dies. Emperor Konrad II inherits the Kingdom of Burgundy and makes it a constituent kingdom of the Holy Roman Empire. It is divided in various feudal entities. 1032: Provence becomes a entity of the Holy Roman Empire. 1032: Savoy becomes a entity of the Holy Roman Empire. County of Orange 1000s: Pons de Mevouillon becomes the first count of Orange. County of Albon 1035: Guigues of Albon becomes count. c1046: Count Othon is by marriage with Adelaide of Susa ruler of the march of Turin. 1078: After the death of count Pierre Savoy and Turin are separated. Amédée II becomes count. 1112: Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona becomes by marriage count of Toulouse and Provence. 1092: Savoy acquires most of the march of Turin. The centre of Savoy shifts to Piedmont. 1125: Venaissin becomes part of the Margraveship of Provence. Margraveship of Provence 1125: Ramon Berenguer III loses Toulouse and part of Provence to count Anfós Jordan. 1125: Ramon Berenguer III remains count of Barcelona and Provence. 1131: He is succeeded in Provence, separated from Barcelona, by Berenguer Ramon. Principality of Orange 1163: Bertrand of Baux is raised in rank to prince. Dauphiné 1142: Guigues V titles himself dauphin of Viennois. County of Lyon 1157: Archbishop Héracle de Montboissier of Lyon becomes count of Lyon. 1246: Charles of Anjou becomes by marriage count of Provence. 1247: Charles becomes also count of Anjou. County of Venaissin 1274: After margrave Alphonse of Provence bequeathed Venaissin to the Holy See. 1307: Pope Clemens V, a Frenchman, decides to reside in Avignon. Kingdom of France 1271: After the death of Alphonse of Provence, the region falls to king Philippe III of France. 1266: Charles of Anjou becomes also king of Sicily. 1272: Charles becomes also king of Albania. 1278: Charles becomes prince of Achaea. 1282: Charles loses Sicily to Aragon, but remains king of Sicily in Naples and of Albania. 1289: The personal union with Achaea ends. 1290: The personal union with Anjou ends. 1294: The personal union with Albania ends. 1312: Lyon is annexed to France. 1348: Venaissin absorbs Avignon. 1349: Dauphiné falls to king Philippe VI of France. 1382: The personal union with Naples ends. Duke of Louis of Anjou becomes count. Duchy of Savoy 1416: Count Amédée VIII is raised in rank to duke. 1481: After the death of count Charles IV, the Provence falls to king Louis XI of France. 1536: Savoy is occupied by France. ← 1540: Wilhelm of Nassau inherits Orange. Duchy of Savoy 1559: The French occupation of Savoy ends. 1702: Orange is occupied by France. 1713: Orange falls to France. Kingdom of Sardinia 1720: The duke of Savoy names the whole of his state Kingdom of Sardinia. 1791: France annexes Venaissin. 1792: France annexes this part of Savoy.

Timeline of Southern and Central France Introduction - Other timelines - Index of timelines - France Alsace - Burgundy and Lorraine - Corsica - South East France - Southern and Central France - Other regions in main section

Roman Empire 395: With the division of the Roman Empire, the region is part of the Western Roman Empire. 406: The Huns force the Germanic Vandals to migrate from Pannonia. The cross together with the Iranian Alans and part of the Suebes the Rhine into Gaul. Also Franks and Burgundians cross the Rhine and settle in Gaul. Merovech establishes a kingdom of the Salian Franks. 409: The Vandals, the Alans and Suebes cross the Pyrenees from Gaul into the Iberian Peninsula. 410: Rome is sacked by the Visigothic king Alareiks, which turns out to be a decisive event in the decline of the Western Roman Empire. Visigothic Kingdom 417: King Wallia of the Visigoths settles as Roman ally in Gaul and establishes his court in Toulouse. It includes also Corsica. 418: King Wallia invades Hispania and defeats the Alans and part of the Vandals. 455: The Visigoths lose Corsica to the Vandals. Kingdom of the Franks 481: Chlodovechus or Clovis unites most Frankish tribes as king of the Franks. His kingdom gradually annexes most of the other Frankish states in and outside the Western Roman Empire. 507: The Visigoths lose their capital Toulouse to the Franks. Their kingdom in Hispania remains intact, Aquitania falls to Francia. Aquitania is part of the time a sub-kingdom of Francia. Duchy of Aquitaine 660s: Felix becomes the first duke of the semi-independent duchy of Aquitaine. 715: Eudes declares independence. 769: Aquitaine is conquered by Francia. 781: Aquitaine becomes a sub-kingdom of Francia. 795: Francia establishes the Marca Hispanica, a set of Frankish counties. Kingdom of Pamplona 824: Íñigo Arista secedes from Francia and becomes king of Pamplona. Kingdom of the West Franks 843: After the death of emperor Ludovicus and a civil war, this part of Francia becomes part of West Francia. County of Barcelona 832: Roussilon becomes under count Berenguer part of Barcelona. → County of Toulouse 849: Frédelon becomes the first hereditary count of Toulouse. Duchy of Gascony 864: Sans III is the first more or less independent duke of Gascony. Duchy of Aquitaine 860: Count Ranulf of Poitiers becomes the first duke of renewed Aquitaine. County of Roussillon 878: Count Miró of Conflent becomes count of Roussillon. County of Anjou 898: Foulques is the first count of Anjou. 896: Count Sunyer II of Empúries becomes also count of Roussillon. ca. 925: After the death of count Galindo Aznárez II of Aragon king Garcia Sánchez of Pamplona becomes count of Aragon, marking the end of Aragon. 