- The Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is a federal republic, divided into states, with a bicameral federal parliament consisting out of a Federal Diet elected on a universal suffrage in free multi-party elections, and a Federal Council with representatives of the constituent states, a president elected by an assembly of the parliament and the legislatures of the states, and a government responsible to the Federal Diet. Germany is member of the European Union.
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- The sub-sections give for each state an outline of its history in Baden-Wurttemberg (cont.), Bavaria (cont.), Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse (cont.), Lower Saxony (cont.), Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, North Rhine-Westfalia (cont.), Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein (cont.) - Thuringia (cont.).
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- 750 BC: Germanic tribes start settling the north of present-day Germany.
- 250 BC: Most of Northern Germany is populated by Germanic tribes. Southern Germany is populated by Celts.
- 113 BC: The Cimbrian War of the Romans against the Cimbrians and Teutons is the first of many Germanic Wars between the Romans and the Germanic tribes, which last until 439.
- before 58 BC: The Germanic Suebes settle in Gaul, arriving from Germanyia.
- 58 BC: The Suebic king Ariovistus is defeated by the Roman leader Gaius Iulius Caesar and are driven over the Rhine. Part of the Suebes migrate to what is later Saxony
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Roman Republic
- 50s BC: The Roman Empire conquers and annexes parts of west and south Germany. North of the Roman border is controlled by Germanic tribes.
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- 50s BC: North of the Roman border is controlled by Germanic tribes.
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Roman Empire
- 27 BC: Gaius Octavianus becomes sole ruler of Rome and as Augustus the first emperor.
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- 15 BC: In south Germany Raetia (present-day Southern Bavaria is annexed to the Roman Empire.
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Gallic Empire
- 260: The region becomes part of the seccessionist Gallic Empire.
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- 259: The Suebes are part of a new tribal alliance known as the Alemanni.
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| Roman Empire
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- 395: After the death of emperor Theodosius I, the Roman Empire is partitioned in the (Eastern) Roman Empire and the (Western) Roman Empire. This part of the Roman Empire becomes part of the Western part of the Empire.
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- 370: The Huns devastate large parts of present-day Germany.
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- 406: The Huns force part of the Suebes, the Germanic Vandals from Pannonia as well as the Iranian Alans to cross the Rhine into the provinces of Germania, Gaul, Hispania and other parts of the Western Roman Empire. Other tribes that cross the Rhine are the Visigoths and the Franks.
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| Kingdom of the Burgundians
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Franks
- 400s: The Franks develop into a dominant Germanic tribes at the border of the Roman Empire. Merovech becomes king of the Salian Franks.
- 410s: Rome abandons the region, the Franks enlarge their rule southwards.
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Alamannia
- 400s: After the departure of the Romans, the Alamanni create their own kingdom.
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Saxony
- 400s: The Saxons develop into the dominant Germanic tribes in the north. Part of the Saxon tribes settle in what is now England.
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- 451: The Huns, who conquered large areas north of the Roman border and invaded are defeated by an alliance of Romans and various Germanic nations, including the Visigoths and the Franks.
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Kingdom of the Thuringii
- 460s: Bisinus is recorded as king of the Thuringii.
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| Kingdom of the Franks
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Kingdom of the Goths
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- 511: After the death of Clovis his kingdom is partitioned. The tradition of dividing patrimonies among brothers means that the Frankish realm is ruled, nominally, as one polity subdivided into several regna (kingdoms or subkingdoms). Chlotarius becomes the first king of Neustria. Theudericus becomes the first king of Austrasia.
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- 534: Chlotarius I of Frankish Neustria defeats king Godomar of the Burgundians and conquers the kingdom.
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Duchy of Bavaria
- 551: Garibald I is the first recorded duke of Bavaria, a vassal of the Franks.
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- 558: Neustria and Austrasia are united under king Chlotarius.
- 561: After the death of Chlotarius I Francia is partitioned. Guntram becomes king of the Burgundians. Chilpericus I becomes king in Neustria and Sigebertus I in Austrasia.
- 592: After the death of Guntram Burgundy falls to Childebertus II of Austrasia.
- 595: After the death of Childebertus II, Theudericus II becomes king of Burgundy and Theudebertus II becomes king of Austrasia.
- 612: Theudericus II becomes king of Austrasia.
- 613: King Sigibertus II of Austrasia and Burgundy is overthrown by Chlotharius II of Neustria, who becomes king of the Franks.
- 623: Chlotarius II appoints his son Dagobertus I as king of Austrasia.
- 629: After the death of Chlotaris II Francia is reunited under with king Dagobertus I.
- 634: Dagobertus I appoints his son Sigebertus III as king of Austrasia.
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Kingdom of the Thuringii
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- 679: During the rule of Theudericus III and his successors the position of the Mayor of the Palace develops into the power of the throne.
- 687: Pippin is installed as mayor over the entire realms of Neustria and Austrasia, further dwindling Merovingian power.
- 718: The civil war after the death of Pippin ends at Soissons, Carolus Martellus becomes mayor of the palace and the real ruler of Francia.
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- 700s: Bavaria is more or less independent under duke Theodo.
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- 690s: The Thuringii are defeated by the Saxons.
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- 737: Carolus Martellus becomes acting king. He defeats the Thuringii after they seceded from the Saxons.
- 745: Carantania becomes a tributary of the Franks.
- 751: Pippinus III, son of Carolus Martellus, overthrows king Childericus III and becomes king of the Franks, the first from the Carolingian dynasty.
- 754: King Pippinus III conquers part of the Lombard kingdom and grants pope Stephanus II the Duchy of Rome and the Exarchate of Ravenna, creating the Papal States.
- 768: The son of Pippinus III, Carolusor Charlemagne becomes – until 711 together with his brother Carlomannus I - king of the Franks.
- 772: The Franks annex Frisia east of the Lauwers and start the conquest of Saxony. The Saxons are led by Widukind.
- 774: The Franks defeat the Lombards, led by king Desiderius, and add their northern territory to its empire, making king Carolus also king of the Lombards. The Franks confirms the pope his own territory, the Papal States.
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- 772: Francia starts the conquest of Saxony. The Saxons are led by Widukind.
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| Kingdom of the Middle Franks
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Kingdom of the East Franks
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| Kingdom of Lotharingia
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- 870: With the Treaty of Meerssen Lotharingia is divided between West Francia and East Francia.
- 876: After Ludovicus dies, East Francia gets divided into sub-kingdoms. Karl III becomes king in Alamannia. Karlmann becomes king in Bavaria. Ludwig III becomes king in Saxony.
- 879: Karl III becomes also king of Italy.
- 880: Ludwig III becomes also king of Bavaria.
- 881: Karl III becomes also Roman Emperor.
- 882: After the death of Ludwig III, Karl III acquires Bavaria and Saxony and becomes king of the East Franks.
- 884: Emperor Karl III becomes also king of West Francia.
- 887: He is overthrown in East-Francia by Arnulf, son of Karlmann. Francia is definitively partitioned. Succeeding kingdoms are East-Francia[1], West-Francia, Upper-Burgundy, Italy and Aquitaine. East-Francia is a feudal country, divided in duchies. The first duchies are Saxony (since 843), Lotharingia (since 903), Franconia (since 906), Bavaria (since 907) and Swabia (since 915).
- 892: The Hungarian troops attack Great Moravia in alliance with king Arnulf.
- 894: In alliance with Moravia, the Hungarians attack the East Francian province of Pannonia. Arnulf becomes king of Italy.
- 895: Bohemia becomes a vassal of East Francia.
- 896: Arnulf loses control over Italy.
- 899-955: After the foundation of their principality, Hungarian armies invade in the upcoming decades parts of East Francia, intervening in wars with the German king and German dukes.
- 900: The son of Arnulf, Ludwig IV, becomes after his death in 899 at the age of seven king of East-Francia.
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Kingdom of the West Franks
- 911: The Lotharian nobles elect king Carolus III of West Francia as their king.
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- 923: Carolus III is overthrown in Lotharingia and Lotharingia becomes a stem duchy of East Francia again.
- 928: King Heinrich starts a campaign against the Slavic tribes and creates the Saxon East March.
- 938: After his death Heinrich is succeeded as duke and king by his son Otto.
- 955: King Otto defeats at Lechfeld the Magyars and prevents them from entering Central Europe.
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Holy Roman Empire [2]
- 962: King Otto becomes also king of Italy and merges it with Germany into the Holy Roman Empire. He becomes its Holy Roman Emperor. The empire consists out of entities with own rulers who are subject to the emperor. Until the moment that the emperor is crowned by the pope, he uses the title King of the Franks and since 1024 King of the Romans. In this epoch various marches are created, among them are Billung, Meissen, Merseburg, the North March and Lusatia, partially successors of the Geronic East March.
- 900s and later: Out of the stem duchies and the marchies the German feudal entities develop, various of them listed in the sub-sections on (Baden-Wurttemberg 1, Baden-Wurttemberg 2, Bavaria 1, Bavaria 2, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse 1, Hesse 2, Lower Saxony 1, Lower Saxony 2, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, North Rhine-Westfalia 1, North Rhine-Westfalia 2, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein 1, Schleswig-Holstein 2 Thuringia 1 and Thuringia 2 as well as in the (sub-)sections on Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, North East and South East France, Corsica, Switzerland with West and East, Liechtenstein, Piedmont, Lombardy, Trentino-South Tyrol and North East Italy, Slovenia, Austria, the Czech Republic and Poland.
- 967: His son Otto II, co-king since 961, becomes co-emperor.
- 973: After his death, he is succeeded as emperor by his son Otto II.
- 983: After the death of Otto II, he is succeeded as king by his three year old son Otto III (emperor since 996).
- 1002: Duke Heinrich IV of Bavaria and Carinthia is elected king as Heinrich II (emperor since 1014). He and duke Bolesław of the Polans commence a war over the control of Lusatia and Upper Lusatia, as well as Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia.
- 1003: Duke Boleslav III is restored as duke of Bohemia by duke Bolesław, but is the same year overthrown by Bolesław of the Polans, who becomes by conquest duke of Bohemia.
- 1004: Heinrich II defeats Bolesław and makes Jaromír duke of Bohemia, ending the personal union of Poland with Bohemia. Bolesław keeps Moravia and Slovakia and loses Lusatia and Meissen, which is confirmed at the Peace of Poznán in 1005. He is succeeded as duke of Bavaria by Heinrich V.
- 1013: Warfare continues, but at the Peace of Merseburg the 1002 arrangements are confirmed.
- 1018: After renewed warfare, the Peace of Bautzen reconfirms the 1002 arrangements.
- 1024: After the death of Heinrich II, Konrad II of the Salian dynasty becomes king (emperor since 1027).
- 1028: Konrad II makes his son duke Heinrich VI of Bavaria (co-)king Heinrich III of the Germans with himself. The Polish ruler Mieszko II invades the Eastern marches of Saxony.
- 1031: Mieszko III is repulsed by emperor Konrad II and renounces his claims to Lusatia, which is confirmed in 1033 at the Treaty of Merseburg, finally ending the wat between the empire and Poland.
- 1032: Konrad II becomes king of Burgundy and incorporates it in the empire.
- 1038: Heinrich III becomes also duke Heinrich of Swabia.
- 1039: After the death of Konrad II, Heinrich III succeeds his father as sole king of the Germans (emperor since 1046). He becomes also as Heinrich IV duke of Carinthia.
- 1042: Heinrich III appoints count Heinrich II of Luxembourg as duke of Bavaria
- 1045: Heinrich III is succeeded as duke of Swabia by Otto II.
- 1047: He is succeeded in Carinthia by duke Welf.
- 1053: Heinrich III makes his six year old son duke Heinrich (co-)king Heinrich IV of the Germans with himself.
- 1056: After the death of Heinrich III, Heinrich IV succeeds his father as sole King of the Germans (emperor since 1084).
- 1073–1075: A rebellion takes place in Saxony against imperial power in Germany.
- 1077: The rebellion is continued by a revolt in which duke Rudolf von Rheinfelden of Swabia is elected anti-king against emperor Heinrich IV. Emperor Heinrich IV deposes duke Welf of Bavaria and rules Bavaria himself.
- 1088: Rudolf is defeated on the Elster and killed. The revolt collapses.
- 1096: Welf is restored as duke of Bavaria.
- 1101: The empire takes part in a crusade, which is defeated by the Sultanate of Rum.
- 1105: Heinrich IV is overthrown by his son Heinrich V, who becomes sole king of the Germans (emperor in 1111).
- 1109: King Bolesław III of Poland defeats at Hundsfeld Heinrich V and stops the German expansion to the centre of Europe.
- 1115: An attempt to defeat a Saxon rebellion fails.
- 1125: Duke Lothar of Saxony is elected as Lothar III emperor instead of duke Friedrich of Swabia, starting the struggle between the Guelfs and the Ghibellines.
- 1126: Duke Soběslav of Bohemia defeats at ChlumecLothar II.
- 1138: After the death of Lothar III in 1137, Konrad III from the Hohenstaufen dynasty is elected king.
- 1147: The Holy Roman Empire takes part in a Wendish Crusade that defeats the slavic tribes (Obotrites, Wagrians) and Rani at the German border.
- 1147-1149: The empire takes part in the Second Crusade that fails to restore the County of Edessa.
- 1152: After his death, his nephew Friedrich Barbarossa is elected king (emperor since 1152), the first ruler of the Hohenstaufen dynasty. He resigns as duke of Swabia.
- 1160: Mecklenburg is conquered by duke Heinrich III of Saxony and becomes part of the Holy Roman Empire.
- 1164: Pomerania becomes part of the Holy Roman Empire.
- 1176: Emperor Friedrich is defeated at Legnano by the Lombard League. The fights ends with the Treaty of Venice in 1177.
- 1183: In the Peace of Constance the semi-independence of the cities of the Lombard League is recognized by emperor Friedrich.
- 1189-1192: The Empire takes part in the Third Crusade that fails to re-conquer Jerusalem, but in which the Kingdom of Cyprus is established.
- 1190: Friedrich dies in battle during this crusade. He is succeeded by his son Heinrich VI, emperor since 1191.
- 1194: Emperor Heinrich VI becomes by marriage with queen Constance king of Sicily. This brings the House of Hohenstaufen to the throne in Sicily.
- 1197: The Holy Roman Empire takes part in a failed crusade.
- 1198: After the death of Heinrich VI, his succession is disputed between his brother duke Philipp of Swabia and Otto IV.
- 1208: This dispute ends with the assassination of Philipp, making Otto IV king of the Germans, emperor since 1209.
- 1202-1204: The empire takes part in the Fourth Crusade, that leads to the destruction of the Byzantine Empire and the establishment of the Latin Empire and other crusader states.
- 1213-1221: The Empire takes part in the Fifth Crusade that is defeated by the Arabs.
- 1214: King Philippe II of France, supported by claimant-emperor duke Friedrich V of Swabia defeats at Bouvines an army led by Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV and troops of king Johan of England.
- 1215: Otto is forced to abdicate and is succeeded by duke Friedrich V of Swabia, king Friedrich of Sicily, as Friedrich II.
- 1219: In the aftermath of the Livonian Crusade the Terra Mariana is established as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire. Terra Mariana becomes directly subject to the Holy See and is divided into feudal principalities: Danish Estonia, Dorpat, Ösel-Wiek, Riga, Courland and the Livonian Order.
- 1225: He becomes by marriage with queen Isabelle II king of Jerusalem.
- 1228: After the death of Isabelle II, his newborn son Konrad becomes king of Jerusalem.
- 1228-1229: The Empire part in the Sixth Crusade, leading to the conquest of Jerusalem.
- 1241: A joint army of Poland, Moravia and Germans is defeated at Legnica by a Mongol army.
- 1247: Count Willem II of Holland becomes anti-king of the Germans.
- 1250: Emperor Friedrich dies and is succeeded by his son as Konrad IV.
- 1254: After the death of Konrad IV, count Willem II of Holland, anti-king since 1247, becomes king of the Germans.
- 1256: After the death of Willem II, his succession is disputed between Richard of Cornwall and Alfonso X, king of Castile.
- 1273: Rudolf of Habsburg is elected King of the Germans, beginning Habsburg de facto domination of the German crown.
- 1292: After his death he is succeeded by count Adolf of Nassau becomes king.
- 1298: Adolf is deposed of and duke Albrecht of Austria becomes king.
- 1308: After the murder of Albrecht, count Heinrich VII of Luxembourg becomes king, emperor in 1311.
- 1300s: Many of the entities of the Holy Roman Empire, especially in Italy, develop into de facto independent states.
- 1314: After the death of Heinrich in 1313, duke Ludwig III of Bavaria of the house of Wittelsbach is as Ludwig IV elected king, emperor in 1328.
- 1346: King Karel of Bohemia of the house of Luxembourg, grandson of emperor Heinrich VIII, is as Karel IV elected anti-king.
- 1347: Karel IV is confirmed as king of the Germans and becomes emperor in 1355.
- 1353: Karel IV entrusts Luxembourg to his half-brother Wenzel.
- 1378: Karel IV is succeeded as king of the Germans and king of Bohemia by his son Wenzel. He resigns as elector of Brandenburg.
- 1383: Wenzel becomes also duke of Luxembourg (until 1388).
- 1400: Wenzel is dethroned and elector Ruprecht of the Palatinate of the house of Wittelsbach is elected king
- 1411: After the death of Ruprecht in 1410, King Sigismund of Hungary of the House of Luxembourg is elected king of the Germans, emperor in 1433, and becomes elector of Brandenburg.
- 1419: Sigismund becomes king of Bohemia. The Bohemian Hussites begin a rebellion against both catholicism and the Holy Roman Empire.
- 1438: Sigismund is succeeded by his son-in-law Albrecht II from the house of Habsburg, duke of Austria.
- 1440: Friedrich III of Austria (House of Habsburg) becomes king of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor since 1452. From that moment on the Holy Roman Emperor is from the House of Habsburg, shortly interrupted from 1742 to 1745. This title is most of the time combined with ruler of Austria.
- 1443: The Empire takes part in a crusade to defend the Byzantine Empire against the Ottoman Empire, defeated by the Ottomans at Varna.
- 1493: Friedrich III is succeeded by his son Maximilian.
- 1499: With the Treaty of Basel the Swiss Confederacy is exempted from the imperial jurisdiction and imperial taxes and thus de facto acknowledged it as a separate political entity.
- 1511: The Holy Roman Empire joins the papal-Venetian alliance against France in the Holy League.
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Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation
- 1512: The Holy Roman Empire is renamed into the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.
- 1517: Martin Luther proclaims ninety-nive theses against traditional church practice. It starts the protestant split from the Catholic Church.
- 1519: Maximilian dies. His grandson, duke Karl of Burgundy, king Carlos of Spain and Sardinia, becomes as Karl V Holy Roman Emperor and archduke of Austria.
- 1521: Karl grants the Austrian lands to his younger brother Ferdinand I, whereby the personal union with Spain ends. He remains Holy Roman Emperor.
- 1524–1525: A wide spread peasant's revolt, lead by Thomas Müntzer and others, in the German-speaking areas of Central Europe fails because of the intense opposition by the aristocracy, slaughtered up to 100,000 of the 300,000 poorly armed peasants and farmers in the Holy Roman Empire after their victory at Frankenhausen.
- 1525: King François of France is defeated and captured at Pavia.
- 1526: With the Treaty of Madrid king François surrenders his claims to Italy, Flanders, and Burgundy in order to be released from prison. The same year pope Clemens VII, alarmed at the growing power of the emperor, forms the League of Cognac together with France, England, Venice, Florence and Milan.
- 1529: With the conclusion of the Treaty of Cambrai, the League collapsed and Karl V wins the war.
- 1531: Ferdinand becomes king of Germany under his brother as emperor.
- 1536: After the death of duke Francesco II Sforza of Milan, king François of France claims Milan. He conquers Savoy.
- 1538: The Truce of Nice ends the war, leaving Savoy in French hands but effecting no significant changes to the map of Italy.
- 1542: The war resumes between emperor Karl V, allied with king Henry VIII of England, and king François, allied with James of Scotland and the Ottoman sultan Süleyman.
- 1544-1546: The French army defeats at Ceresole an Spanish-Austrian army, but France fails in winning the war, that ends in 1546 inconclusive.
- 1546: The Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire, is established. The Schmalkaldic War between the League and Emperor Karl V commences.
- 1547: Karl V decisively dismantles the Schmalkaldic League with a victory at Mühlberg and the following Capitulation of Wittenberg.
- 1552: King Henri II of France declares war on emperor Karl V with the intent of recapturing Italy.
- 1558: After the death of Karl V, Ferdinand becomes emperor.
- 1559: With the Peace of Cateau Cambrésis, the Italian Wars conclude. France renounces its claim in Italy and returns Piedmont and Savoy to the duke of Savoy. Spain remains dominant in Italy.
- 1609: Elector Maximilian of Bavaria establishes the Catholic League, concluded as a military alliance of Catholic states.
- 1618: Emperor Matthias loses de facto power to his relative Ferdinand II. When Ferdinand II] tries to impose religious uniformity on his domains, forcing Roman Catholicism on its people, the northern Protestant states, band together to form the Protestant Union. The war starts in Bohemia with a revolt. The Thirty Years' War in Central Europe arises, between the Habsburgians and its ally Spain, and the protestant states in Germany.
- 1619: After the death of Matthias, Ferdinand II succeeds him. Elector Friedrich V of Palatinate is elected king of Bohemia as Fridrich I in opposition to Ferdinand II.
- 1619: Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania attacks Hungary with Slovakia.
- 1620: The Bohemian estates are defeated at the White Mountain. Spain attacks the Palatinate.
- 1621: Bethlen Gabór is defeated and the war with Transylvania ends with the Peace of Nikolsburg.
- 1622: The Palatinate is ceded to Bavaria.
- 1626: Denmark attacks the imperial army in Northern Germany.
- 1629: After the defeat at Wolgast in 1628, Denmark ends it part of the war with the Treaty of Lübeck.
- 1630: Sweden attacks the imperial army in Northern Germany.
- 1632: King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden defeats at Lützen the imperial army led by Albrecht von Wallenstein. However, Gustav II Adolf dies on the battlefield.
- 1634: The imperial army, supported by Spain, defeats at Nördlingen the combined Swedish and protestant Germany army.
- 1635: The Peace of Prague is planned to end the war. However the French prime minister Cardinal Richelieu restarts the war with an attack on the Spanish Netherlands.
- 1636: France declares war on the empire.
- 1648: A combined Swedish-French army defeats at Zusmarshausen the imperial army, followed by a Swedisch victory at Prague. Emperor Ferdinand III loses the war. The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War as well as the Eighty Years' War between the Netherlands and Spain. It marks the end of the Holy Roman Empire as a major European power. The principle of cuius regio, eius religio is recognized. The independence of Switzerland and the Netherlands is recognized. The Holy Roman Empire de facto ceases to exist in Italy, which ends the ties with Genoa, Guastalla, Lucca, Mantua, Massa and Carrara, Milan, Mirandola, Modena, Novellara and Bagnolo, Parma and Piacenza, Piombino, Reggio, Savoy, and Tuscany as well as with other minor Italian entities.
- 1683: The Ottoman Empire attacks the Habsburg Empire and almost captures Vienna. In reaction a alliance of the Holy Roman Empire, led by the Habsburgs, Poland-Lithuania, Russia, Hungary, Croatia, Spain, Venice and others is formed to fight in the Great Turkish War the Ottoman Empire and its vassal states. Austria and their main ally Poland-Lithuania under the command of king Jan III Sobieski defeat the [Ottoman Empire at the second siege of Vienna.
- 1688: After king Louis XIV of France crosses the Rhine an grand alliance of Austria and the Holy Roman Empire, the Netherlands, Spain, England and Savoy gets into the War of the Grand Alliance with France.
- 1697: The Treaty of Rijswijk ends the War of the Grand Alliance between France and the grand alliance.
- 1699: The Treaty of Karlowitz ends the Great Turkish War.
- 1701: After the death of king Carlos II of Spain his succession is disputed between Philippe of Anjou and Leopold of Habsburg. In the following War of the Spanish Succession. Philippe is supported by France. Leopold is supported by the Holy Roman Empire (including Austria, Brandenburg, Brunswick-Lüneburg and Bavaria (until 1704), England with Scotland, the Dutch Republic, Savoy and Portugal.
- 1713: The Treaty of Utrecht ends the War of the Spanish Succession.
- 1714: The Treaties of Rastatt and Baden ends the War of the Spanish Succession between France and Karl VI. It outlines the frontiers between France and the Holy Roman Empire.
- 1718: King Felipe V of Spain claims as grandson of Louis XIV the French throne. This leads to the War of the Quadruple Alliance with an alliance of France, Austria and the Holy Roman Empire, the Netherlands, England and Savoy.
- 1720: The war ends with victory of the alliance, confirmed with the Treaty of The Hague.
- 1740: After the death of emperor Karl VI his daughter, Maria Theresia, becomes archduchess and ruler of Austria. Her succession is disputed and this dispute leads to the War of the Austrian Succession. She is supported by among others Great Britain, Brunswick-Lüneburg, the Dutch Republic and Russia. Her opponents are among others France, Spain, Prussia (until 1745), Bavaria (until 1745), Saxony (until 1742), Poland-Lithuania (until 1742) and Naples.
- 1742: Elector Karl Albrecht of Bavaria is elected Holy Roman Emperor. The same year Austria conquers Bavaria. Most of Silesia is annexed to Prussia.
- 1743: Maria Theresia finally defeats Karl Albrecht.
- 1745: After the death of Karl Albrecht, the husband of Maria Theresia, Franz Stefan, becomes emperor.
- 1748: The Treaty of Aachen ends the War of the Austrian Succession.
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- 1792: After the death of Leopold II, his son Franz II succeeds him.
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| French Republic
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| French Empire
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- 1803: Within a great operation a lot of states inside the Holy Roman Empire are mediatized.
- 1804: Emperor Franz II, archduke of Austria, becomes emperor of Austria, being at the same time emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
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- 1806: Part of Western Germany is annexed to France.
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Confederation of the Rhine
- 1806: The Holy Roman Empire is dissolved as a consequence of the Treaty of Pressburg. Emperor Franz II abdicates. The Confederation of the Rhine is formed without Austria and Prussia, north western parts are annexed to France. Kingdom of Prussia occupies Brunswick-Lüneburg and Saxe-Lauenburg. Napoleon becomes protector of the Confederation of the Rhine. Inside the Confederation of the Rhine sovereignity is achieved by Anhalt-Bernburg, Anhalt-Dessau, Anhalt-Köthen|Anhalt-Köthen, Arenberg, Aschaffenburg, Baden, Bavaria, Berg, Bremen, Brunswick-Wolffenbüttel, Frankfurt, Hesse(-Darmstadt), Hesse-Kassel, Hohenzollern-Hechingen, Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Holstein, Isenburg, Leyen, Liechtenstein, Lippe, Lübeck, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Nassau, Oldenburg, Pyrmont, Regensburg, Reuss-Ebersdorf, Reuss-Gera, Reuss-Greiz, Reuss-Lobenstein, Reuss-Schleiz, Salm, Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Saxe-Eisenach, Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, Saxe-Hildburghausen, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Weimar, Saxony, Schaumburg-Lippe, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Waldeck, Württemberg and Würzburg. Schleswig remains outside the Confederation of the Rhine.
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- 1807: Hesse-Kassel and Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel become together with parts of Prussia, part of the newly founded French cliënt state of Westphalia.
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- 1811: Westfalia loses Saxe-Lauenburg to France.
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German Confederation
- 1815: In the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna, shortly before the final defeat at Waterloo of Napoleon, Austria, France, Portugal, Prussia, Russia, Sweden and the United Kingdom agree on the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the re-division of Europe. Its provisions include beside the enlargement of Prussia, Bavaria and Hanover, the creation of the German Confederation of 38 states from the previous 360 of the Holy Roman Empire, a confederation of sovereign countries. Hesse-Homburg is separated from Hesse-Darmstadt and Orange-Nassau falls to Hesse-Darmstadt. Bavaria acquieres part of the former Palatinate. Prussia acquires Berg, former Münster, Salm, parts of Erfurt, regions in North Western Germany, the Northern Rhineland, the area around Moselle, Rhine and Saar and Pomerania. A Federal Convention is created as a permanent congress of envoys of all member states, which replaced the former imperial central power of the Holy Roman Empire. It is presided by the Austrian delegate. Other member states are Anhalt-Bernburg, Anhalt-Dessau, Anhalt-Köthen, Baden, Bavaria, Bremen, Brunswick, Hamburg, Hanover, Hesse(-Darmstadt), Hesse-Homburg, Hesse-Kassel, Hohenzollern-Hechingen, Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Holstein, Liechtenstein, Lippe, Lübeck, Luxembourg, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Nassau, Oldenburg, Prussia, Reuss-Ebersdorf, Reuss-Gera, Reuss-Greiz, Reuss-Lobenstein, Reuss-Schleiz, Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, Saxe-Hildburghausen, Saxe-Lauenburg, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxony, Schaumburg-Lippe, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Waldeck, and Württemberg.
- 1816: Mainz falls to Hesse-Darmstadt.
- 1819: Leyen is transferred from Austria to Baden. In Karlsbad the German leaders agree on measures against liberal and democratic tendencies.
- 1824: Reuss-Lobenstein and Reuss-Ebersdorf merge into Reuss-Lobenstein-Ebersdorf.
- 1826: The Ernestine duchies are reorganized. Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Saxe-Altenburg and Saxe-Meiningen replace Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, Saxe-Hildburgshausen and Saxe-Meiningen.
- 1832: At Hambach an all-German festival takes place as a public demonstration in support of German unity, freedom and democracy.
- 1833: An all-German uprising is discovered and suppressed.
- 1834: Many German states including Prussia establish the German Custom Union, gradually enlarging to most German states, but not including Austria.
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German Empire
- 1848: A national assembly is elected with representatives out of all German states. It appoints a provisional imperial regent. Reuss-Gera, Reuss-Schleiz and Reuss-Lobenstein-Ebersdorf merge into Reuss Younger Line.
- 1849: The parliament adopts a constitution for a federal German Empire providing for a bicameral parliament consisting out of a chamber elected on a universal male suffrage and a senate, a hereditary emperor. The German states refuse to accept this constitution and the parliament is dissolved.
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German Union
- 1849: On the initiative of Prussia most German states agree on the formation of a German Union, based on the monarchs of the German states.
- 1850: A parliament for the German Union is elected with limited suffrage and comes together.
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| German Confederation
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North German Confederation
- 1867: Prussia leads and becomes together with Anhalt, Brunswick, the northern part of Hesse(-Darmstadt), Lippe, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Oldenburg, Reuss-Greiz, Reuss Younger Line, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxony, Schaumburg-Lippe, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Waldeck-Pyrmont and the cities of Bremen, Hamburg and Lübeck constituent states of the North German Confederation. In the elections for the Constituent Diet the National Liberal Party (NLP) becomes the largest party. King Wilhelm I of Prussia becomes president of the confederation.
- 1869: Northern Germany introduces elections to be held on a universal male suffrage and a federal council existing out of representatives of the constituent states.
- 1870: France declares war on Prussia to resist the German unification. France is defeated at Sedan and emperor Napoléon III is captured by the German Army. The empire collapses.
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German Empire
- 1871: The Treaty of Frankfurt ends the war. The North German Confederation unifies with Baden, Bavaria, Hesse and Württemberg. Wilhelm I becomes emperor of Germany. The empire is a constitutional monarchy. The NLP becomes the largest party in the Diet in the elections. There is no direct relation between a parliamentary majority and the government. France loses Alsace-Lorraine to the German Empire. Liechtenstein and Austria remain outside the Empire.
- 1880s: Germany starts establishing colonies in Africa and the Pacific.
- 1890: Germany annexes Heligoland from and cedes Wituland to the United Kingdom.
- 1898: Germany acquires Kiautschou.
- 1899: Spain sells the Caroline Islands and the Northern Mariana Islands to Germany.
- 1914: After Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, Germany attacks France, Belgium and Luxembourg. The United Kingdom declares war on Germany. Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary and Germany. The Ottoman Empire joins the Central Powers alliance of Austria-Hungary and Germany. Montenegro and Japan join the Allied Powers. World War I is a fact. Kiautschou is conquered by Japan.
- 1915: Bulgaria joins the Central Powers. Italy joins the allied powers.
- 1916: Bulgaria joins the Central Powers. Italy joins the allied powers.
- 1917: The United States and Greece join the allied powers.
- 1918: Germany and the other Central Powers are defeated and an armistice is agreed. The independence of Ukraine is recognized by the Central Powers at a Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Russia pulls out of the war with the second Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The same year Germany and the other Central Powers are defeated. An uprising of Poles against the German authorities commences. After a revolution emperor Wilhelm II abdicates and goes in exile. Germany becomes a democratic republic. Germany loses Alsace-Lorraine to France.
- 1919: A communist attempt to overthrow the government fails. Germany elects a constitutional National Assembly. In the new constitution Germany becomes a federal republic with a popularly elected president and a bicameral parliament consisting out of a Diet elected on a universal suffrage in free multi-party elections. and a Council with representatives of the constituent states. The government is responsible to the parliament. A contra-government as Bavarian Council Republic is established, defeated the same year. Poles in Upper Silesia resist to be part of Germany. Their uprising is suppressed. The Treaty of Versailles between France, the United Kingdom and Italy and other allied powers with Germany ends the war. With this treaty parts of Germany are ceded to Poland. The Free State Bottleneck becomes a quasi state.
- 1920: Anationalist coup fails. This is followed by an uprising in the Ruhr area by the Ruhr Red Army. This uprising is suppressed by the army as is the same year a second uprising in Silesia. In a plebiscite the Allenstein region of East Prussia votes to remain with Germany. The region near the Saar is separated from the German Empire and becomes a mandate of the League of Nations. Danzig and Memelland are seceded from Germany and eastern parts of Germany are ceded to Poland. In plebiscites the voters of Northern Schleswig decide to become part of Denmark and the voters of Southern Schleswig to remain part of Germany. German South-West Africa becomes a South African League of Nations mandate. German New Guinea is divided in a Australian, Japanese and New Zealand League of Nations mandate. German Samoa becomes New Zealand League of Nations mandate.
- 1921: In a plebiscite the mayority of the Upper Silesians vote to remain in Germany. It leads in 1922 to a division of Upper Silesia between Poland and Germany.
- 1922: Togoland and Kamerun are both divided in a French and a British League of Nations mandate, German East Africa is divided in a British (Tanganyika) and a Belgian League of Nations mandate (Ruanda-Urundi).
- 1923: A communist revolt in Central Germany fails to gain support. The same year a communist insurrection in Hamburg is suppressed. Shortly after a nationalist socialist attempt in Munich to overthrow the government ends in failure. The Rhenish Republic is an attempt to a seccession from Germany as a French puppet state. The Rhenish Republic is defeated and reintegrated into Germany. Bottleneck is abolished.
- 1926: Germany joins the League of Nations.
- 1933: Germany becomes a national-socialist dictatorship led by Adolf Hitler. Executive power is in the hands of the chancellor (leader), Adolf Hitler. All opposition parties are outlawed. His rule is based on Pan-Germanism, anti-semitism and anti-communism. Germany withdraws from the League of Nations.
- 1934: Hitler unifies the function of president with his own function of chancellor. This is confirmed in a referendum. Adolf Hitler instigates a purge in which the regime carries out a series of political extrajudicial executions in and outside the party intended to consolidate Hitler's absolute hold on power in Germany.
- 1935: Saar joins after a referendum Nazi Germany. Adolf Hitler enacts the Nuremberg racial laws against Jews and other minorities.
- 1938: Pogroms against Jews take place in Nazi-Germany. Under German pressure Austrian joins Nazi Germany within two days. The same year the Czechoslovakia is forced with the Munich agreement to secede Sudetenland to Nazi Germany.
- 1939: Nazi Germany, a.k.a. Greater German Empire, invades Czechoslovakia and creates the protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Its ally Italy annexes Albania. Nazi Germany and the Soviet-Union sign the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. World War II starts with the invasion by Nazi Germany of Poland. France and the United Kingdom declare war on Nazi Germany, followed by Australia, Canada, British India, New Zealand and South Africa. Nazi Germany annexes Danzig and Memel. The Soviet Union invades Poland. Poland is divided between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.
- 1940: Nazi Germany invades and conquers as part of World War II Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Luxembourg (annexed) and the Netherlands as well as the Northern and Western part of France. It occupies Guernsey and Jersey. France surrenders, Alsace-Lorraine is occupied by and de facto annexed to Germany. The French republic continues as the dictatorial French State, a German puppet state. In exile an exile-government of Free France is created. Guernsey and Jersey are occupied by Nazi Germany. Italy invades Greece. Nazi Germany, Italy and Japan sign the Tripartite Pact. Hungary, Romania and Slovakia join the pact. Ireland, Switzerland, Sweden, Spain and Portugal remain neutral during World War II.
- 1941: Nazi Germany attacks Malta. Bulgaria and Yugoslavia join the Tripartite Pact with Nazi Germany, but Yugoslavia leaves the pact shortly after. Nazi Germany together with Hungary and Italy invades and conquers Yugoslavia (including present-day Slovenia), followed by Greece. The allied forces defeat Italy in Italian East Africa. Nazi Germany and its allies Hungary and Romania invade the Soviet Union and conquer part of the union, including Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine and present-day Belarus. Finland resumes the war with the Soviet Union. Nazi Germany starts a genocide in which around six million jews are killed. After the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor, Germany and Italy declare war on the United States. China declares war on Nazi Germany, as did many South-American countries the same year.
- 1942: Nazi Germany and Italy invade Vichy-France and end the semi-independence of the state. The puppet-government remains in office.
- 1943: German forces are defeated at Stalingrad, marking the beginning of the Nazi-German collapse in the Soviet Union. The German and Italian forces in North Africa, Tunisia are defeated, followed by the invasion of Italy by the United States and the United Kingdom. After a coup d'état Italy declares war on Germany and Nazi Germany invades Italy. Nazi Germany takes over the Italian Aegean Islands, nominally remaining part of the Italian Social Republic, Montenegro, and Albania.
- 1944: Members of the German resistance fail to assassinate Adolf Hitler and seize control. The allied forces of the user:electionworld/sandbox#United States/United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, the Free French, and Poland launch an invasion of Normandy, creating a third Front. The same year Romania and Bulgaria quit the alliance with Nazi Germany and declare war on Nazi Germany.