991: Guislabert becomes count of Rousillon, separate from Empúries. County of Foix 1012: Bernard-Roger of Bigorre is considered the first count of Foix. 1014: Count Guillaume III becomes by marriage count of Provence. Kingdom of Navarre 1035: Pamplona is partitioned. Antso VI becomes king of Navarre and Ramiro I becomes king of Aragon. 1062: Guilhem VIII of Aquitaine becomes also duke of Gascony, incorporating Gascony into Aquitaine. 1076: King Sancho Ramírez of Aragon becomes king of Navarre. Part of Navarre is annexed to Castile. 1100s: The valleys of Andorra are disputed by Foix and Urgell. 1112: Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona becomes by marriage count of Toulouse and Provence. 1125: Count Anfós Jordan becomes margrave of Provence, losing the county of Provence. 1134: The personal union between Navarre and Aragon ends. Gartzea IV becomes king of Navarre. 1147-1149: Aquitaine takes part in a the Second Crusade that fails to restore the County of Edessa. 1152: Count Henri of Anjou becomes by marriage with Eleanor duke of Aquitaine. 1152: Count Henri becomes by marriage with Eleanor duke of Aquitaine. 1154: Henri inherits as king Henry II England. 1154: Henri inherits as king Henry II England. 1173: Henri's wife and three of his sons start a rebellion against him. 1174: Henri defeats the rebels and they reconcile. 1173: Henri's wife and three of his sons start a rebellion against him. 1174: Henri defeats the rebels and they reconcile. Crown of Aragon 1172: After the death of Gerard II without heirs, Roussillon falls to king Alfonso II of Aragon. 1199: John becomes duke of Aquitaine and king of England. 1199: The personal union with England ends, Arthur becomes count of Anjou. Kingdom of France 1204: Anjou is lost to king Philippe Auguste of France. 1209: Toulouse supports the Cathars against the Albigensian Crusade started by Papal States and France. 1229: The Cathars are defeated. County of Anjou 1247: King Louis IX of France re-creates Anjou as an appanage for his brother Charles. He is also count of Provence since 1246. 1259: With the Treaty of Paris king Louis IX of France and king Henry III of England end their hostilities. Henry remains duke of Aquitaine. 1266: Charles of Anjou becomes also king of Sicily. 1270: Navarre takes part in the Eighth Crusade, defeated near Tunis by the Arabs. 1272: Charles becomes also king of Albania. Kingdom of France 1271: After the death of Alphonse of Provence, the region falls to king Philippe III of France. 1278: Count Roger-Bernard III becomes co-prince of Andorra. 1278: Charles becomes prince of Achaea. Kingdom of Majorca 1276: Rousillon becomes under king Jaume II part of independent Majorca. 1284: Crown prince and since 1285 king Philippe IV of France becomes by marriage also king of Navarre. 1282: Charles loses Sicily to Aragon, but remains king of Sicily in Naples and of Albania. 1289: The personal union with Achaea ends. County of Foix and Viscounty of Béarn 1290: Roger-Bernard III becomes by marriage viscount of Béarn 1290: The personal union with Provence ends. Count Charles of Valois becomes by marriage count of Anjou. 1305: After the death of the queen of Navarre, their son Louis becomes king Louis I of Navarre. Duchy of Aquitaine England 1303: In the Treaty of Paris the region is ceded to king Edward of England by king Philippe IV of France. 1314: Louis becomes also king Louis X of France. 1328: After the death of king Charles I his heritage is divided. Charles' daughter Jeanne becomes queen Joana II of Navarre. 1328: Count Philippe of Valois-Anjou becomes as Philippe VI king of France and merges Anjou into France. 1347: Count Gaston X, renounces as lord of Béarn the fiefship of France. 1337: After king Philippe IV of France confiscated the English possessions in Gascony, the Hundred Years' War between the English kings and the French kings over the French throne starts. County of Anjou 1356: Louis, son of king Jean II becomes count of Anjou and the County of Maine. Duchy of Anjou 1360: Louis is raised in rank to duke of Anjou. 1382: Louis becomes also count of Provence. Crown of Aragon 1344: King Pere IV of Aragon annexes Roussillon into Aragon. 1441: Gaston XI of Foix and Béarn marries with queen Leanor. 1451–1455: A civil war between king Joannes II and his son and heir Karlos leads to the defeat of Karlos. 1441: Count Gaston XI marries with Leanor of Navarre. 1453: King Henry VI of England is defeated and Aquitaine with Gascony fall to king Charles VII of France. 1463: King Louis XI of France occupies Roussillon. 1479: After her death, her grandson François Fébus becomes king of Navarre, count of Foix and viscount of Béarn. 1512: The southern part and historical core of Navarre is invaded by Castile and Aragon. 1481: After the death of duke Charles IV, Anjou and Maine fall to the royal domain. Crown of Aragon 1493: Roussillon is restored to king Fernando II of Aragon. Kingdom of Spain 1516: Rousillon becomes with Aragon part of Spain. 1522: The southern half of Navarre is annexed to Spain, leaving the part north of the Pyrenees as an independent kingdom. Principality of Bidache 1570: Count Antoine de Gramont becomes prince of Bidache. 1589: King Henri III of Navarre, count of Foix and as Henri II viscount of Béarn becomes king Henri IV of France. 1620: Navarre, Béarn and Foix are fully incorporated into France. 1642: Roussillon is conquered by France. 1659: Roussillon is formally ceded by Spain to France. 1793: France ousts the last prince Antoine VII and annexes Bidache.