- 1945: Hungary quits the alliance with Nazi Germany and declares war on Nazi Germany.
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| Germany
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- 1945: France occupies south western parts of Germany.
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- 1945: The United Kingdom occupies northern western Germany.
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- 1945: The United States occupies southern and central parts of Germany and the city of Bremen.
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- 1945: The USSR occupies eastern Germany west of the Oder and Neisse.
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- 1947: The Saar is separated from Germany as a French protectorate.
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- 1948: The French zone joins the joint administration. A Parliamentary Council is established in the American, British and French occupation zones with representatives of the state parliaments. The Soviet Union blocks the access to Berlin from Western Germany. The Western allies surpass the blockade with the Berlin airlift and the blockade is lifted in 1949.
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- 1948: In the Soviet occupied zone, a parliament based on a multi-party system is established, in which the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) is dominating. The Soviet Union blocks the access to Berlin from Western Germany. The Western allies surpass the blockade with the Berlin airlift and the blockade is lifted in 1949.
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Federal Republic of Germany
- 1949: In the American, British and French occupation zone the Federal Republic of Germany is established as a federal republic, divided into states, with a bicameral federal parliament consisting out of a Federal Diet elected on a universal suffrage in free multi-party elections, and a Federal Council with representatives of the constituent states, a president elected by an assembly of the parliament and the legislatures of the states, and a chancellor leading a government responsible to the Federal Diet.
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German Democratic Republic
- 1949: The German Democratic Republic is established in the Soviet Union occupation zone as a communist dictatorship under president and party leader Wilhelm Pieck. Elections for a constitutional assembly are held in a single list system. It adopts a constitution providing for a bicameral parliament, the People's Chamber elected in a single list system, and a Chamber of States with representatives of the states. Parliament appoints the government and elects a president.
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- 1958: The States Chamber is abolished.
- 1960: The presidency is abolished and a state council becomes the collective head of state. The chairman of state council is generally the leader of the ruling communist party.
- 1961: The government of the German Democratic Republic starts building a wall surrounding West Berlin.
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- 1973: Germany joins the United Nations, being an observer since 1952.
- 1980s: The RAF slowly fades into insignificance.
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- 1973: The German Democratic Republic joins the United Nations, being an observer since 1970.
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- 1989: Demonstrations lead to the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the communist regime. The borders with the Federal Republic of Germany are opened and opposition parties are allowed.
- 1990: For the first time, the East German parliament is elected elected in free multi-party elections. The government is responsible to the parliament. The chairperson of the People's Chamber acts as head of state. The German Democratic Republic withdraws from the Warsaw Pact.
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- 1990: The German Democratic Republic joins the Federal Republic of Germany. Berlin under its last governing mayor Walter Momper merges with East Berlin and becomes a constituent state of Germany. The Four Powers renounce all rights they formerly held in Germany and Germany renounces all claims to territories east of the Oder–Neisse line.
- 1993: With the Maastricht Treaty, signed in 1991, the European Communities are reformed into the European Union.
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Timeline of Baden-Württemberg[edit]Timeline of east and central Baden-Württemberg[edit] |
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- before 58 BC: The Germanic Suebes settle in Gaul, arriving from other parts of Germany.
- 58 BC: The Suebic king Ariovistus is defeated by the Roman leader Gaius Iulius Caesar and are driven over the Rhine. Part of the Suebes migrate to what is later Saxony
- 1st century: Part of the Suebes move to North Western Germany. Later part of them move as the Lombards to the Danube.
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Roman Republic
- 50s BC: The Roman Republic conquers and annexes parts of west and south Germany. North of the Roman border is controlled by Germanic tribes.
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Roman Empire
- 27 BC: Gaius Octavianus becomes sole ruler of Rome and as Augustus the first emperor.
- 259: The Suebes are part of a new tribal alliance known as the Alemanni, living around the Main and Rhine rivers, settle inside the Roman Empire (including present-day Switzerland).
- 395: After the death of emperor Theodosius I, the Roman Empire is partitioned in the (Eastern) Roman Empire and the (Western) Roman Empire. The region becomes part of the Western part of the Empire.
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Alamannia
- 400s: After the departure of the Romans, the Alamanni create their own kingdom.
- 406: The Huns force part of the Suebes to cross the Rhine into Gaul.
- c. 470: Gibuld is king of Alamannia.
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| Kingdom of the Goths
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Kingdom of the Franks
- 539: The Franks annex Alamannia and it becomes a duchy inside the Frankish kingdom.
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Kingdom of the East Franks
- 843: After the partition of the Frankish Empire, the region becomes part of East Francia, continued in 962 by the Holy Roman Empire[1].
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Duchy of Swabia
- 915: Swabia is established as one of the stem duchies of East Francia.
- 925: Alsace is ceded by Lotharingia to Swabia.
- 976: Duke Otto is enfeoffed with Bavaria.
- 982: After the death of Otto, Swabia and Bavaria are separated.
- 1000s/1200s: Several come to existence in Swabia, among them are Strasbourg (960s), Saint Gallen (900s), Chur (900s), Habsburg (1020), Basel (1032), Zollern (1052), Kyburg (1053), Haigerloch (1080s), Württemberg (1083), Zähringen (1098), Baden (1112), Upper Alsace (1136), Hohengeroldseck (1139), Toggenburg (1176), Schellenberg (1100s) and Montfort (1220s) as well as several imperial cities in Alsace.
- 1032: Present-day Vaud and Fribourg are conquered by the duke of Swabia.
- 1038: Duke Heinrich VI of Bavaria becomes also duke Heinrich of Swabia.
- 1039: After the death of Konrad II, Heinrich succeeds his father as sole king of the Germans. He becomes also as Heinrich IV duke of Carinthia.
- 1042: Heinrich appoints count Heinrich II of Luxembourg as duke of Bavaria
- 1045: Heinrich is succeeded as duke of Swabia by Otto II.
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County of Zollern
- c. 1052: Burkhard becomes count of Zollern.
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County of Württemberg
- 1083: Konrad becomes the first count of Württemberg.
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County of Haigerloch[4]
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Duchy of Zähringen
- 1098: Bertholds son, Berthold II denounces all claims to Swabia and instead concentrates on his possessions in the Breisgau region, assuming the title of Duke of Zähringen. His territory includes parts of former Upper Burgundy and present-day Switzerland.
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County of Urach[5]
- ca.1100: Egino II is mentioned as count of Urach.
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County of Zollern
- c. 1052: Burkhard becomes count of Zollern.
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- 1189-1192: Swabia takes part in the Third Crusade that fails to re-conquer Jerusalem, but in which the Kingdom of Cyprus is established.
- 1198: After the death of Heinrich VI, his succession is disputed between his brother duke Philipp of Swabia and Otto IV.
- 1208: This dispute ends with the assassination of Philipp, making Otto IV king of the Germans. King Friedrich of Sicily becomes as Friedrich V duke of Swabia.
- 1215: Otto IV is forced to abdicate and is succeeded by duke Friedrich V of Swabia as king Friedrich II.
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County of Freiburg[6]
- 1230: Egino's son, Egino V becomes count of Freiburg
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- 1220: Egino IV is succeeded in Urach by Rudolf.
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- 1268: After the execution of duke Konrad IV of Swabia, Swabia falls apart. Württemberg incorporates most of the renmants of Swabia and integrates Urach. Mulhouse becomes independent (1273).
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County of Hohenzollern
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Austrian Hereditary Lands
- 1368: Austrian Habsburg acquires Freiburg and other possessions in the Breisgau.
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County of Württemberg-Urach
- 1442: Württemberg is partitioned. Ludwig becomes count of Württemberg-Urach.
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County of Württemberg-Stuttgart
- 1442: Württemberg is partitioned.Ulrich V becomes count of Württemberg-Stuttgart.
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County of Württemberg
- 1492: Count Eberhard V of Württemberg-Urach acquires Württemberg-Stuttgart and becomes count of Württemberg.
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- 1497: Count Eitel Friedrich II of Hohenzollern acquires Haigerloch, holding it as a fief since 1488.
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| Duchy of Württemberg
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County of Haigerloch
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- 1558: Count Karl of Hohenzollern becomes count of Haigerloch.
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- 1558: Count Karl of Hohenzollern becomes count of Haigerloch.
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County of Hohenzollern-Hechingen
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County of Hohenzollers-Sigmaringen
- 1576: After the death of Karl Karl II becomes count of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.
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County of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch
- 1576: After the death of Karl Christoph becomes count of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch.
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Principality of Hohenzollern-Hechingen
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Principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
- 1623: Count Johann is raised in rank to prince.
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- 1634: After the death of Karl Hohenzollern-Haigerloch falls to prince Johann.
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- 1681: After the death of prince Meinrad, Maximilian becomes prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.
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County of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch
- 1681: After the death of prince Meinrad, Franz Anton becomes count of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch.
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- 1798: The prince establishes an estates assembly.
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Electorate of Baden
- 1803: Freiburg is mediatized to Baden.
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Electorate of Württemberg
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Grand Duchy of Baden
- 1806: Baden becomes a grand duchy.
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Kingdom of Württemberg
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- 1819: After a constitutional crisis Württemberg establishes a bicameral assembly with a chamber based on the estates and a chamber partially indirectly elected in a limited suffrage and additional representatives of nobility and clergy.
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- 1835: The prince establishes a parliament on a limited and indirect suffrage.
- 1848: The government becomes responsible to the parliament.
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- 1833: The prince establishes an estates assembly.
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Kingdom of Prussia
- 1850: Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen fall to Prussia.
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North German Confederation'
- 1867: Prussia becomes member of the North German Confederation.
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German Empire
- 1871: Württemberg, Baden and Prussia join the German Empire.
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Timeline of west Baden-Württemberg[edit] |
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Duchy of Swabia
- 915: Swabia is established as one of the stem duchies of East Francia, followed in 962 by the Holy Roman Empire[1].
- 925: Alsace is ceded by Lotharingia to Swabia.
- 976: Duke Otto is enfeoffed with Bavaria.
- 982: After the death of Otto, Swabia and Bavaria are separated.
- 1000s/1200s: Several come to existence in Swabia, among them are Strasbourg (960s), Saint Gallen (900s), Chur (900s), Habsburg (1020), Basel (1032), Zollern (1052), Kyburg (1053), Haigerloch (1080s), Württemberg (1083), Zähringen (1098), Baden (1112), Upper Alsace (1136), Hohengeroldseck (1139), Toggenburg (1176), Schellenberg (1100s) and Montfort (1220s) as well as several imperial cities in Alsace.
- 1032: Present-day Vaud and Fribourg are conquered by the duke of Swabia.
- 1038: Duke Heinrich VI of Bavaria becomes also duke Heinrich of Swabia.
- 1039: After the death of Konrad II, Heinrich succeeds his father as sole king of the Germans. He becomes also as Heinrich IV duke of Carinthia.
- 1042: Heinrich appoints count Heinrich II of Luxembourg as duke of Bavaria
- 1045: Heinrich is succeeded as duke of Swabia by Otto II.
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County Palatine of Lotharingia
- 915: Wigerich becomes the first count palatinate of Lotharingia, including a part of present-day Baden-Württemberg.
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County Palatine of the Rhine
- 1085: Heinrich II of Laach becomes by marriage with the widow of count palatinate Hermann II the first count palatinate of the Rhine.
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Margraviate of Baden
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Lordship of Hohengeroldseck
- 1139: The lords of Hohengeroldseck are mentioned.
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- 1190: After the death of Margrave Hermann IV, Baden is partitioned[7]
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Margraviate of Baden-Baden
- 1190: Hermann V becomes margrave of Baden-Baden.
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Margraviate of Baden-Hachberg
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- 1195: Heinrich V of Saxony becomes by marriage count palatinate.
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- 1290: Baden-Hachberg is partitioned. Heinrich II becomes margrave in Hachberg.
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Margraviate of Baden-Sausenberg
- 1290: Baden-Hachberg is partitioned. Rudolf I becomes margrave in Sausenberg, also known as Hachberg-Sausenburg.
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Margraviate of Baden-Pforzheim
- 1291: Baden-Baden is partitioned, Hermann VIII becomes margrave in Pforzheim.
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- 1291: Baden-Baden is partitioned.
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Margraviate of Baden-Eberstein
- 1291: Baden-Baden is partitioned, Friedrich II becomes margrave in Eberstein.
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- 1294: After the death of Ludwig II of Bavaria, Bavaria is partitioned. Rudolf becomes duke of Upper Bavaria with the Nordgau and count palatinate.
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- 1335: Rudolf IV of Baden-Pforzheim becomes margrave of Baden-Baden.
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- 1329: His son Rudolf II becomes count palatinate.
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Margraviate of Baden-Pforzheim
- 1348: Rudolf V becomes margrave in Pforzheim.
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Electoral Palatinate
- 1356: Count palatinate Ruprecht is raised in rank to elector.
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- 1361: After the death of Rudolf VI of Baden-Pforzheim, Pforzheim falls to Rudolf V of Baden-Baden.
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County Palatinate of Mosbach
- 1410: After the death of Ruprecht III, the Palatinate is partitioned, Otto becomes count of Palatinate-Mosbach.
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County Palatinate of Mosbach-Neumarkt
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Electoral Palatinate
- 1499: After the death of count Otto II, Mosbach-Neumarkt falls to Electoral Palatinate.
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Margraviate of Baden
- 1503: Philipp of Hachberg-Sausenberg dies without male heirs and Sausenberg fals to Christop of Baden-Baden, re-establishing the margraveship of Baden. Neuchâtel is separated from Baden.
- 1515: Baden is partitioned between the margraves of Baden-Baden, Baden-Durlach and Baden-Sponheim.
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| Margraviate of Baden-Baden
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Margraviate of Baden-Sponheim
- 1515: His son Philipp becomes margrave in Sponheim.
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Margraviate of Baden-Durlach
- 1515: His son Ernst becomes margrave in Durlach.
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- 1533: Philipp dies without mail heirs and Sponheim falls to Bernhard III.
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| Margraviate of Baden-Rodemachern
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- 1536: Bernard II dies and his newborn son Philibert becomes margrave of Baden-Baden.
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- 1577: Margrave Karl II dies and Baden-Durlach is partitioned between his minor sons.
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Margraviate of Baden-Hachberg
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Margraviate of Baden-Sausenberg
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- 1594: Margrave Eduard Fortunat is overthrown by margrave Ernst Friedrich of Baden-Durlach. Ernst Friedrich occupies Baden-Baden.
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- 1591: Ernst Friedrich inherits Baden-Hachberg.
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- 1604: After the death of Ernst Friedrich, his brother Georg Friedrich continues the coccupation of Baden-Baden.
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- 1604: After the death of Ernst Friedrich. his brother Georg Friedrich of Baden-Sausenberg becomes margrave in Durlach.
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- 1621: Wilhelm, son of Eduard Fontanus recovers his inheritance and becomes margrave of Baden-Baden.
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- 1623: Duke Maximilian of Bavaria defeats elector Friedrich V and conquers the Electoral Palatinate. He is raised in rank to elector of Bavaria.
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- 1648: Electoral Palatinate is separated from Bavaria and Karl Ludwig becomes elector.
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Principality of Hohengeroldseck
- 1711: Karl Kasper Franz is raised in rank to imperial count of Hohengeroldseck.
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Margraviate of Baden
- 1771: After the death of Margrave August Georg of Baden-Baden, margrave Karl Friedrich of Baden-Durlach becomes margrave of Baden.
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Electorate of Baden
- 1803: Margrave Karl Friedrich is raised in rank to elector of Baden. Austrian Freiburg is mediatized to Baden.
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| Principality of Leyen
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Grand Duchy of Baden
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Empire of Austria
- 1813: Hohengeroldseck is annexed to Austria.
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- 1819: Baden annexes Hohengeroldseck.
- 1835: The prince establishes a parliament on a limited and indirect suffrage.
- 1848: The government becomes responsible to the parliament.
- 1849: Grand duke Leopold I is overthrown, but is restored in a couple of weeks.
- 1869: Baden introduces universal male suffrage.
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German Empire
- 1871: Baden joins the German Empire.
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Timeline of Bavaria[edit]Timeline of south and central Bavaria[edit] |
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Roman Empire
- 15 BC: The southern part of present-day Bavaria is populated by Rhaetians and by Celtic tribes, like the Vindelici and Boii, is conquered by the Roman Empire. The northern part remains outside the Roman Empire.
- 395: After the death of emperor Theodosius I, the Roman Empire is partitioned in the (Eastern) Roman Empire and the (Western) Roman Empire. The region becomes part of the Western part of the Empire.
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- From 410: Invading germanic tribes and the celtic tribes merge into the tribe of the Bavarians.
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Kingdom of the Goths and the Romans
- 493: Part of the later Bavaria becomes is conquered by the Ostrogoths.
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Duchy of Bavaria
- 551: Garibald I is the first recorded duke of Bavaria, a vassal of the Franks.
- 568: The western part of present-day Austria is conquered by Bavaria.
- 700s: Bavaria is more or less independent under duke Theodo.
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Kingdom of the Franks
- 778: Duke Tassilo III is defeated by Carolus I of the Franks and Bavaria is conquered by the Franks.
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Kingdom of the East Franks
- 843: After the partition of the Frankish Empire, the region becomes part of East Francia, followed in 962 by the Holy Roman Empire[1].
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Margraviate of Bavaria
- 895: Engeldeo becomes the first margrave of Bavaria. including part of present-day Austria.
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Duchy of Bavaria
- 907: Margrave Arnulf of the Luitpoldings is raised in rank to duke of Bavaria. Until 1004 all dukes are either from the Luitpoldings of the Ottonians.
- 952: Duke Heinrich becomes also margrave of Verona.
- 955: He is succeeded by his son Heinrich II.
- 975: Verona and Bavaria are separated.
- 976: Heinrich II is overthrown. Duke Otto of Swabia is enfeoffed with Bavaria. Austria is created as a margaviate of Bavaria.
- 982: After the death of Otto, Swabia and Bavaria are separated.
- 983: Duke Heinrich III from Carinthia becomes duke.
- 985: He is succeeded by former duke Heinrich II.
- 989: Heinrich II becomes also duke of Carinthia.
- 1001: Carinthia is separated from Bavaria.
- 1004: When duke Heinrich IV becomes Holy Roman Emperor, count Heinrich I of Luxembourg becomes as Heinrich V duke of Bavaria.
- 1009: Heinrich IV reasserts direct control, separating Bavaria from Luxembourg.
- 1017: Heinrich V is restored as duke, uniting Bavaria with Luxembourg.
- 1026: After the death of Heinrich V, Bavaria and Luxembourg are separated. Heinrich VI of the Salian dynasty, son of the German king Konrad II, becomes duke.
- 1028: Heinrich VI becomes (co-)king of the Germans.
- 1038: Heinrich VI becomes also duke Heinrich of Swabia.
- 1039: After the death of Konrad II, Heinrich VI succeeds his father as sole king of the Germans. He becomes also as Heinrich IV duke of Carinthia.
- 1042: As duke of Bavaria Heinrich VI is succeeded by count Heinrich II of Luxembourg as duke Heinrich VII.
- 1047: After his death, Luxembourg and Bavaria are separated. He is succeeded in Bavaria by duke Konrad I of the Ezzonids. From that moment the duchy alternates between the Ezzonids and the Salians.
- 1070: Emperor Heinrich IV deposes duke Otto II and grants the duchy to Welf of the Welfs.
- 1077: Emperor Heinrich IV deposes duke Welf and rules Bavaria himself.
- 1096: Welf is restored as duke.
- 1137: Duke Heinrich X becomes also duke of Saxony.
- 1139: In a power struggle with king Konrad III of Germany, duke Heinrich X loses his duchies to the king, who grants Bavaria to margrave Leopold IV of Austria and Saxony to count Albrecht of Anhalt.
- 1147-1149: Bavaria takes part in the Second Crusade that fails to restore the County of Edessa.
- 1156: Bavaria is separated from Austria and Heinrich III of Saxony becomes as Heinrich XII duke of Bavaria.
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- 1180: Duke Heinrich III of Saxony is outlawed by the Holy Roman Emperor and dispossesed of his fiefs. Saxony is abolished and Bavaria is separated from Saxony. Emperor Friedrich I gives makes Otto of the House of Wittelsbach duke of Bavaria..
- 1214: Duke Ludwig I becomes also elector of the Palatinate of the Rhine.
- 1213-1221: Bavaria takes part in the Fifth Crusade that is defeated by the Arabs.
- 1253: After the death of duke Otto IV Bavaria is partitioned between his sons. From this point until the beginning of the 16th century, the territories are frequently divided between brothers.
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| Duchy of Lower Bavaria
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Duchy of Upper Bavaria
- 1253: Ludwig II becomes duke of Upper Bavaria and count palatinate.
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- 1294: After the death of Ludwig II, Upper Bavaria has two co-dukes, Ludwig III and Rudolf Rudolf rules the Bavarian Nordgau and is count palatinate.
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- 1314: Ludwig III becomes sole duke and county palatinate after the death of Rudolf. He is elected king of the Germans.
- 1320: Ludwig III becomes also margrave of Brandenburg.
- 1328: Ludwig III becomes Holy Roman Emperor.
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- 1329: The Palatinate of the Rhine and the Nordgau are separated from Bavaria.
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County Palatine of the Rhine
- 1329: The son of Rudolf, Rudolf II, becomes ruler of Nordgau, included in the County Palatinate as Upper Palatinate.
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Duchy of Bavaria
- 1340: Ludwig III inherits Lower Bavaria after the death of duke Johann at the age of 11.
- 1346: King Karel of Bohemia is elected anti-king.
- 1347: Ludwig III dies and is succeeded as king by Karel of Bohemia. His sons succeed him in Bavara.
- 1349: The sons of Ludwig III partition Bavaria again.
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| Duchy of Lower Bavaria
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Duchy of Upper Bavaria
- 1349: Ludwig V becomes duke of Upper-Bavaria, until 1351 with two brothers.
- 1351: The personal union of Brandenburg with Bavaria ends.
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- 1353: Lower Bavaria is partitioned.
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| Duchy of Bavaria-Straubing
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Duchy of Bavaria-Landshut
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Electoral Palatinate
- 1356: Count palatinate Ruprecht is raised in rank to elector.
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- 1363: Upper Bavaria falls to Stephan II of Bavaria-Landshut.
- 1365: The personal union with Brandenburg ends.
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- 1392: After the death of Stephan II, Bavaria-Landshut is broken into three duchies.
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Duchy of Bavaria-Munich
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Duchy of Bavaria-Landshut
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Duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt
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- 1404: Wilhelm II becomes sole duke in Straubing in a personal union with Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut.
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County Palatinate of Neumarkt
- 1410: Johann becomes count palatinate of Neumarkt.
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- 1429: After the extinction of the House of Bavaria-Straubing, Staubing is divided among the other Bavarian duchies. Most of it falls to Munich.
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County Palatinate of Mosbach-Neumarkt
- 1448: After the death of Christoph, the personal union ends. Count Otto of Mosbach inherits Neumarkt and merges it into Palatinate-Mosbach-Neumarkt.
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Duchy of Bavaria-Dachau
- 1467: Duke Sigismund resigns and keeps Dachau as his domain.
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- 1501: Dachau falls to duke Albrecht IV of Bavaria-Munich.
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Duchy of Bavaria
- 1503–1505: After the death of duke Georg of Bavaria-Landshut the War of the Succession of Landshut commences. The war ends after the death of his daughter Elisabeth, the duchy is divided between Bavaria-Munich, newly founded County Palatine of Neuburg and the city Nuremberg. Albrecht IV of Bavaria-Munich, who becomes sole duke of Bavaria.
- 1506: Albert decrees the everlasting succession of the firstborn prince, ending the partitions of Bavaria.
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County Palatine of Neuburg
- 1505: Ottheinrich becomes count palatinate of Palatinate-Neuburg.
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County Palatinate of Neumarkt
- 1524: Wolfgang receives Neumarkt as an appanage.
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Electoral Palatinate
- 1558: After his death, Neumarkt falls back to Electoral Palatinate.
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County Palatine of Zweibrücken
- 1559: Wolfgang inherits Palatinate-Neuburg after the death of Ottheinrich.
- 1569: After the death of Wolfgang his inheritance is partioned into Palatinate-Neuburg, Zweibrücken, Palatinate-Sulzbach and Birkenfeld.
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County Palatine of Neuburg
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County Palatinate of Sulzbach
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County Palatinate of Sulzbach
- 1614: Sulzbach is inherited by August.
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Electorate of Bavaria
- 1623: Duke Maximilian becomes elector of Palatinate and is raised in rank to elector of Bavaria.
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- 1648: The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War. Electoral Palatinate is restored to Karl Ludwig as elector. The Upper Palatinate remains part of Bavaria.
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Electoral Palatinate
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- 1742: Karl Albrecht is elected Holy Roman Emperor.
- 1743: Maria Theresia defeats Karl Albrecht.
- 1745: After the death of Karl Albrecht, the husband of Maria Theresia, Franz Stefan, becomes emperor. His son Maximilian III Joseph becomes elector of Bavaria.
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- 1777: Elector Karl Theodor of the Palatinate inherits Bavaria and becomes elector of Bavaria, ruling Bavaria and the Palatinate together.
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- 1799: After the death of Karl Theodor, duke Maximilian of Zweibrücken (in exile) becomes elector of Bavaria and the Palatinate.
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- 1799: After the death of Karl Theodor, duke Maximilian of Zweibrücken (in exile) becomes elector of Bavaria and the Palatinate.
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- 1803: Würzburg is secularized and annexed to Bavaria.
- 1805: Tyrol is annexed to Bavaria.
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| Kingdom of Bavaria
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German Empire
- 1871: Bavaria joins the German Empire.
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Timeline of north Bavaria[edit] |
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| Kingdom of the East Franks
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Duchy of Franconia
- 906: Konrad becomes the first Franconian duke. Franconia includes area in present-day Hesse, North West Bavaria and Rhineland-Palatinate.
- 911: Konrad is the first elected king of the East Franks.
- 919: After the death of Konrad he is succeeded as duke of Franconia by Eberhard.
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- 939: Duke Eberhard is defeated at Andernach and the German king Otto. He doesn't appoint a new duke of Franconia, and the duchy gets fragmented into several counties and bishoprics, which reported to the German kings directly.
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Archbishopric of Mainz
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Burgraviate of Nuremberg
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Bishopric of Würzburg
- 1168: The bishop of Würzburg becomes a prince-bishopric of Würzburg.
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City of Nuremberg
- 1219: Nuremberg becomes an imperial city.
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- 1218: The Zollern possessions are partitioned, Konrad becomes burgrave.
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Bishopric of Regensburg
- 13th century: The bishop of Regensburg becomes prince-bishop of Regensburg.
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County of Henneberg
- 1300s: Coburg is possessed by the counts of Henneberg.
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Electorate of Saxony
- 1355: Coburg becomes part of Saxony.
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- 1398: After the death of Friedrich VI his inheritance is partitioned.
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Principality of Ansbach
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Principality of Kulmbach
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Margraviate of Brandenburg-Ansbach
- 1415: Friedrich IV becomes as Friedrich I elector of Brandenburg.
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Margraviate of Brandenburg-Kulmbach
- 1420: Friedrich of Brandenburg inherits Kulmnbach and becomes margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach.
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- 1427: The burgraviate is abolished.
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- 1440: After the death of Friedrich IV, Brandenburg-Ansbach is eparated from Brandenburg, Albrecht III becomes margrave.
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- 1440: After the death of Friedrich IV, Brandenburg-Ansbach and Brandenburg-Kulmbach are separated from Brandenburg, Johann becomes margrave.
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Duchy of Saxony
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Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach
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Duchy of Saxe-Coburg
- 1596: Johann Kasimir becomes duke of Saxe-Coburg, Eisenach is separated.
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- 1603: The personal union with Ansbach ends.
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Margraviate of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
- 1604: Margrave Christian renames the margraviate.
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Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg
- 1638: Johann Ernst dies, Coburg falls to duke Johann Philipp of Saxe-Altenburg.
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Duchy of Saxe-Gotha
- 1672: Saxe-Altenburg falls to duke Ernst of Saxe-Gotha.
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Duchy of Saxe-Coburg
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Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
- 1699: Albrecht V dies and Johann Ernst IV becomes duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.
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Margraviate of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
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Kingdom of Prussia
- 1791: Karl Alexander sells the margraviates to Prussia.
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Electorate of Bavaria
- 1803: Würzburg is secularized and annexed to Bavaria.
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Principality of Regensburg → Aschaffenburg
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Principality of Aschaffenburg
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French Empire
- 1805: Ansbach is ceded to France.
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| Grand Duchy of Würzburg
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Kingdom of Bavaria
- 1806: Nuremberg and Ansbach are acquiered by Bavaria.
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French Empire
- 1807: Bayreuth is ceded to France.
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- 1810: Regensburg is annexed to Bavaria.
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Grand Duchy of Frankfurt
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- 1810: Bayreuth is acquired by Bavaria.
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- 1814: Grand duke Ferdinand abdicates and Würzburg is annexed to Bavaria.
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- 1816: Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld establishes an estates assembly.
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Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
- 1826: Duke Friedrich IV dies without issue. Ernst III of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld becomes duke Ernst I of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Coburg has a separate estates assembly.
- 1848: Coburg introduces universal male suffrage for its parliament.
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North German Confederation
- 1867: Saxe-Coburg-Gotha joins the North German Confederation.
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German Empire
- 1871: Bavaria and the North German Confederation joins the German Empire.
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German Empire
- Until 1945: The city of Berlin is as capital part of Prussia inside the German Empire.
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Berlin
- 1945: Berlin is after the defeat of Nazi-Germany divided in four sectors controlled by the occupying powers.
- 1946: An all-Berlin City Deputies Assembly is elected.
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Berlin
- 1948: The Soviet Union blocks the access to Berlin from Western Germany. The Western allies surpass the blockade with the Berlin airlift and the blockade is lifted in 1949. East Berlin is separated from West Berlin.
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Greater Berlin
- 1948: East Berlin gets a City Deputies Assembly dominated by communists.
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- 1949: Soviet occupied Berlin becomes aligned to the German Democratic Republic.
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- 1950: Berlin gets as successor of the Assembly a House of Representatives elected in free multi-party elections. The House elects the governing mayor and the government is responsible to the parliament.
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- 1953: A widespread uprising against the communist government is suppressed by the East German and Soviet armies.
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- 1961: The government of the German Democratic Republic starts building a wall surrounding West Berlin.
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- 1961: The government of the German Democratic Republic starts building a wall between West and East Berlin. East-Berlin is integrated into the →German Democratic Republic.
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Berlin
- 1977: Greater Berlin is renamed in Berlin.
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Federal Republic of Germany
- 1990: The German Democratic Republic joins the Federal Republic of Germany. Berlin merges with East Berlin and becomes a constituent state of Germany.
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Timeline of Brandenburg[edit] |
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East March
- 928: King Heinrich of East Francia starts a campaign against the Slavic tribes that inhabit present-day Saxony and founds the fortress of Meissen. He creates a Saxon East March[1]. It includes parts of present-day Saxony, Brandenburg and Saxony-Anhalt.
- 939: Most of the areas of the Slavic tribes are gradually incorporated into the East March.
- 965: Emperor Otto I divides after the death of margrave Gero, the East March into Meissen, Merseburg, Zeitz, Lusatia and the Northern March.
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| Northern March
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March of Lusatia
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- 983: A rebellion, initiated by the Lutici, leadd to a factual disestablishment of the Northern March.
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| Duchy of the Polans
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March of Lusatia
- 1004: Heinrich II defeats Bolesław. Bolesław loses Lusatia, which is confirmed at the Peace of Poznán in 1005.
- 1013: Warfare continues, but at the Peace of Merseburg the 1002 arrangements are confirmed.
- 1018: After renewed warfare, the Peace of Bautzen reconfirms the 1002 arrangements.
- 1028: The Polish ruler Mieszko II invades the Eastern marches of Saxony.
- 1031: He is repulsed by emperor Konrad II and renounces his claims to Lusatia, which is confirmed in 1033 at the Treaty of Merseburg, finally ending the wat between the empire and Poland.
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Margraviate of Brandenburg
- 1157: Count Albrecht of Anhalt becomes the first margrave of Brandenburg. Brandenburg includes the Altmark in present-day Saxony-Anhalt.
- 1170: The personal union between Anhalt and Brandenburg ends. Otto becomes margrave of Brandenburg.
- 1189-1192: Brandenburg takes part in the Third Crusade that fails to re-conquer Jerusalem, but in which the Kingdom of Cyprus is established.
- 1220: Brandenburg has two co-margraves, Johann I and Otto III.
- 1266: Brandenburg is partitioned between the sons of the co-margraves.
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Margraviate of Brandenburg-Salzwedel
- 1266: The sons of Otto III become co-margraves of Brandenburg-Salzwedel.
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Margraviate of Brandenburg-Stendal
- 1266: The sons of Johann I become co-margraves of Brandenburg-Stendal.
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- 1303: Landgrave Dietrich sells Lusatia to margrave Otto IV of Brandenburg-Stendal.
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| Margraviate of Brandenburg
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Electorate of Brandenburg
- 1356: Margrave Ludwig II and Otto VII are raised in rank to electors of Brandenburg. Ludwig II was also duke of Bavaria.
- 1365: The personal union with Bavaria ends with the death of Ludwig II. Otto VII becomes sole elector of Brandenburg.
- 1373: After the death of Otto VII, Wenzel becomes elector.
- 1378: When Wenzel becomes king of Bohemia, Sigismund becomes elector of Brandenburg.
- 1387: He becomes king of Hungary and Croatia.
- 1388: His cousin margrave Jobst of Moravia becomes margrave of Brandenburg, separate from Hungary and Croatia. He becomes also duke of Luxembourg.
- 1411: King Sigismund of Hungary and ruler of the Holy Roman Empire becomes again elector of Brandenburg.
- 1415: The personal union with Hungary ends. Burgrave Friedrich IV of Nürnberg and Ansbach of the House of Hohenzollern becomes elector of Brandenburg.
- 1420: Friedrich becomes also margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach.
- 1440: After the death of Friedrich IV, Brandenburg-Ansbach and Brandenburg-Kulmbach are separated.
- 1614: Elector Johann Sigismund of Brandenburg acquires Cleves with Mark and Ravensberg.
- 1618: After the death of duke Albrecht Friedrich of Prussia without surviving male heirs, his son-in-law Johann Sigismund becomes duke of Prussia and establishes a de facto real union, together rendered as Brandenburg-Prussia, Brandenburg (inside the Holy Roman Empire) and Prussia (outside the Holy Roman Empire).
- 1648: Halberstadt is secularized and annexed to Brandenburg. Pomerania is divided between Sweden and Brandenburg, parts east of the Oder fall to Brandenburg.
- 1653: The Treaty of Stettin defines the borders between Swedish and Brandenburgian Pomerania.
- 1656: Brandenburg-Prussia allies with Sweden and joins the war against Poland-Lithuania. Russia starts a war with Sweden and invades Livonia. The joint Brandenburgian-Swedish army defeats at Warsaw the Poles.
- 1657: With the Treaty of Bromberg king Jan II Kazimierz Waza of Poland accepts elect Friedrich Wilhelm as full sovereign in Prussia. Brandenburg-Prussia joins Poland-Lithuania in the Second Northern War against Sweden.
- 1660: The Treaty of Oliva confirms the Swedish victory in the Second Northern War between Sweden, Brandenburg-Prussia and Poland.
- 1672: Brandenburg, Austria and Spain join as allies the Netherlands in the Franco-Dutch War with France.
- 1675: Denmark, the Netherlands, Brandenburg-Prussia and the Holy Roman Empire gets into the Scanian War with Sweden and France. It is mainly fought in Scania and Northern Germany. The war ends with the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye.
- 1676: As ally of Denmark Brandenburg is one of the occupiers of Bremen-Verden until 1679.
- 1678: The Treaties of Nijmegen end after a French victory the war between France and the Netherlands and its allies.
- 1679: After the Scanian War the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye restores Swedish Pomerania and Bremen-Verden to Sweden.
- 1680: Magdeburg is secularized and annexed to Brandenburg.
- 1682: Brandenburg-Prussia establishes a colony at the Gold Coast.
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Kingdom of Prussia
- 1701: Elector/duke Friedrich becomes king in Prussia, de facto merging Brandenburg and Prussia. After the death of king Carlos II of Spain his succession is disputed between Philippe of Anjou and Karl VI of Habsburg. In the following War of the Spanish Succession. Philippe is supported by France. Karl is supported by among others Prussia.
- 1713: The Treaty of Utrecht ends the War of the Spanish Succession.
- 1715: Brunswick-Lüneburg and Prussia enter the Great Northern War against Sweden.
- 1720: Sweden loses the war against the coalition. With the Treaties of Stockholm Prussia gains parts of Swedish Pomerania. Prussia sells the Brandenburger Gold Coast colony to the Netherlands.
- 1740: Friedrich II comes to power in Prussia. He disputes in the War of the Austrian Succession the succession of Maria Theresia as archduchess of Austria and her husband Franz Stefan as Holy Roman Emperor.
- 1742: The Treaty of Berlin ends the War of the Austrian Succession over Silesia. Austria cedes most of Silesia to Prussia.
- 1745: In the Treaty of Dresden between Prussia, Saxony and Austria after the war over Silesia, Austria confirms the loss of Silesia to Prussia.
- 1748: The Treaty of Aachen ends the War of the Austrian Succession. Silesia is recognized as part of Prussia.
- 1756: Austria's desire to recover Silesia from Prussia leads France and Austria to put aside their rivalry. A Seven Years' War involving most European great power and affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India and the Philippines commences between two coalitions, led by the Great Britain (incl. Prussia, Portugal, Brunswick-Lüneburg and other small German states) on one side and led by France (incl. Austria, the Holy Roman Empire, Russia, Spain and Sweden on the other. Prussia occupies Saxony.
- 1763: The war ends with a Status quo ante bellum in Europe. The Treaty of Saint Petersburg arranges peace between Prussia and Russia, the Treaty of Hamburg between Prussia and Sweden, and the Treaty of Hubertusburg arranges the peace between Prussia and Austria and its ally Saxony. The occupation of Saxony ends.
- 1772: The Russian victory over the Bar Confederation leads to the first partition of Poland and Lithuania. Prussia annexes part of Poland.
- 1778-1779: Prussia intervenes in the dispute between Karl Theodor of Bavaria and emperor Joseph II to support the claims of Karl Theodor. The war ends negative for Austria in 1779 with the Treaty of Teschen.
- 1791: Prussia acquieres Brandenburg-Ansbach and Brandenburg-Bayreuth.
- 1792: In reaction to a new constitution an alliance of Polish nobles and Russia stage a war. The Russian victory leads to the second partition of Poland, in which Russia and Prussia annexes large parts of the country. The city of Danzig becomes part of Prussia. The French Assembly declares war, the War of the First Coalition, on emperor Franz II of the Holy Roman Empire, ruler of Austria. France invades the Austrian Netherlands. Prussia allies with Austria. A Prussian army is defeated at Valmy.
- 1794: Tadeusz Kościuszko starts an uprising against the against Poland’s foreign occupiers. Poland is defeated at Maciejowice by Russia and the uprising is suppressed.
- 1795: In a reaction to the uprising Russia, Prussia and Austria decide to wipe out Poland-Lithuania and with the third partition they divide the country between themselves. Prussia accepts the annexation of the left Rhine bank.
- 1797: The Treaty of Campo Formio makes an end to the War of the First Coalition against the French revolutionary regime.
- 1802: Erfurt is ceded to Prussia.
- 1805: Brandenburg-Ansbach is ceded to France.
- 1806: Emperor Franz II abdicates and the Holy Roman Empire is abolished. Prussia remains outside the Confederation of the Rhine and occupies Brunswick-Lüneburg and Saxe-Lauenburg.
- 1807: With the Treaties of Tilsit France, Russia and Prussia create the Duchy of Warsaw. France is victorious at the decisive Battle of Friedland which marks the end of the War of the Fourth Coalition with Prussia, Russia, Saxony, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Brandenburg-Bayreuth is ceded to France and Erfurt is seceded from Prussia. Parts of Prussia fall to part of the newly founded French cliënt state of Westphalia.
- 1808: Saxe-Lauenburg is annexed from Prussia to France.
- 1813: The allied forces of Russia, Austria, Prussia, Sweden defeats at Leipzig the forces of France and allies. During this battle Saxony and Württemberg defect to the allied forces.
- 1814: France is finally defeated in the War of the Sixth Coalition France. In the Treaty of Fontainebleau Russia, Prussia, and Austria accept Napoleon's abdication as Emperor of France, and allow him to remain Emperor at Elba. France loses the annexed territories. King Friedrich Wilhelm III becomes prince of Neuchâtel and at the same time Neuchâtel becomes part of Switzerland. Most of Erfurt is annexed to Prussia.
- 1815: In the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna, shortly before the final defeat at Waterloo of Napoleon, Prussia, Austria, France, Portugal, Russia, Sweden and the United Kingdom agree on the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the re-division of Europe. Its provisions include Prussia's enlargement with parts of the Duchy of Warsaw, Danzig, parts of Saxony and with Berg, Northern Rhineland, the area around Moselle and Rhine, former Münster, Dortmund and Salm and other regions in North Western Germany. Swedish Pomerania is ceded by Denmark to Prussia. Napoleon Bonaparte overthrows Louis XVIII and restores the empire. He is defeated at Waterloo by the allied forces and abdicates. Prussia becomes a member of the German Confederation.
- 1848: King Friedrich Wilhelm IV grants Prussia an bicameral assembly, a chamber indirectly elected universal male suffrage, with the exception of poor people, and a senate partially elected and partially appointed. Friedrich Wilhelm IV is overthrown in Neuchâtel and Neuchâtel becomes a republic and canton inside Switzerland.
- 1849: Prussia changes the suffrage to a suffrage with unequal voting weight.
- 1850: Prussia annexes Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
- 1854: The senate has only hereditary or appointed members.
- 1864: After king Christian IX of Denmark lost the war, the Treaty of Vienna cedes Schleswig, Holstein and Saxe-Lauenburg to Prussia and Austria.
- 1865: The king becomes also duke of Saxe-Lauenburg.
- 1866: Austria and Prussia, both with their allies commence the Austro-Prussian War. Austria loses the war and with the Peace of Prague the German Confederation is dissolved. Prussia annexes Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, Schleswig, Holstein Nassau, and Frankfurt. It annexes Hesse-Homburg and transfers it to Hesse-Darmstadt.
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North German Confederation
- 1867: King Wilhelm I joins and becomes head of state of the North German Confederation, succeeded in 1871 by the German Empire.
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Timeline of Hamburg[edit] |
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Timeline of north, east and south Hesse[edit] |
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| Kingdom of the East Franks
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Duchy of Thuringia
- 849: Thachulf becomes the first duke of Thuringia.
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Duchy of Saxony
- 908: Duke Burchard is defeated and killed in battle by intruding Magyars. Upon his death Thuringia is incorporated into Saxony.
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Duchy of Franconia
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- 939: Duke Eberhard of Franconia and ally Lotharingia are defeated at Andernach by the German king Otto. He doesn't appoint a new duke of Franconia, and the duchy gets fragmented into several counties and bishoprics, which reported to the German kings directly.
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County of Isenburg
- 1100s: Reinbold seems to be the first lord of Isenburg is established.
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| Landgraviate of Thuringia
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County of Isenburg-Limburg-Covern
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County of Isenburg-Grenzau
- 1158: Isenburg-Limburg-Covern is partitioned into Isenburg-Covern and Isenburg-Grenzau.
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County of Waldeck
- 1180: Volkwin II of Schwalenberg becomes the first count of Waldeck, previously together with Pyrmont part of Schwalenberg.
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- 1258: Isenburg-Grenzau is partitioned into Isenburg-Limburg and Isenburg-Grenzau.
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Free and Imperial City of Frankfurt
- 1245: Frankfurt becomes an imperial city.
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Landgraviate of Hesse
- 1264: After the War of the Thuringian Succession, Thuringia is divided between the margrave of Meissen and the new landgrave of Hesse, Heinrich I.
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County of Isenburg-Cleberg
- 1287: Isenburg-Grenzau is partitioned into Isenburg-Grenzau, Isenburg-Arnfels and Isenburg-Cleberg.
- 1290: Isenburg-Grenzau falls to Isenburg-Cleberg.
- 1306: Isenburg-Covern falls to Isenburg-Cleberg.
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- 1308: After the death of Heinrich I, Hesse is partitioned between his sons.
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- 1306: Isenburg-Covern falls to Isenburg-Cleberg.
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Landgraviate of Upper Hesse
- 1308: Otto I becomes landgrave of Upper Hesse.
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Landgraviate of Lower Hesse
- 1308: Johann becomes landgrave of Lower Hesse.
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Landgraviate of Hesse
- 1311: Otto I inherits Lower Hesse
- 1450: Hesse annexes Ziegenhain.
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County of Isenburg-Büdingen
- 1340: Isenburg-Cleberg is partitioned into Isenburg-Grenzau and Isenburg-Büdingen.
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- 1458: Hesse is partitioned.
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Landgraviate of Upper Hesse
- 1458: Heinrich III becomes landgrave of Upper Hesse or Hesse-Marburg.
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Landgraviate of Lower Hesse
- 1458: Ludwig II becomes landgrave of Lower Hesse.
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Landgraviate of Hesse
- 1500: After the death of Wilhelm III of Lower Hesse, Upper Hesse falls to his cousin Wilhelm II of Upper Hesse. Hesse is re-united
- 1567: Hesse is partitioned.
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County of Isenburg-Büdingen-Birstein
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Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt
- 1567: Georg I becomes landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt.
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Landgraviate of Hesse-Marburg
- 1567: Ludwig IV becomes landgrave of Hesse-Marburg
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Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel
- 1567: Wilhelm IV becomes landgrave of Hesse-Kassel.
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Landgraviate of Hesse-Rheinfels
- 1567: Philipp II becomes landgrave of Hesse-Rheinfels.
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- 1583: Hesse-Rheinfels is acquired by Hesse-Kassel.
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- 1604: Hesse-Marburg is divided between Hesse-Darmstadt and Hesse-Kassel.
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- 1604: Hesse-Marburg is divided between Hesse-Darmstadt and Hesse-Kassel.
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- 1601: Isenberg-Büdingen-Ronneburg is annexed to Isenburg-Büdingen-Birstein
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County of Isenburg-Offenbach
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- 1625: The count of Waldeck becomes also count of Pyrmont.
- 1639: The count of Waldeck and Pyrmont is also count of Culemborg.
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- 1730: Friedrich, who became king of king of Sweden in 1720, succeeds his father as landgrave.
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County of Isenburg-Birstein
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Principality of Waldeck
- 1712: The count is raised in rank to prince.
- 1714: The personal union with Culemborg ends.
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- 1751: After the death of Friedrich, Sweden and Hesse-Kassel are separated. Wilhelm VIII becomes landgrave.
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Principality of Isenburg-Birstein
- 1747: Count Wolfgang Ernst I of Isenburg-Birstein is raised in rank to prince of Isenburg-Birstein.
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Hanau-Münzenberg
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- 1758: Isenburg-Eisenberg falls to Isenburg-Birstein.
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- 1768: Hesse-Homburg is separated from Hesse-Darmstadt. Ludwig IX becomes landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt.
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Landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg
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- 1803: Westfalia is secularized and falls to Hesse-Darmstadt.
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Electorate of Hesse
- 1803: Wilhelm I is raised to the rank of elector of Hesse(-Kassel).
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| Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine
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Principality of Isenburg
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Principality of Aschaffenburg
- 1806: Frankfurt is annexed to Aschaffenburg.
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| Kingdom of Westphalia
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Grand Duchy of Frankfurt
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- 1812: After the death of Friedrich Karl August, Georg I of Pyrmont inherits Waldeck.
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- 1813: Isenburg is divided between Hesse and Hesse-Kassel. The former Duchy of Westfalia falls to the Central Administration.
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Electorate of Hesse
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Principality of Waldeck-Pyrmont
- 1814: Waldeck and Pyrmont are united and get a joint estates assembly.
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Landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg
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Free City of Frankfurt
- 1815: Frankfurt is restored as city and becomes sovereign. It becomes a member of the German Confederation
- 1816: Frankfurt establishes an estates assembly with a citizens’ representation with co-opted members. The city is governed by a city government (senate) composed on an aristocratic formula
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- 1815: Waldeck-Pyrmont becomes a member of the German Confederation.
- 1816: The joint assembly is limited to Waldeck.
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- 1820: Hesse has a bicameral estates assembly, partially based on limited suffrage
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- 1831: Hesse-Kassel establishes an estates assembly with a relative strong position for the assembly.
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- 1848: The suffrage is enlarged.
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- 1849: A constituent assembly is established.
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- 1849: The suffrage is enlarged.
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- 1849: Waldeck-Pyrmont gets a parliament. The government is responsible to the parliament.
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- 1851: Hesse limits the suffrage.
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- 1852: The 1850 constitution is abolished.
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- 1851: The assembly is replaced by a bicameral estates assembly, with a limited position.
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- 1856: Waldeck-Pyrmonts limit the suffrage.
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- 1866: Hesse-Homburg is annexed by Prussia and directly ceded to Hesse.
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Kingdom of Prussia
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- 1867: Hesse partially joins the North German Confederation as a constituent state.
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North German Confederation
- 1867: Prussia and Waldeck-Pyrmont join the North German Confederation.
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German Empire
- 1871: Hesse joins with the North German Confederation in the German Empire.
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Timeline of west Hesse[edit] |
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| Kingdom of the East Franks
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| Duchy of Franconia
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- 939: Duke Eberhard is defeated at Andernach and the German king Otto. He doesn't appoint a new duke of Franconia, and the duchy gets fragmented into several counties and bishoprics, which reported to the German kings directly.
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County of Diez
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County of Laurenburg
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County of Nassau
- 1124: Count Ruprecht of Laurenburg move to Nassau and becomes count of Nassau.
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Princely Abbey of Fulda
- 1220: The abbey of Fulda, founded in 774, becomes an imperial abbey. Prince-Abbot is Konrad III von Malkes.
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- 1224: The count of Nassau becomes co-owner of Siegen.
- 1255: The co-counts of Nassau partition Nassau.
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County of Nassau-Dillenburg
- 1255: Otto I becomes count of Nassau-Dillenburg.
- 1290: Count Otto I dies, his sons dispute the county.
- 1303: The brothers partition Nassau-Dillenburg. Heinrich becomes count of Nassau-Siegen.
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County of Nassau-Weilburg
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County of Nassau-Hadamar
- 1303: Emich become count of Nassau-Hadamar.
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County of Nassau-Dillenburg
- 1303: Johann becomes count of Nassau-Dillenburg.
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- 1328: After the death of count Johann, Otto II, son of Heinrich, becomes count.
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County of Nassau-Beilstein
- 1341: Heinrich, son of Heinrich of Nassau-Siegen, becomes count of Nassau-Beilstein
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- 1341: After the death of Heinrich of Nassau-Siegen, both counties are repartitioned. Otto rules Nassau-Dillenburg with Nassau-Siegen.
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- 1344: Count Gerlach abdicates. His sons rule Nassau-Weilburg together.
- 1355: Nassau-Weilburg is partitioned.
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County of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein
- 1355: Adolf becomes count of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein. Kraft becomes count in Sonnenberg.
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County of Nassau-Weilburg
- 1355: Johann I becomes count of Nassau-Weilburg.
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County of Nassau-Wiesbaden
- 1370: Gerlach II becomes count of Nassau-Wiesbaden
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County of Nassau-Idstein
- 1370: Walram IV becomes count of Nassau-Idstein
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- 1388: After the death of count Gerhard VII, Adolf, son of Johann of Nassau-Dillenburg becomes by marriage count of Diez.
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County of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein
- 1390: Adolf II becomes count of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein.
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- 1394: After the death of Emich III, Johann of Nassau-Dillenburg enherits Hadamar.
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- 1416: After the death of count Johann, Adolf becomes count of Nassau-Dillenburg with Diez.
- 1420: Nassau loses part of Diez to the lord of Eppstein.
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- 1480: Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein is partitioned.
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County of Nassau-Wiesbaden
- 1480: Adolf IIII becomes count of Nassau-Wiesbaden.
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County of Nassau-Idstein
- 1480: Philipp becomes count of Nassau-Idstein.
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- 1509: Nassau-Idstein falls to Adolf III.
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- 1561: Johann III of Nassau-Beilstein dies without issue. Beilstein falls to count Johann VI of Nassau-Dillenburg.
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- 1607: After the death of Johann VI, Nassau-Dillenburg is partitioned in Diez, Hadamar, Beilstein, Dillenburg and Siegen.
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- 1605: Nassau-Wiesbaden falls to Nassau-Weilburg
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County of Nassau-Diez
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County of Nassau-Hadamar
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County of Nassau-Beilstein
- 1607: Georg becomes count of Nassau-Beilstein.
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County of Nassau-Dillenburg
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- 1620: After the death of Wilhelm Ludwig, Georg of Nassau-Beilstein becomes count of Nassau-Dillenburg, including part of Beilstein.
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- 1627: After the death of count Ludwig II, his possessions are partitioned.
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County of Nassau-Saarbrücken
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County of Nassau-Idstein
- 1627: Johann becomes count of Nassau-Idstein.
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County of Nassau-Weilburg
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| County of Nassau-Usingen
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Principality of Nassau-Usingen
- 1688: Walrad is raised in rank to prince of Nassau-Usingen.
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Principality of Nassau-Orange
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- 1711: Prince Franz Alexander dies, Nassau-Hadamer is divided between Nassau-Orange, Nassau-Dillenburg and Nassau-Siegen.
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- 1711: Prince Franz Alexander dies, Nassau-Hadamer is divided between Nassau-Orange, Nassau-Dillenburg and Nassau-Siegen.
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County of Nassau-Ottweiler
- 1721: Idstein falls to Nassau-Ottweiler.
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Prince-Bishopric of Fulda
- 1752: Fulda becomes a prince-bishopric.
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| Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda
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{[anchor|FUL1806}}French Empire
- 1806: Fulda is annexed by France.
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Duchy of Nassau
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Grand Duchy of Frankfurt
- 1810: Fulda is added to the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt.
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- 1813: Fulda is occupied by Prussia.
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| '{[anchor|NAS1813}}Principality of Nassau-Orange'
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- 1814: Nassau establishes a bicameral estates assembly with a second chamber elected by limited suffrage.
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Electorate of Hesse
- 1815: Fulda becomes part of Hesse-Kassel.
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- 1815: Prince Frederik Willem becomes king Willem of the Netherlands and loses Nassau-Orange to the dukes of Nassau. Nassau becomes a member of the German Confederation.
- 1816: After the death of Friedrich August and Friedrich Wilhelm, Wilhelm becomes duke of Nassau.
- 1851: The suffrage is limited and based on the estates.
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Kingdom of Prussia
- 1866: After the Austro-Prussian War Nassau and Hesse-Kassel are annexed to Prussia as part of the province of Hesse-Nassau.
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Timeline of Lower Saxony[edit]Timeline of east Lower Saxony[edit] |
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Saxony
- 3rd century: Saxon tribes settle in present-day northern Germany.
- 449 and later: Part of the Saxon tribes settle in what is now England and found there the Saxon kingdoms of Essex, Wessex and Sussex.
- 690s: The Thuringii are defeated by the Saxons.
- 737: The Franks defeats the Thuringii after they seceded from the Saxons and conquer their region.
- 772: Francia starts the conquest of Saxony. The Saxons are led by Widukind.
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Frankish Empire
- 804: Saxony is incorporated into Francia by emperor Carolus.
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Kingdom of the East Franks
- 843: After the partition of the Frankish Empire, Saxony is part of East Francia, continued in 962 by the Holy Roman Empire[1].
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Duchy of Saxony
- 843: Inside East Francia Liudolf, ancestor of the Ottonian Dynasty, becomes the first duke of Saxony. Saxony includes part of present-day Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westfalia, Bremen, Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Saxony Anhalt, and Thuringia. In the following centuries new entities of this empire are established out of regions of Saxony and receive imperial immediacy.
- 900s: Saxony enlarges into present-day Saxony.
- 908: Duke Burchard of Thuringia is defeated and killed in battle by intruding Magyars. Upon his death Thuringia is incorporated into Saxony.
- 919: Duke Heinrich of Saxony is elected German King, bringing the Ottonian Dynasty to the throne.
- 938: After his death Heinrich is succeeded as duke and king by his son Otto II.
- 962: Duke Otto II becomes emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
- 973: After the death of Otto II, he is succeeded as duke of Saxony by Bernhard of the Billung.
- 1036: Ballenstedt (later Anhalt} is probably a separate county.
- 1073–1075: A rebellion takes place in Saxony against imperial power in Germany.
- 1106: Lothar of Supplinburg becomes duke. Schaumburg becomes a separate county.
- 1108: Oldenburg becomes a separate county.
- 1112: Otto, count of Anhalt becomes duke of Saxony, but is stripped of his ducal title the same year.
- 1115: An attempt to defeat a Saxon rebellion at Welfesholz fails.
- 1125: Duke Lothar is elected as Lothar III emperor.
- 1137: After his death, duke Heinrich X of Bavaria becomes duke of Saxony, the first duke of the House of Welf.
- 1139: Count Albrecht of Anhalt of the House of Ascania becomes duke of Saxony.
- 1142: Saxony and Anhalt are separated, Albrecht remains count of Anhalt and Heinrich III becomes duke of Saxony.
- 1156: Duke Heinrich III becomes duke of Bavaria.
- 1160: Duke Heinrich III Mecklenburg and makes it one of the feudal entities of the Holy Roman Empire..
- 1164: Heinrich III assisted by a fleet of the Danish king Valdemar defeats at Verchen the Obotrites.
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- 1180: Duke Heinrich III of Saxony and Bavaria is outlawed by the Holy Roman Emperor and dispossesed of his fiefs. in the upcoming decades, Saxony gets divided in various entities. Among these are next to the severely belittled Saxony, Bremen, Münster, Verden, Westphalia, Magdeburg, Halberstadt (1180), Hamburg (1189), Pyrmont (1194), Osnabrück (1224) and Brunswick-Lüneburg (1235).
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Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück
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Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
- 1235: Otto I from the old ducal dynasty of Saxony becomes the first duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg.
- 1269: The partitions starts. The duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg is divided in various principalities, that form together the duchy. All princes have the title duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg.
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| Principality of Brunswick
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Principality of Lüneburg
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- 1291: Brunswick is further partitioned in Brunswick, Göttingen and Grubenhagen.
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Principality of Brunswick
- 1291: Duke Wilhelm I becomes ruler of Brunswick.
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Principality of Göttingen
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Principality of Grubenhagen
- 1291: Duke Heinrich I becomes ruler of Grubenhagen.
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Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
- 1432: Brunswick is partitioned. Heinrich becomes ruler of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.
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Principality of Calenberg
- 1432: Brunswick is partitioned. Wilhelm becomes ruler of Calenberg.
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- 1450: Wilhelm becomes also ruler of Gottingen.
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- 1491: Calenberg is ruled by the rulers of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Heinrich IV and Erich I.
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- 1494: Heinrich IV becomes sole ruler of Brunswi11ck-Wolffenbüttel.
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- 1494: Erich I becomes sole ruler of Calenberg.
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Principality of Calenberg-Göttingen
- 1495: Wilhelm IV of Göttingen resigns, Erich I of Calenberg becomes also prince of Calenberg-Göttingen.
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- 1584: After the death of Erich II, duke Julius of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel inherits Calenberg-Göttingen.
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- 1596: Grubenhagen falls to Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.
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- 1617: Grubenhagen falls to Lüneburg.
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- 1634: After the death of Friedrich Ulrich the personal union between Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Calenberg-Göttingen ends.
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- 1634: Duke August II becomes duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.
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Principality of Calenberg-Göttingen
- 1634: Duke Georg becomes duke of Calenberg-Göttingen.
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- 1665: Calenberg-Göttingen acquires Grubenhagen.
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Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg
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- 1802: Elector Georg III annexes and becomes prince of Osnabrück.
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- 1803: France conquers Brunswick-Lüneburg.
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- 1806: Prussia occupies Brunswick-Lüneburg.
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Kingdom of Westphalia
- 1807: Duke Friedrich Wilhelm is overthrown by the French and Brunswick-Wolffenbüttel is annexed to Westphalia.
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- 1810: Brunswick-Lüneburg is annexed to Westphalia.
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Duchy of Brunswick
- 1813: After the collapse of Westphalia, duke Friedrich-Wilhelm is restored as duke of Brunswick.
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Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg
- 1813: Elector Georg III is restored as elector and duke of Lauenburg.
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| Kingdom of Hanover
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- 1820: Brunswick establishes an estates assembly.
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- 1819: Hanover has a bicameral estates assembly.
- 1823: Bremen-Verden is fully incorporated into Hanover.
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- 1832: Brunswick introduces limited suffrage for all male taxpayers.
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- 1833: The suffrage is enlarged and the government is responsible to the assembly.
- 1837: After the death of King William IV the personal union with the United Kingdom comes to an end. His brother Ernst August becomes king. The constitution is suspended.
- 1840: The bicameral assembly is restored.
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- 1848: Suffrage is extended to all males, but the voting weight is unequal.
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- 1848: Hannover introduces limited suffrage and a government responsible to the assembly.
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- 1851: More estate elements are added to the parliament.
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- 1851: The constitution is suspended and the bicameral assembly is restored.
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Kingdom of Prussia
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North German Confederation
- 1867: Brunswick and Prussia join the North German Confederation, succeeded in 1871 by the German Empire.
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Timeline of west Lower Saxony[edit] |
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Duchy of Saxony
- until 1106: Present-day Lower Saxony is part of the Duchy of Saxony.
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County of Oldenburg
- 1108: Egilmar becomes the first count of Oldenburg[8].
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County of Schaumburg
- 1106: Adolf becomes the first count of Schaumburg, previously part of Saxony.
- 1111: Adolf becomes also count of Holstein.
- 1131: The personal union with Holstein ends.
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- 1180: Duke Heinrich III of Saxony and Bavaria is outlawed by the Holy Roman Emperor and dispossesed of his fiefs. in the upcoming decades, Saxony gets divided in various entities. Among these are next to the severely belittled Saxony, Bremen, Münster, Verden, Westphalia, Magdeburg, Halberstadt (1180), Hamburg (1189), Pyrmont (1194), Osnabrück (1224) and Brunswick-Lüneburg (1235).
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Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen
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Prince-Bishopric of Verden
- 1180: Bishop Tammo becomes prince of Verden.
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County of Pyrmont
- 1194: Gottschalk I becomes the first count of Pyrmont, previously with Waldeck part of Schwalenberg.
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- 1625: The count of Waldeck becomes also count of Pyrmont.
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- 1639: The count of Waldeck and Pyrmont is also count of Culemborg.
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- 1640: After the death of count Otto V, Holstein-Pinneberg is separated from Schaumburg and falls to Holstein.
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Duchy of Bremen and principality of Verden Sweden
- 1648: The archbishopric of Bremen and the bishopric of Verden are secularized. The city of Bremen is seperated. Queen Kristina of Sweden becomes duchess/princess.
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County of Schaumburg-Lippe
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Principality of Pyrmont
- 1712: The count is raised in rank to prince of Pyrmont.
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Duchy of Oldenburg
- 1774: Friedrich August is raised in rank to duke.
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- 1803: France conquers Brunswick-Lüneburg with Bremen-Verden.
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| French Empire
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- 1806: Prussia occupies Brunswick-Lüneburg with Bremen-Verden.
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- 1806: Oldenburg is occupied by France.
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- 1807: The duke is restored.
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Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe
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Principality of Pyrmont Waldeck
- 1812: Georg I of Pyrmont inherits Waldeck, restoring the personal union
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Kingdom of Westphalia
- 1810: Bremen-Verden is annexed to Westphalia.
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French Empire
- 1810: Oldenburg is annexed to France.
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Principality of Waldeck-Pyrmont
- 1814: Waldeck and Pyrmont are united and get a joint estates assembly.
- 1815: Waldeck and Pyrmont become a member of the German Confederation.
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Duchy of Bremen and principality of Verden
- 1814: Georg III is restored as king as ruler of Bremen-Verden.
- 1815: Hanover becomes a member of the German Confederation.
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Duchy of Oldenburg
|
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- 1816: The joint assembly is limited to Waldeck.
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Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
- 1815: The duke is raised in rank to grand duke.
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- 1816: Schaumburg-Lippe has an estates assembly.
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Kingdom of Hanover
- 1823: Bremen-Verden is fully incorporated into Hanover.
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- 1849: Waldeck-Pyrmont gets a parliament. The government is responsible to the parliament.
- 1856: Waldeck-Pyrmonts limit the suffrage.
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- 1849: Oldenburg establishes a parliament indirectly elected on a limited and unequal suffrage.
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- 1848: Schaumburg-Lippe introduces limited suffrage for a part of the parliament.
- 1849-1867: The parliament doesn’t meet and is de facto out of function.
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Kingdom of Prussia
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North German Confederation
- 1867: Prussia, Oldenburg, Schaumburg-Lippe and Waldeck-Pyrmont join the North German Confederation, succeeded in 1871 by the German Empire.
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Timeline of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern[edit] |
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Obotrites
- 780s: Visan becomes prince of the slavic Obotrites that rule present-day Mecklenburg as an ally of the Franks.
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Billung March
- 946: The Billung March was formed in 936, when Otto I, king of East Francia, makes Hermann Billung margrave, granting him control of the border with rule over the Obotrite tribes
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Obotrites
- 983: The Obotrites defeat the Billung March and restore their rule over the area.
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Duchy of Pomerania[9]
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- 1131: Niklot becomes leader of the Obotribe tribes.
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Rani
- 1100s: Rügen is inhabited by the slavic Rani, led by prince Ratislaus.
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Duchy of Pomerania-Demmin
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Duchy of Pomerania-Stettin
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County of Schwerin
- 1167: Günzel becomes the first count of Schwerin.
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Principality of Mecklenburg
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Principality of Rügen
- 1168: Rügen is conquered by Denmark. Prince Tetzlav becomes a Danish vasall.
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Lordship of Rostock
- 1178: Nikolaus becomes lord of Mecklenburg in Rostock.
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Lordship of Mecklenburg
- 1178: Pribislaw becomes prince of Mecklenburg.
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Duchy of Pomerania
- 1184: Duke Bogusław becomes also duke in Demmin
- 1185: He becomes a vasall of Denmark.
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- 1200: Rostock falls to Mecklenburg
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Duchy of Pomerania-Demmin
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Duchy of Pomerania-Stettin
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- 1226: After the death of Heinrich Borwin II, Mecklenburg is ruled by his sons.
- 1234: Mecklenburg is divided between the brothers.
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- 1227: Pomerania becomes a fief of the Holy Roman Empire.
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- 1227: Pomerania becomes a fief of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Lordship of Rostock
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- 1234: Johann becomes lord of Mecklenburg.
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Lordship of Parchim-Richenberg
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Lordship of Werle
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- 1256: Pribislaw I is captured and his lordship is divided.
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Duchy of Pomerania
- 1265: Duke Barnim in Stettin inherits Demmin.
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- 1312: King Erik IV of Denmark conquers Rostock.
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Duchy of Pomerania-Wolfgast
- 1295: In a partition Bogislaw IV becomes duke in Wolfgast.
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Duchy of Pomerania-Stettin
- 1295: In a partition Otto becomes duke in Stettin.
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- 1323: Heinrich II of Mecklenburg annexes Rostock.
- 1329: Mecklenburg becomes partitioned.
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Duchy of Pomerania-Wolgast
- 1325: Rügen falls to duke Wartislaw IV of Pomerania-Wolgast.
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Lordship of Mecklenburg-Stargard
- 1329: Johann becomes lord of Mecklenburg-Stargard.
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Duchy of Mecklenburg
- 1348: Lord Albrecht II is raised in rank to duke.
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Duchy of Mecklenburg-Stargard
- 1348: Lord Johann is raised in rank to duke.
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- 1357: Albrecht II annexes Schwerin.
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Duchy of Pomerania-Barth
|
Duchy of Pomerania-Wolgast
- 1376: In a partition Bogislaw VI becomes duke in Wolgast.
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←
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- 1471: After the death of duke Ulrich II of Mecklenburg-Stargard, Heinrich IV becomes duke of united Mecklenburg.
- 1477: Mecklenburg is partitioned.
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Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
- 1477: Magnus II becomes duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
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Duchy of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
|
Duchy of Pomerania
|
Duchy of Mecklenburg
- 1483: After the death of duke Albrecht VI, Mecklenburg-Güstrow falls to Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
- 1520: Mecklenburg is partitioned.
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Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
- 1520: Heinrich V becomes duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
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Duchy of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
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Duchy of Pomerania-Wolgast
- 1532: In a partition Philipp becomes duke in Wolgast.
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Duchy of Pomerania-Stettin
- 1532: In a partition Barnim XI becomes duke in Stettin.
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Duchy of Pomerania-Barth
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- 1618: Duke Franz of becomes also duke in Stettin.
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- 1618: Duke Franz of Pomerania-Barth becomes also duke in Stettin.
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Duchy of Pomerania
- 1625: Bogislaw XIV of Pomerania-Stettin unites Pomerania.
- 1630: The Swedish occupation of Pomerania is followed in the Treaty of Stettin with an alliance between Pomerania and Sweden.
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Duchy of Pomerania → Sweden
|
| Duchy of Mecklenburg
|
Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
- 1701: Mecklenburg is partitioned. Friedrich Wilhelm becomes duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
|
Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- 1701: Mecklenburg is partitioned. Adolf Friedrich II becomes duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
|
|
- 1755: Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz have a joint estates assembly.
|
- 1755: Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Mecklenburg-Schwerin have a joint estates assembly.
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|
- 1807: Pomerania is occupied by France.
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- 1810: Pomerania is regained by Sweden.
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- 1812: Pomerania is occupied by France.
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- 1813: Pomerania is regained by Sweden.
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- 1814: Pomerania is ceded to Denmark.
|
| Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
|
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
|
Kingdom of Prussia
|
- 1849: The grand duchies introduce indirect universal male suffrage for a parliament.
|
- 1849: The grand duchies introduce indirect universal male suffrage for a parliament.
|
- 1850: The joint estates assembly is restored.
|
- 1850: The joint estates assembly is restored.
|
|
North German Confederation
- 1867: Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Prussia join the North German Confederation, succeeded in 1871 by the German Empire.
|
|
Timeline of North Rhine-Westfalia[edit]Timeline of North Rhineland[edit] |
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| Kingdom of the Middle Franks
|
Kingdom of Lotharingia
- 855: After the death of Lotharius, Middle-Francia is partitioned. Lotharius II becomes king of Lotharingia.
|
Kingdom of the East Franks
- 869: After his death, most of Lotharingia becomes part of East Francia, continued in 962 by the Holy Roman Empire[1].
|
|
|
Kingdom of Lotharingia
- 895: Zwentibold, illegitimate son of emperor Arnulf, becomes king of Lotharingia.
|
|
Duchy of Lotharingia
- 903: After his death Gebhard becomes duke of Lotharingia.
- 922: Carolus III is overthrown in West Francia by Robert I, but remains king in Lotharingia.
- 923: Carolus III is overthrown and Lotharingia becomes a fief of East Francia.
|
Aachen
- 913: Aachen is the city where the German kings are crowned.
|
Duchy of Lower Lotharingia
- 959: Lotharingia is partitioned. Godfried becomes ruler of Lower Lotharingia. Lower Lotharingia as the rest of the Holy Roman Empire gets divided into several entities in the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and North Rhine-Westfalia.
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Archbishopric of Cologne
- 953: Archbishop Bruno is granted secular power.
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County of Jülich
- 1003: Gerhard becomes the first count of Jülich.
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Electorate of Cologne
- 1031: Archbishop Bruno is confirmed as elector.
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County of Cleves
- 1092: Diederik becomes the first count of Cleves.
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County of Berg
- 1077: Adolf becomes the first count of Berg.
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| County of Altena
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Imperial City of Aachen
- 1166: Aachen becomes an imperial city and head of the cities.
|
County of Mark
- 1202: Count Adolf names himself count of Mark.
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Lordship of Anholt
- 1169: A lord of Zuylen becomes lord of Anholt.
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City of Cologne
- 1288: The city of Cologne is separated from the electorate.
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Duchy of Jülich
- 1356: Count Wilhelm V is raised in rank to duke.
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Duchy of Berg
- 1380: Count Wilhelm VII is raised to the rank of duke of Berg.
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Counties of Cleves and Mark
- 1391: Adolf II inherits Mark and united Cleves with Mark.
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Duchy of Jülich Guelders
|
- 1395: Wilhelm VIII loses Ravensberg to his son, Adolf, who holds Ravensberg until 1403, when it goes to his brother Wilhelm VIII.
|
|
Duchy of Cleves and County of Mark
- 1417: Count Adolf I is raised in rank to duke of Cleves.
- 1430-1461: His brother Gerhard claims and rules de facto Mark.
|
Duchies of Jülich-Berg
- 1423: Duke Adolf of Berg becomes by heritage duke of Jülich (without Guelders).
- 1437: When duke Adolf dies without issue, his cousin, count Gerhard of Ravensberg, becomes duke Gerhard VII of Jülich-Berg.
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Duchies of Cleves-Jülich-Berg
- 1521: Duke Johann I, who became in 1511 by marriage duke of Jülich-Berg, inherits Cleves and Mark.
|
- 1539: His son Wilhelm, who was already duke of Guelders since 1538, becomes duke of Cleves-Jülich-Berg.
|
- 1543: Wilhelm loses Guelders to Habsburg.
|
| Duchy of Cleves and County of Mark
|
Duchies of Jülich-Berg
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|
- 1672: England, France, Münster and Cologne declare war on the Netherlands.
- 1674: After an initial defeat, the Netherlands succeed in driving back the English, French and allied forces.
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|
Kingdom of Prussia
- 1701: Brandenburg and Prussia are united in the Kingdom of Prussia.
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- 1795: Cleves and Jülich are conquered by France.
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- 1794: Both the city and the left rhine part of the electorate are conquered by France.
|
- 1793: Salm-Salm itself is conquered by France, making Anholt the main dominion.
|
- 1794: Aachen is conquered by France.
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French Republic
- 1797: France annexes the German territories west of the Rhine.
- 1801: With the Treaty of Lunéville the Rhineland is annexed to France.
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French Empire
|
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Duchy of Arenberg
|
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Principality of Salm
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Grand Duchy of Berg
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|
- 1807: Mark is annexed to France.
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| →
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- 1810: Berg annexes Recklinghausen, Meppen is annexed to France.
|
- 1811: Salm is annexed to France.
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Kingdom of Prussia
- 1815: Aachen, Berg, Jülich, Salm and Cologne are annexed to Prussia. Prussian rule in Cleves and Mark is restored.
|
|
Timeline of Westfalia[edit] |
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Kingdom of the East Franks
- 843: Since the partition of the Frankish Empire, the eastern part of present-day North Rhine-Westfalia is part of East Francia, continued in 962 by the Holy Roman Empire[1].
|
|
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Duchy of Saxony
- 843: Westfalia is part of Saxony.
|
Lordship of Lippe
- 1123: Bernhard becomes the first lord of Lippe.
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|
|
- 1137: Duke Heinrich X of Bavaria becomes duke of Saxony, the first duke of the House of Welf.
- 1139: Count Albrecht of Anhalt of the House of Ascania becomes duke of Saxony.
- 1142: Saxony and Anhalt are separated, Albrecht remains count of Anhalt and Heinrich III becomes duke of Saxony.
- 1156: Duke Heinrich III becomes duke of Bavaria.
- Duke Heinrich III of Saxony and Bavaria is outlawed by the Holy Roman Emperor and dispossesed of his fiefs.
|
Prince-Bishopric of Münster
- 1180: Bishop Hermann II of Münster becomes prince of Münster.
|
Duchy of Westphalia
|
| Imperial City of Dortmund
|
|
|
|
County of Nassau-Siegen
- 1303: After the death of count Otto in 1290, his sons partition Nassau-Dillenburg Heinrich becomes count of Nassau-Siegen.
|
| County of Nassau-Dillenburg
|
- 1384: Johann becomes sole ruler of Siegen.
|
County of Lippe
- 1528: Lord Simon V is raised in rank to count of Lippe.
|
|
- 1613: Lippe is partitioned.
|
County of Nassau-Siegen
- 1607: After the death of Johann VI, Nassau-Dillenburg is partitioned in Diez, Hadamar, Beilstein, Dillenburg and Siegen. Johann VII becomes count of Nassau-Siegen.
- 1623: After the death of Johann VII Nassau-Siegen is partitioned.
|
County of Lippe-Detmold
- 1613: Simon VII becomes count of Lippe-Detmold
|
County of Lippe-Brake
- 1613: Otto becomes count of Lippe-Brake
|
County of Lippe-Alverdissen
- 1613: Philipp I becomes count of Lippe-Alverdissen.
|
|
- 1623: Johann VIII becomes count of the catholic branch.
|
- 1627: Lippe-Detmold is partitioned.
|
| Lordship of Lippe-Biesterfeld
|
County of Lippe-Detmold
|
|
- 1640: Philipp I claims Schaumburg.
|
|
County of Schaumburg-Lippe
- 1643: Philipp I inherits part of Schaumburg and merges Lippe-Alverdissen into Schaumburg-Lippe.
|
Principality of Nassau-Siegen
|
Principality of Nassau-Siegen
|
|
|
|
|
- 1672: England, France, Münster and Cologne declare war on the Netherlands.
- 1674: After an initial defeat, the Netherlands succeed in driving back the English, French and allied forces.
- 1676: As ally of Denmark Münster is one of the occupiers of Bremen-Verden until 1679.
|
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County of Lippe-Alverdissen
|
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|
- 1734: Nassau-Siegen is re-united.
|
Principality of Nassau-Orange
- 1743: Nassau-Siegen falls to Nassau-Orange.
|
|
|
Principality of Lippe
- 1789: Count Leopold I is raised in rank to prince of Lippe.
|
County of Schaumburg-Lippe
- 1777: Count Philipp II of Lippe-Alverdissen becomes count of Schaumburg-Lippe.
|
|
|
|
Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda
- 1802: Dortmund is incorporated into Nassau-Orange-Fulda.
|
- 1803: Münster is divided between its neighbours
|
Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine
- 1803: Westfalia falls to Hesse-Darmstadt.
|
|
|
Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe
|
Grand Duchy of Berg
|
Grand Duchy of Berg
|
|
|
|
French Empire
- 1811: Münster is annexed to France.
|
|
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|
Kingdom of Prussia
- 1815: Dortmund, most of Münster, Westfalia, Siegen and Salm become part of Prussia. Part of Münster falls to Hanover.
|
- 1849: Lippe gets an assembly elected by unequal limited suffrage
- 1851: The old estates assembly is restored.
|
|
North German Confederation
- 1867: Lippe and Prussia join the North German Confederation, succeeded in 1871 by the German Empire.
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|
Timeline of Rhineland-Palatinate[edit] |
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| Kingdom of the Franks
|
| Kingdom of the Middle Franks
|
Kingdom of the East Franks
- 843: After the death emperor of Ludovicus and a civil war, the Frankish Empire is partitioned. The region becomes part of East Francia, continued in 962 by the Holy Roman Empire[1].
|
| Kingdom of Lotharingia
|
- 870: After his death, most of Lotharingia becomes part of East Francia.
|
| →
|
Archbishopric of Trier
- 898: Archbishop Ratbod becomes ruler of Trier.
|
Prince-Bishopric of Speyer
- 888: Bishop Goddank becomes ruler of Speyer.
|
Kingdom of Lotharingia
- 895: Zwentibold, illegitimate son of emperor Arnulf, becomes king of Lotharingia aligned to East Francia.
|
|
|
Duchy of Lotharingia
|
|
|
Duchy of Franconia
- 906: Konrad becomes the first Franconian duke. Franconia includes area in present-day Hesse, North West Bavaria and Rhineland-Palatinate.
- 911: Konrad is the first elected king of the East Franks.
- 919: After the death of Konrad he is succeeded as duke of Franconia by Eberhard.
|
|
|
- 939: Franconia and Lotharingia are defeated at Andernach and the German king Otto doesn't appoint a new duke of Franconia. In the area new entities develop.
|
| Archbishopric of Mainz
|
Duchy of Upper Lotharingia
|
| Bishopric of Metz
|
Saargau
- 1080: Siegbert becomes count of Saargau, separated from Metz.
|
County Palatine of the Rhine
- 1085: Heinrich II of Laach becomes by marriage with the widow of count palatinate Hermann II the first count palatinate of the Rhine.
|
County of Saarbrücken
- 1118: His son Friedrich becomes the first count of Saarbrücken.
|
|
Electorate of Trier
- 1198: Archbishop Johann is raised in rank to elector of Trier.
|
|
County of Zweibrücken
|
|
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| Electorate of Mainz
|
|
Imperial City of Speyer
- 1294: The city of Speyer becomes an imperial city.
|
|
|
- 1294: After the death of Ludwig II of Bavaria, Bavaria is partitioned. Rudolf becomes duke of Upper Bavaria with the Nordgau and count palatinate.
|
|
|
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Electoral Palatinate
- 1356: Count palatinate Ruprecht is raised in rank to elector.
|
- 1385: Zweibrucken is sold to Electoral Palatinate.
|
|
|
County Palatinate of Simmern-Zweibrücken
- 1410: Stefan becomes count palatinate in Simmern and Zweibrücken.
|
|
County Palatine of Zweibrücken
- 1459: Ludwig I becomes count palatinate in Zweibrücken and count of Veldenz.
|
County Palatinate of Simmern
|
|
|
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|
Duchy of Zweibrücken
- 1569: Johann I becomes duke in Zweibrücken.
|
Duchy of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld.
- 1569: Karl I becomes duke in Birkenfeld.
|
|
|
- 1648: Electoral Palatinate is separated from Bavaria and Karl Ludwig becomes elector. Maximilian remains ruler in the Upper Palatinate.
|
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|
- 1735: Christian III of Birkenfeld inherits Zweibrücken and becomes duke of Zweibrücken.
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|
Republic of Mainz[11]
- 1793: Mainz becomes a revolutionary republic, which is abolished the same year.
|
|
Electorate of Mainz
- 1793: The electorate is restored.
|
- 1792: Speyer is annexed to France.
|
|
|
- 1794/1795: France conquers the German territories west of the Rhine. The duke of Zweibrücken and the elector of the Palatinate go into exile. The possession east of the Rhine remain in the hands of the elector.
|
French Republic
- 1797: France annexes the German territories west of the Rhine.
- 1801: With the Treaty of Lunéville the Rhineland is formally annexed to France.
|
| French Empire
|
Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine
- 1816: After the defeat of France, Mainz becomes part of Hesse-Darmstadt.
|
Kingdom of Prussia
- 1815: After the defeat of France, Trier becomes part of Prussia.
|
Kingdom of Bavaria
- 1815: After the defeat of France, Speyer and the Palatinate with Zweibrücken are annexed to Bavaria.
|
|
Timeline of Saarland[edit] |
|
|
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|
|
| Kingdom of the Middle Franks
|
Kingdom of Lotharingia
- 855: After the death of Lotharius, Middle-Francia is partitioned. Lotharius II becomes king of Lotharingia.
|
Kingdom of the East Franks
- 870: After his death, most of Lotharingia, including the Saar bassin, becomes part of East Francia, continued in 962 by the Holy Roman Empire[1].
|
Archbishopric of Trier
- 898: Archbishop Ratbod becomes ruler of Trier.
|
Kingdom of Lotharingia
- 895: Zwentibold, illegitimate son of emperor Arnulf, becomes king of Lotharingia aligned to East Francia.
|
|
|
Duchy of Lotharingia
- 903: After his death Gebhard becomes duke of Lotharingia.
- 911: After the election of Konrad as king of East Francia, duke Reginar attaches Lotharingia to king Carolus III of West Francia.
- 922: Carolus III is overthrown in West Francia by Robert I, but remains king in Lotharingia.
- 923: Carolus III is overthrown and Lotharingia becomes a fief of [#923|East Francia]].
|
|
|
Duchy of Upper Lotharingia
- 959: Lotharingia is partitioned into Upper Lotharingia and Lower Lotharingia. The Saar bassin becomes part of Upper Lotharingia.
|
|
|
Bishopric of Metz
|
|
|
Saargau
- 1080: Siegbert becomes count of Saargau, separated from Metz.
|
|
|
County of Saarbrücken
- 1118: His son Friedrich becomes the first count of Saarbrücken.
|
Electorate of Trier
- 1198: Archbishop Johann is raised in rank to elector of Trier.
|
- 1183: After the death of count Simon, Saarbrucken is partitioned. His son Simon II becomes count of Saarbrücken..
|
County of Zweibrücken
- 1183: After the death of count Simon, Saarbrucken is partitioned. His son Heinrich becomes count of Zweibrücken.
|
|
|
County of Commercy-Saarbrücken
- 1272: Simeon of Commercy becomes by marriage count of Commercy-Saarbrücken.
|
|
|
|
County of Nassau-Saarbrücken
|
Electoral Palatinate
- 1385: Zweibrucken is sold to Electoral Palatinate.
|
|
|
|
County Palatinate of Simmern-Zweibrücken
- 1410: Stefan becomes count palatinate in Simmern and Zweibrücken.
|
|
|
|
County Palatine of Zweibrücken
- 1459: Ludwig I becomes count palatinate in Zweibrücken.
|
|
|
|
Duchy of Zweibrücken
- 1565: Johann I becomes duke in Zweibrücken.
|
|
|
County of Nassau-Ottweiler
|
County of Nassau-Saarbrücken
|
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County of Nassau-Usingen
- 1728: Prince Karl of Nassau-Usingen inherits Nassau-Ottweiler and -Saarbrücken.
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Principality of Nassau-Usingen-Saarbrücken
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- 1793: Saarbrücken is conquered by France.
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- 1794/1795: France conquers the German territories west of the Rhine. The duke of Zweibrücken goes into exile.
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French Republic
- 1797: France annexes the German territories west of the Rhine.
- 1801: With the Treaty of Lunéville the Rhineland is formally annexed to France.
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| French Empire
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Kingdom of Prussia
- 1815: Saarbrüucken and Trier fall to Prussia.
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Kingdom of Bavaria
- 1815: After the defeat of France, former Zweibrücken is annexed to Bavaria.
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North German Confederation
- 1867: Prussia joins the North German Confederation.
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German Empire
- 1871: Prussia and Bavaria become constituent states of the newly formed German Empire.
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Territory of the Saar Bassin
- 1920: The region near the Saar is separated from the German Empire and becomes a League of Nations mandate with a government commission appointed by the League of Nations.
- 1922: The government establishes an advisory State Council elected in free multi-party elections on a universal suffrage.
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German Empire
- 1935: In a referendum, Saar chooses to become part of Germany, after which Saar joins Nazi Germany.
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- 1945: Saar is occupied by France.
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Saarland
- 1947: The French protectorate of Saarland is separated from Germany. A constituent assembly is elected. Saarland gets a parliament elected in free multi-party elections on a universal suffrage with a government under French supervision and responsible to the parliament.
- 1955: In a referendum, Saarland rejects the Saar Statute to become independent. Hoffman resigns and is succeeded by Heinrich Welsch. Pro-German parties are allowed to participate in early elections and get a clear majority.
- 1956: France and Germany agree on Saarland joining as a constituent state the Federal Republic of Germany.
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Federal Republic of Germany
- 1957: Saarland becomes a constituent state of Germany.
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| Kingdom of the East Franks
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Duchy of Saxony
- 900s: The area becomes part of the Duchy of Saxony.
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East March
- 928: King Heinrich of East Francia starts a campaign against the Slavic tribes that inhabit present-day Saxony and founds the fortress of Meissen. He creates a Saxon East March[1]. It includes parts of present-day Saxony, Brandenburg and Saxony-Anhalt.
- 939: Most of the areas of the Slavic tribes are gradually incorporated into the East March.
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March of Meissen
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- 1002: Bolesław conquers Lusatia and Meissen.
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| Weida
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- 1132: Part of Lusatia is annexed to Meissen.
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- 1180: Duke Heinrich III of Saxony is outlawed by the Holy Roman Emperor and dispossesed of his fiefs. Saxony is abolished. Count Bernhard III of Anhalt acquires some small parts of Saxony and becomes duke of Saxony ruling Wittenberg and surroundings and Lauenburg.
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Plauen
- 1209: After the death of Heinrich II his possessions are divided into Plauen and Greiz. Heinrich IV becomes vogt of Plauen and Gera.
- 1240: Greiz falls to Heinrich of Plauen and Gera.
- 1244: The area is divided in Plauen and Gera. Heinrich remains vogt of Plauen.
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- 1212: After his death Anhalt and Saxony are separated and Albrecht I becomes duke of Saxony.
- 1269: The co-ruling brothers Johann I and Albrecht II start to gradually divided their governing competences.
- 1282: Johann I resigns in favour of his three minor sons Erich I, Johann II and Albrecht III. The three brothers and their uncle Albrecht II continue the joint rule in Saxony.
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- 1306: Plauen is divided in Plauen and Plauen-Reuss with vogt Heinrich II Reuss.
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Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg
- 1296: Saxony is finally partitioned between Albrecht II as duke of Saxe-Wittenberg in the south and the brothers as co-dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg in the north. Saxe-Wittenberg includes small parts of present-day Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt[12] and Thuringia.
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Electorate of Saxony
- 1355: Duke Rudolf I of Saxe-Wittenberg is raised in rank to elector of Saxony. He acquires Coburg.
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Duchy of Saxony
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Electorate of Saxony
- 1547: As part of the Schmalkaldic War duke Moritz of Saxony invades the electorate and in alliance with emperor Karl V defeats elector Johann Friedrich I. Johann Friedich is taken prisoner and deprived of his function as elector. Moritz becomes elector and incorporates part of the lands of Johann Friedrich to his own lands. Johann Friedrich becomes duke of his lands in Saxony.
- 1565: Merseburg is annexed to Saxony.
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- 1756: Saxony is occupied by Prussia.
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| Kingdom of Saxony
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- 1815: In the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna, shortly before the final defeat at Waterloo of Napoleon, Austria, France, Portugal, Prussia, Russia, Sweden and the United Kingdom agree on the end of the war and the re-division of Europe. Its provisions include Prussia's enlargement with parts of Saxony. King Friedrich August I is restored. Saxony becomes a member of the German Confederation.
- 1831: Saxony establishes a bicameral estates assembly.
- 1848: Saxony introduces universal male suffrage.
- 1850: The estates system is restored.
- 1861: Saxony introduces a system of unequal limited suffrage
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North German Confederation
- 1867: Saxony joins the North German Confederation, succeeded in 1871 by the German Empire.
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Timeline of Saxony-Anhalt[edit] |
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| Kingdom of the East Franks
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Duchy of Saxony
- 843: Liudolf, ancestor of the Ottonian Dynasty, becomes the first duke of Saxony inside East Francia. In the following centuries new entities of this empire are established out of regions of Saxony and receive imperial immediacy.
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East March
- 928: King Heinrich of East Francia starts a campaign against the Slavic tribes that inhabit present-day Saxony and founds the fortress of Meissen. He creates a Saxon East March[1]. It includes parts of present-day Saxony, Brandenburg and Saxony-Anhalt.
- 939: Most of the areas of the Slavic tribes are gradually incorporated into the East March.
- 965: Emperor Otto I divides after the death of margrave Gero, the East March into Meissen, Merseburg, Zeitz, Lusatia and the Northern March.
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Northern March
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March of Merseburg
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- 983: A rebellion, initiated by the Lutici, leads to a factual end of the march.
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March of Meissen
- 982: Upon the deaths of margraves Günther and Wigger I, Rikdag becomes margrave of a unified Meissen.
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Bishopric of Merseburg
- 1004: Wigbert becomes prince-bishop of Merseburg, separated from Meissen..
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| County of Ballenstedt
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County of Anhalt
- 1100s: Otto, count of Ballenstedt, calls himself count of Anhalt.
- 1112: Otto becomes duke of Saxony, but is stripped of his ducal title the same year.
- 1123: Albrecht becomes count of Anhalt.
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- 1139: Count Albrecht is also duke of Saxony.
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- 1142: Saxony and Anhalt are separated, Albrecht remains count of Anhalt and Heinrich III becomes duke of Saxony.
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- 1142: Saxony and Anhalt are separated, Albrecht remains count of Anhalt and Heinrich III becomes duke of Saxony.
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- 1156: Duke Heinrich III becomes duke of Bavaria.
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- 1157: Count Albrecht becomes the first margrave of Brandenburg..
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Margraviate of Brandenburg
- 1157: Count Albrecht of Anhalt becomes the first margrave of Brandenburg. Brandenburg includes the Altmark in present-day Saxony-Anhalt.
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- 1170: After his death Anhalt and Brandenburg are separated. Otto becomes margrave of Brandenburg.
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- 1180: Duke Heinrich III of Saxony is outlawed by the Holy Roman Emperor and dispossesed of his fiefs. Saxony is divided. Count Bernhard III of Anhalt acquires the eastern part of Saxony and becomes duke of Saxony.
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Archbishopric of Magdeburg
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Bishopric of Halberstadt
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- 1212: After his death Anhalt and Saxony are separated and Heinrich I becomes count of Anhalt.
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Principality of Anhalt
- 1218: Count Heinrich I is raised to rank to prince of Anhalt.
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- 1252: After the death of prince Heinrich I of Anhalt is partitioned among his sons into Anhalt-Zerbst, Anhalt-Aschersleben and Anhalt-Bernburg. Anhalt-Ascherleben falls in 1315 to theBishopric of Halberstadt.
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Principality of Anhalt-Bernburg
- 1252: Bernhard I becomes prince of Anhalt-Bernburg.
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Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst
- 1252: Siegfried becomes prince of Anhalt-Zerbst.
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Principality of Anhalt-Dessau
- 1396: After a partition, Sigismund III becomes prince of Anhalt-Dessau.
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Principality of Anhalt-Köthen
- 1396: After a partition, Albrecht IV becomes prince of Anhalt-Köthen.
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- 1468: Co-prince Georg I of Anhalt-Dessau becomes also prince of Anhalt-Bernburg, incorporating it in Anhalt-Dessau.
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- 1544: The co-princes of Anhalt-Dessau decide to partition Anhalt-Dessau in Anhalt-Dessau, Anhalt-Plötzkau and Anhalt-Zerbst.
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| Principality of Anhalt-Plötzkau
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Principality of Anhalt-Dessau
- 1544: Joachim becomes prince in Dessau
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Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst
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- 1544: August, the future elector of Saxony, becomes lutheran administrator of the bishopric.
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- 1552: Anhalt-Plötzkau falls to the co-princes of Anhalt-Zerbst.
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- 1561: The co-princes of Anhalt-Zerbst are also co-princes of Anhalt-Dessau.
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- 1562: The co-princes of Anhalt-Zerbst are also co-princes of Anhalt-Köthen.
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Electorate of Saxony
- 1565: Merseburg is annexed to Saxony.
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Principality of Anhalt
- 1570: Joachim Ernst becomes prince of Anhalt merging Anhalt-Zerbst, Anhalt-Dessau, Anhalt-Plötzkau and Anhalt-Köthen.
- 1586: After the death of prince Joachim Ernest of Anhalt his sons establish a joint rule over the duchy.
- 1603: Anhalt is partitioned into the Anhalt-Dessau, Anhalt-Zerbst, Anhalt-Bernburg, Anhalt-Plötzkau and Anhalt-Köthen.
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Principality of Anhalt-Plötzkau
- 1603: August becomes prince of Anhalt-Plötzkau
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Principality of Anhalt-Bernburg
- 1603: Prince Christian I becomes prince of Anhalt-Bernburg.
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Principality of Anhalt-Dessau
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Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst
- 1603: Rudolf becomes prince of Anhalt-Zerbst
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Principality of Anhalt-Köthen
- 1603: Ludwig I becomes prince of Anhalt-Köthen.
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- 1625:The principalities of Anhalt establish a joint estates assembly.
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- 1625:The principalities of Anhalt establish a joint estates assembly.
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- 1625:The principalities of Anhalt establish a joint estates assembly.
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- 1625:The principalities of Anhalt establish a joint estates assembly
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- 1625:The principalities of Anhalt establish a joint estates assembly
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- 1648: Halberstadt is secularized and annexed to Brandenburg.
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- 1665: Anhalt-Bernburg acquires Anhalt-Plötzkau.
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- 1680: Magdeburg is secularized and annexed to Brandenburg.
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Kingdom of Prussia
- 1707: Brandenburg becomes the Kingdom of Prussia.
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- 1796: Anhalt-Bernburg acquires part of Anhalt-Zerbst.
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- 1796: Anhalt-Dessau acquires part of Anhalt-Zerbst.
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- 1796: Anhalt-Köthen acquires part of Anhalt-Zerbst.
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Duchy of Anhalt-Bernburg
- 1803: Count Alexius is raised in rank to duke of Anhalt-Bernburg.
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Duchy of Anhalt-Köthen
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Kingdom of Saxony
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Duchy of Anhalt-Dessau
- 1807: Prince Leopold III becomes duke of Anhalt-Dessau.
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- 1847: When duke Heinrich of Anhalt-Köthen dies, duke Leopold IV becomes also duke of Anhalt-Köthen.
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- 1847: When duke Heinrich, duke Leopold IV of Anhalt-Dessau becomes also duke of Anhalt-Köthen.
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- 1848: Anhalt introduces a joint parliament elected on a universal male suffrage, partially with unequal voting weight.
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- 1848: Anhalt introduces a joint parliament elected on a universal male suffrage, partially with unequal voting weight.
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- 1848: Anhalt introduces a joint parliament elected on a universal male suffrage, partially with unequal voting weight.
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- 1851: The estates assembly is restored.
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- 1851: The estates assembly is restored.
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- 1851: The estates assembly is restored.
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Duchy of Anhalt-Dessau-Köthen
- 1853: Leopold IV merges his duchies and becomes duke of Anhalt-Dessau-Köthen.
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Duchy of Anhalt
- 1863: After the death of duke Alexander Karl of Anhalt-Bernburg, Leopold IV becomes duke of Anhalt.
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North German Confederation
- 1867: Anhalt, Prussia and Saxony joins the North German Confederation, succeeded in 1871 by the German Empire..
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Timeline of Schleswig-Holstein[edit]Timeline of west Schleswig-Holstein[edit] |
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Timeline of east Schleswig-Holstein[edit] |
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Timeline of Thuringia[edit]Timeline of Ernestine Saxony[edit] |
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Kingdom of the Thuringii
- 460s: Bisinus is recorded as king of the Thuringii.
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Kingdom of the Franks
- 531: The Franks defeat the Thuringii.
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Kingdom of the Thuringii
- 642: Radulf secedes Thuringia from the Franks.
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Saxony
- 690s: The Thuringii are defeated by the Saxons.
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Kingdom of the Franks
- 737: The Franks defeats the Thuringii after they seceded from the Saxons.
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Kingdom of the East Franks
- 843: With the partition of the Frankish Empire, the area becomes part of East Francia, continued in 962 by the Holy Roman Empire[1].
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Duchy of Saxony
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Duchy of Thuringia
- 849: Thachulf becomes the first duke of Thuringia. Thuringia includes part of present-day Hesse.
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- 908: Duke Burchard is defeated and killed in battle by intruding Magyars. Upon his death Thuringia is incorporated into Saxony.
- 912: Duke Heinrich becomes king of East Francia
- 938: Duke Otto II becomes as Otto I king of East Francia.
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Archbishopric of Mainz
- 965s: Erfurt becomes a possession of the archbishop of Mainz.
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- 962: Duke Otto II becomes emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
- 973: After the death of Otto II, Bernhard I of the Billung becomes duke.
- 1112: Otto, count of Anhalt becomes duke of Saxony, but is stripped of his ducal title the same year. Lothar of Supplinburg becomes duke.
- 1125: Duke Lothar becomes as Lothar II king of the Germans, later emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Landgraviate of Thuringia
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- 1139: Count Albrecht of Anhalt of the House of Ascania becomes duke of Saxony.
- 1142: Saxony and Anhalt are separated, Albrecht remains count of Anhalt and Heinrich III becomes duke of Saxony.
- 1156: Duke Heinrich III becomes duke of Bavaria.
- 1180: Duke Heinrich III of Saxony is outlawed by the Holy Roman Emperor and dispossesed of his fiefs. Saxony is abolished. Count Bernhard III of Anhalt acquires the eastern part of Saxony and becomes duke of Saxony. Bavaria is separated from Saxony. The western part goes to various entities, among them the Duchy of Westfalia and since 1235 to the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, ruled by the old ducal dynasty.
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- 1212: After his death Anhalt and Saxony are separated and Albrecht I becomes duke of Saxony.
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- 1269: The co-ruling brothers Johann I and Albrecht II start to gradually divided their governing competences.
- 1282: Johann I resigns in favour of his three minor sons Erich I, Johann II and Albrecht III. The three brothers and their uncle Albrecht II continue the joint rule in Saxony.
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Margraviate of Meissen
- 1264: After the War of the Thuringian Succession, Thuringia is divided between margraviate of Heinrich III of Meissen and the new landgrave of Hesse.
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Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg
- 1296: Saxony is finally partitioned between Albrecht II as duke of Saxe-Wittenberg in the south and the brothers as co-dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg in the north. Saxe-Wittenberg includes small parts of present-day Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt[13] and Thuringia.
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County of Henneberg
- 1300s: Parts of Thuringia and Coburg are possessed by the counts of Henneberg.
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Electorate of Saxony
- 1355: Duke Rudolf I of Saxe-Wittenberg is raised in rank to elector of Saxony. He acquires Coburg.
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Landgraviate of Thuringia
- 1383: Upon the death of margrave Friedrich III of Meissen, his heritage is partitioned. Thuringia passed to landgrave Balthasar.
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- 1423: After the death of elector Albert III of Saxony, margrave Friedrich I of Meissen is rewarded by emperor Sigismund with the vacant electorate of Saxony. Friedrich merges his territories into Saxony.
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Landgraviate of Thuringia
- 1445: Thuringia is separated and falls to landgrave Wilhelm III.
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- 1482: Thuringia falls after the death of Wilhelm III without issue to elector Ernst.
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- 1485: The Treaty of Leipzig partitions Saxony between Ernst as elector of Saxony and Albert as duke of Saxony, creating the Albertine and Ernestine line of the House of Wettin.
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Duchy of Saxony
- 1547: As part of the Schmalkaldic War duke Moritz of Saxony invades the electorate and in alliance with emperor Karl V defeats elector Johann Friedrich I. Johann Friedich is taken prisoner and deprived of his function as elector. Moritz becomes elector and incorporates part of the lands of Johann Friedrich to his own lands. Johann Friedrich becomes duke of the Saxony.
- 1554: After the death of Johann Friedrich I, Saxony is divided between his sons, but ruled as one state.
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| Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach
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Duchy of Saxe-Weimar
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Duchy of Saxe-Eisenach
- 1596: Johann Ernst becomes duke of Saxe-Eisenach, Johann Kasimir of Saxe-Coburg.
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- 1603: Saxe-Weimar is partitioned.
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| Duchy of Saxe-Weimar
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Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg
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- 1638: Johann Ernst dies, Eisenach falls to duke Wilhelm of Saxe-Weimar.
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- 1640: Saxe-Weimar is partitioned in Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Gotha and Saxe-Eisenach
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| Duchy of Saxe-Eisenach
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Duchy of Saxe-Weimar
- 1640: Wilhelm remains duke of Saxe-Weimar.
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Duchy of Saxe-Gotha
- 1640: Ernst becomes duke of Saxe-Gotha.
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- 1644: Saxe-Eisenach falls to Wilhelm of Saxe-Weimar.
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- 1660: Henneberg is dissolved, Meiningen becomes part of Saxe-Altenburg.
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| Duchy of Saxe-Eisenach
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Duchy of Saxe-Weimar
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- 1672: Saxe-Altenburg falls to duke Ernst of Saxe-Gotha.
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- 1690: Saxe-Jena is divided between Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach.
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- 1690: Saxe-Jena is divided between Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach.
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Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
- 1680: Friedrich I becomes duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg.
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Duchy of Saxe-Saalfeld
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Duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen
- 1680: Ernst becomes duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen.
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Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen
- 1680: Bernhard becomes duke of Saxe-Meiningen.
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Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
- 1699: Albrecht V of Saxe-Coburg dies and Johann Ernst IV becomes duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.
- 1710: Duke Johann Ernst IV inherits part of Saxe-Römhild.
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- 1710: Duke Ernst inherits part of Saxe-Römhild.
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- 1741: Duke Ernst August of Saxe-Weimar becomes duke of Saxe-Eisenach.
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Kingdom of Prussia
- 1802: Erfurt is ceded to Prussia.
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Principality of Erfurt
- 1807: France secedes Erfurt from Prussia as a client state. Erfurt is governed by a governor appointed by emperor Napoléon Bonaparte of France.
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- 1807: Parts of Saxe-Weimar are annexed to Erfurt.
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Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
- 1809: Duke Karl August merges his duchies into Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.
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Kingdom of Prussia
- 1814: Erfurt is divided between Prussia (city) and Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.
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Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
- 1815: Saxe-Weisemar-Eisenach becomes a member of the German Confederation.Duke Karl August is raised in rank to grand duke.
- 1816: Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach has an estates assembly.
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- 1815: Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld becomes a member of the German Confederation.
- 1816: Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld establishes an estates assembly.
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- 1815: Saxe-Hildburghausen becomes a member of the German Confederation.
- 1818: Saxe-Hildburghausen establishes an estates assembly.
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- 1815: Saxe-Meiningen becomes a member of the German Confederation.
- 1824: Saxe-Meiningen establishes an estates assembly.
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- 1826: The death of duke Friedrich IV without issue leads to a redivision.
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Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
- 1826: Ernst III of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld becomes duke Ernst I of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Coburg and Gotha have separate estates assemblies.
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Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg
- 1826: Duke Friedrich of Saxe-Hildburghausen becomes duke of Saxe-Altenburg.
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Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen
- 1826: Saxe-Saalfeld and Saxe-Hildburghausen are passed by duke Friedrich to Bernhard IIof Saxe-Meiningen.
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- 1831: Saxe-Altenburg establishes an estates assembly.
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- 1848: Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach introduces universal male suffrage.
- 1850s: Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach introduces a system of unequal limited suffrage
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- 1848: Gotha introduces universal male suffrage for its parliament.
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- 1848: Saxe-Altenburg introduces universal male suffrage with unequal voting weight.
- 1850: The estates assembly is restored.
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North German Confederation
- 1867: Prussia, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and Saxe-Meiningen join the North German Confederation, succeeded in 1871 by the German Empire.
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Timeline of the rest of Thuringia[edit]
| Introduction - Other timelines - Index of timelines - Germany
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| Baden-Wurttemberg - Bavaria - Berlin - Brandenburg - Bremen - Hamburg - Hesse - Lower Saxony - Mecklenburg-Vorpommern - North Rhine-Westfalia - Rhineland-Palatinate - Saarland - Saxony - Saxony-Anhalt - Schleswig-Holstein - Thuringia
Ernestine Saxony - Rest of Thuringia
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| Kingdom of the East Franks
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| Weida
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County of Schwarzburg
- 1123: Sizzo III becomes the first count of Schwarzburg.
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- 1209: After the death of Heinrich II his possessions are divided.
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- 1209: Heinrich II becomes vogt of Weida.
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Plauen
- 1209: Heinrich IV becomes vogt of Plauen and Gera.
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Greiz
- 1209: Heinrich V becomes vogt of Greiz.
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Gera
- 1244: His son Heinrich becomes vogt of Gera.
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- 1244: Heinrich remains vogt of Plauen, including Greiz.
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Reuss
- 1306: Plauen is divided in Plauen and Plauen-Reuss with vogt Heinrich II Reuss.
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- 1482: Gera is partitioned.
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Schleiz
- 1482: Schleiz falls to Heinrich XII.
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Lobenstein
- 1482: Lobenstein falls to Heinrich XIII.
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Gera
- 1482: Gera falls to Heinrich XI.
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Gera, Schleiz and Lobenstein
- 1508: Gera, Schleiz and Lobenstein are united under Heinrich XIV.
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Duchy of Saxony
- 1530: Weida falls to the elector of Saxony.
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Electorate of Saxony
- 1547: Duke Moritz of Saxony becomes elector of Saxony.
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Plauen
- 1547: Greiz is conquered by Plauen.
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- 1564: Heinrich VI of Plauen remains lord of Schleiz and Lobenstein. Gera and Greiz are rewarded to the Reuss dynasty.
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Lordship of Reuss-Gera
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Lordship of Reuss-Greiz
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County of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
- 1571: Albrecht VII becomes count of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Wilhelm I becomes count of Schwarzburg-Frankenhausen.
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County of Schwarzburg-Sonderhausen
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Schleiz
- 1572: Plauen falls to Saxony, but Schleiz and Lobenstein remain in the hands of the widow of the Heinrich VI.
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- 1583: Schwarzburg-Arnstadt is inherited by Johann Günther.
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- 1590: Schleiz and Lobenstein fall to Reuss-Gera
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- 1599: Schwarzburg-Frankenhausen is inherited by Albrecht.
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- 1625: The personal union ends. Heinrich IV becomes lord of Upper Greiz. Heinrich V becomes lord of Lower Greiz.
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- 1647: After the death of lord Heinrich II, Reuss-Gera is partitioned into Reuss-Gera, Reuss-Schleiz, Reuss-Saalburg and Reuss-Lobenstein.
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| Lordship of Reuss-Schleiz
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Lordship of Reuss-Lobenstein
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Lordship of Reuss-Gera
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- 1666: Lord Heinrich I of Reuss-Saalburg becomes lord of Reuss-Schleiz including a part of Reuss-Saalburg.
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- 1666: Reuss-Lobenstein acquires part of Reuss-Saalburg.
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- 1666: Reuss-Gera acquires part of Reuss-Saalburg.
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County of Reuss-Schleiz
- 1673: The lord is raised in rank to count.
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County of Reuss-Lobenstein
- 1673: The lords are raised in rank to count.
- 1678: Reuss-Lobenstein is partitioned between the ruling brothers into Reuss-Lobenstein, Reuss-Hirschberg and Reuss-Ebersdorf.
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County of Reuss-Gera
- 1673: The lord is raised in rank to count.
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County of Reuss-Greiz
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- 1681: Schwarzburg-Sonderhausen is partitioned.
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County of Reuss-Lobenstein
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County of Reuss-Ebersdorf
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County of Schwarzburg-Sonderhausen
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Principality of Schwarzburg-Sonderhausen
- 1697: The counts are raised in rank to prince.
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Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
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- 1712: Reuss-Hirschberg is divided between Reuss-Lobenstein and Reuss-Ebersdorf.
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- 1712: Reuss-Hirschberg is divided between Reuss-Lobenstein and Reuss-Ebersdorf.
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- 1716: Schwarzburg-Sondershausen-Arnstadt is inherited by Christian Wilhelm.
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County of Reuss-Greiz
- 1768: Heinrich XI of Reuss-Upper Greiz becomes by inheritance count of Reuss-Greiz.
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Principality of Reuss-Greiz
- 1778: Heinrich XI is raised in rank to prince.
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Principality of Reuss-Lobenstein
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- 1802: Heinrich XXX of Reuss-Gera dies. Gera becomes a condominium of Reuss-Schleiz, Reuss-Lobenstein and Reuss-Ebersdorf.
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| Kingdom of Saxony
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Principality of Reuss-Schleiz
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Principality of Reuss-Ebersdorf
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- 1815: Reuss-Schleiz becomes a member of the German Confederation. An estates assembly is established.
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- 1815: Reuss-Lobenstein becomes a member of the German Confederation. An estates assembly is established.
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- 1815: Reuss-Ebersdorf becomes a member of the German Confederation. An estates assembly is established.
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- 1815: Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt becomes a member of the German Confederation.
- 1816: Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt gets an estates assembly.
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Principality of Reuss-Lobenstein-Ebersdorf
- 1824: Prince Heinrich LXXII of Reuss-Ebersdorf becomes by inheritance prince of Reuss-Lobenstein-Ebersdorf. Reuss-Lobenstein-Ebersdorf has an estates assembly.
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- 1841: Schwarzburg-Sonderhausen gets an estates assembly.
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Principality of Reuss Younger Line
- 1848: After the abdication of prince Heinrich LXXII of Reuss-Lobenstein-Ebersdorf, due to civil unrest in connection with the revolutions that spread through Germany, prince Heinrich LXII of Reuss-Schleiz becomes prince of unified Reuss Younger Line.
- 1849: A constituent assembly is formed.
- 1851: Reuss Junior Line gets an estates assembly partially indirectly elected on a limited suffrage.
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- 1857: Schwarzburg-Sonderhausen introduces limited suffrage for a part of the parliament.
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North German Confederation
- 1867: Saxony, Reuss Younger Line, Reuss-Greiz, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen join the North German Confederation, succeeded in 1871 by the German Empire.|}
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x East Francia and later the Holy Roman Empire consists out of entities with own rulers subject to the emperor. In 1806 under French pressure the Holy Roman Empire is abolished. The German states become sovereign states and the Rhine Confederation is founded with the French emperor Napoléon Bonaparte as protector. Most German states outside Prussia and Austria become member of the Rhine Confederation. After the French defeat the Rhine Confederation is dissolved and the German states join as member the German Confederation.
- ^ The name Holy Roman Empire gradually replaces the name of Kingdom of the Germans.
- ^ In 1993 with the Maastricht Treaty, signed in 1991, the European Economic Community is renamed into the European Community, the institutions of the three communities (the European Community, the European Atomic Energy Community and the European Coal and Steel Community) merge into the institutions of the European Communities, being the first pillar of the European Union. In 2009 with the Treaty of Lisbon, signed in 2007, the European Community is dissolved into the European Union, becoming an overall legal unit.
- ^ Source: German Wikipedia.
- ^ Source: German Wikipedia
- ^ Source: German Wikipedia
- ^ Only the two importants divisions of Baden are listed.
- ^ The name of Oldenburg is not used at that moment.
- ^ Only the mayor partitions of Pomerania are listed.
- ^ Not all partitions of the Electoral Palatinate are listed in this scheme.
- ^ The Republic of Mainz is also rendered as Rhine-German Free State.
- ^ Saxe-Wittenberg is not included in the section on Saxony-Anhalt.
- ^ Saxe-Wittenberg is not included in the section on Saxony-Anhalt.
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